Letter LXXXIII.

(a.d. 405.)

To My Lord Alypius Most Blessed, My Brother and Colleague, Beloved and Longed forWith Sincere Veneration, and to the Brethren that are with Him, Augustin and the Brethren with Him Send Greeting in the Lord.

1. The sorrow of the members of the Church at Thiave prevents my heart from having any rest until I hear that they have been brought again to be of the same mind towards you as they formerly were; which must be accomplished without delay. For if the apostle was concerned about one individual, “lest perhaps such an one should be swallowed up with overmuch sorrow,” adding in the same context the words, “lest Satan should get an advantage of us, for we are not ignorant of his devices,”638    2 Cor. ii. 7, 11. how much more does it become us to act with caution, lest we cause similar grief to a whole flock, and especially one composed of persons who have lately been reconciled to the Catholic Church, and whom I can upon no account forsake! As, however, the short time at our disposal did not permit us so to take counsel together as to arrive at a mature and satisfactory decision, may it please your Holiness to accept in this letter the finding which commended itself most to me when I had long reflected upon the matter since we parted; and if you approve of it, let the enclosed letter,639    This letter has not been preserved. which I have written to them in the name of both of us, be sent to them without delay.

2. You proposed that they should have the one half [of the property left by Honoratus], and that the other half should be made up to them by me from such resources as might be at my disposal. I think, however, that if the whole property had been taken from them, men might reasonably have said that we had taken the great pains in this matter which we have done, for the sake of justice, not for pecuniary advantage. But when we concede to them one half, and in that way settle with them by a compromise, it will be manifest that our anxiety has been only about the money; and you see what harm must follow from this. For, on the one hand, we shall be regarded by them as having taken away one half of a property to which we had no claim; and, on the other hand, they will be regarded by us as dishonourably and unjustly consenting to accept aid from one half of a property of which the whole belonged to the poor. For your remark, “We must beware lest, in our efforts to obtain a right adjustment of a difficult question, we cause more serious wounds,” applies with no less force if the half be conceded to them. For those whose turning from the world to monastic life we desire to secure, will, for the sake of this half of their private estates, be disposed to find some excuse for putting off the sale of these, in order that their case may be dealt with according to this precedent. Moreover, would it not be strange, if, in a question like this, where much may be said on both sides, a whole community should, through our not avoiding the appearance of evil, be offended by the impression that their bishops, whom they hold in high esteem, are smitten with sordid avarice?

3. For when any one is turned to adopt the life of a monk, if he is adopting it with a true heart, he does not think of that which I have just mentioned, especially if he be admonished of the sinfulness of such conduct. But if he be a deceiver, and is seeking “his own things, not the things which are Jesus Christ’s,”640    Phil. ii. 21. he has not charity; and without this, what does it profit him, “though he bestow all his goods to feed the poor, and though he give his body to be burned”?641    1 Cor. xiii. 3. Moreover, as we agreed when conversing together, this may be henceforth avoided, and an arrangement made with each individual who is disposed to enter a monastery, if he cannot be admitted to the society of the brethren before he has relieved himself of all these encumbrances, and comes as one at leisure from all business, because the property which belonged to him has ceased to be his. But there is no other way in which this spiritual death of weak brethren, and grievous obstacle to the salvation of those for whose reconciliation with the Catholic Church we so earnestly labour, can be avoided, than by our giving them most clearly to understand that we are by no means anxious about money in such cases as this. And this they cannot be made to understand, unless we leave to their use the estate which they always supposed to belong to their late presbyter; because, even if it was not his, they ought to have known this from the beginning.

4. It seems to me, therefore, that in matters of this kind, the rule which ought to hold is, that whatever belonged, according to the ordinary civil laws regarding property, to him who is an ordained clergyman in any place, belongs after his death to the Church over which he was ordained. Now, by civil law, the property in question belonged to the presbyter Honoratus; so that not only on account of his being ordained elsewhere, but even had he remained in the monastery of Thagaste, if he had died without having either sold his estate or handed it over by express deed of gift to any one, the right of succession to it would belong only to his heirs: as brother Æmilianus inherited those thirty shillings642    Solidi. left by the brother Privatus. This, therefore, behoved to be considered and provided for in time; but if no provision was made for it, we must, in the disposal of the estate, comply with the laws which have been appointed to regulate in civil society the holding or not holding of property; that we may, so far as is in our power, abstain not only from the reality, but also from all appearance of evil, and preserve that good name which is so necessary to our office as stewards. How truly this procedure has the appearance of evil, I beseech your wisdom to observe. For having heard of their sorrow, which we ourselves witnessed at Thiave, fearing lest, as frequently happens, I should myself be mistaken through partiality for my own opinion, I stated the facts of the case to our brother and colleague Samsucius, without telling him at the time my present view of the matter, but rather stating the view taken up by both of us when we were resisting their demands. He was exceedingly shocked, and wondered that we had entertained such a view; being moved by nothing else but the ugly appearance of the transaction, as one wholly unworthy not only of us, but of any man.

5. Wherefore I implore you to subscribe and transmit without delay the letter which I have written to them in name of both of us. And even if, perchance, you discern the other course to be a just one in the matter, let not these brethren who are weak be compelled to learn now what I myself cannot understand; rather let this word of the Lord be remembered in dealing with them: “I have yet many things to say unto you, but ye cannot bear them now.”643    John xvi. 12. For He Himself, out of condescension to such weakness, said on another occasion (it was in reference to the payment of tribute), “Then are the children free; notwithstanding lest we offend them,” etc.; and sent Peter to pay the didrachmæ which were then exacted.644    Matt. xvii. 26, 27. For He knew another law according to which he was not bound to make any such payment; but He made the payment which was imposed upon Him by that law according to which, as I have said, succession to the estate of Honoratus behoved to be regulated, if he died before either giving away or selling his property. Nay, even in regard to the law of the Church, Paul showed forbearance towards the weak, and did not insist upon his receiving the money due to him, although fully persuaded in his conscience that he might with perfect justice insist upon it; waiving his claim, however, only because he thereby avoided a suspicion of his motives which would mar the sweet savour of Christ among them, and abstained from the appearance of evil in a region in which he knew that this was his duty, and probably even before he had known by experience the sorrow which it would occasion. Let us now, though we are somewhat behind-hand, and have been admonished by experience, correct that which we ought to have foreseen.

6. I remember that you proposed when we parted that the brethren at Thagaste should hold me responsible to make up the half of the sum claimed; let me say in conclusion, that as I fear everything which may make my attempt unsuccessful, if you clearly perceive that proposal to be a just one, I do not refuse to comply with it on this condition, however, that I am to pay the amount only when I have it in my power, i.e. when something so considerable falls to our monastery at Hippo that this can be done without unduly straitening us,—the amount remaining after the subtraction of so large a sum being still such as to provide for our monastery here an equal share in proportion to the number of resident brethren.

EPISTOLA LXXXIII Augustinus Alypio significans aliam se de bonis, quae fuerunt Honorati ex Thagastensi monacho presbyteri Thiavensis, iniisse sententiam, sibique demum satius videri ut ea omnia haereditario veluti jure cedant, non monasterio Thagastensi, sed Thiavensi Ecclesiae.

Domino beatissimo et venerabiliter charissimo ac desiderantissimo fratri et coepiscopo ALYPIO, et qui tecum sunt fratribus, AUGUSTINUS, et qui mecum sunt fratres, in Domino salutem.

1. Tristitia Thiavensis Ecclesiae cor meum conquiescere 0292 non permittit, donec eos tecum audiam in pristinum animum restitutos; quod cito faciendum est. Si enim de homine uno tantum sategit Apostolus dicens, Ne majore tristitia absorbeatur, qui ejusmodi est; ubi etiam ait, Ut non possideamur a satana; non enim ignoramus mentes ejus (II Cor. II, 7, 11): quanto magis nos oportet vigilanter agere, ne hoc in toto grege plangamus, et maxime in eis qui nunc catholicae paci accesserunt, et quos nullo modo relinquere possum. Sed quia temporis non sivit angustia, ut simul nobis inde diligenter deliberatam liceret eliquare sententiam; quid mihi post digressum nostrum diu cogitanti placuerit, accipiat Sanctitas tua: et si tibi quoque placet, jam litterae quas ad eos communi nomine scripsi , sine dilatione mittantur.

2. Dixisti ut dimidium habeant, et alterum dimidium eis a me undecumque provideretur. Ego autem puto quia si totum eis auferretur, esset quod diceremur non de pecunia nos, sed de justitia tantopere laborasse. Cum vero dimidium eis concedimus, et eo modo cum eis quandoque componimus, satis apparebit nostram curam nihil aliud quam pecuniariam fuisse; et vides quae pernicies consequatur. Et illis enim videbimur alienam rem dimidiam tulisse; et illi videbuntur nobis inhoneste et inique se passos fuisse, ut adjuvarentur de dimidio, quod totum pauperum fuerat. Nam quod dixisti, Cavendum est, ne cum rem dubiam emendari volumus, majora vulnera faciamus, tantumdem valebit, si eis dimidium concedatur. Propter ipsum quippe dimidium, illi quorum conversioni consulere volumus, ut hoc exemplo secum agatur, rerum suarum venditionem per moras illas excusatorias dilaturi sunt. Deinde mirum si de re dubia est totius plebis tam grande scandalum, cum episcopos suos, quos pro magno habent, sordida avaritia maculatos putant, dum maligna species non vitatur.

3. Nam cum quisque ad monasterium convertitur, si veraci corde convertitur, illud non cogitat, maxime admonitus quantum malum sit. Si autem fallax est, et sua quaerit, non quae Jesu Christi (Philipp. II, 21), non habet utique charitatem. Et quid ei prodest, si distribuerit omnia sua pauperibus, et tradiderit corpus suum ut ardeat (I Cor. XIII, 3)? Huc accedit, quia illud, sicut jam collocuti sumus, deinceps vitari potest, et agi cum eo qui convertitur, si non potest admitti ad societatem fratrum, antequam se omnibus illis impedimentis exuerit, et ex otio tendatur cum ejus res jam esse destiterit. Haec autem mors infirmorum, et tantum impedimentum salutis eorum, pro quibus tantopere laboramus ut eos catholicae paci lucremur, aliter vitari non potest, nisi ut apertissime intelligant, nullo modo nos de pecunia satagere in talibus causis. Quod nullo modo intellecturi sunt, nisi illam rem quam semper presbyteri esse putaverunt, eorum usibus relinquamus; quia etsi ejus non erat, hoc ab initio scire debuerant.

0293 4. Videtur itaque mihi haec regula esse in rebus hujuscemodi retinenda, ut quidquid eo jure quo talia possidentur, ejus fuerit qui alicubi clericus ordinatur, ad eam pertineat Ecclesiam in qua ordinatur. Usque adeo autem eodem jure presbyteri Honorati est illud unde agitur, ut non solum alibi ordinatus, sed adhuc in Thagastensi monasterio constitutus, si re sua non vendita, nec per manifestam donationem in quempiam translata moreretur, nonnisi haeredes ejus in eam succederent, sicut frater Aemilianus in illos triginta solidos fratri Privato successit. Haec ergo ante praecavenda sunt: si autem praecauta non fuerint, ea jura eis servare oportet, quae talibus habendis vel non habendis secundum civilem societatem sunt instituta; ut ab omni non solum re, sed etiam specie maligna, quantum possumus, nos abstineamus, et bonam famam custodiamus, dispensationi nostrae multum necessariam. Quam vero species maligna sit, advertat sancta prudentia tua. Excepta illorum tristitia quam experti sumus, ne quid forte ipse fallerer, sicut fieri solet, dum in sententiam meam proclivior erro, narravi causam fratri et collegae nostro Samsucio , nondum dicens quod mihi modo videtur, sed illud potius adjungens quod utrique nostrum visum sit, cum illis resisteremus: vehementer exhorruit, et nobis hoc visum esse miratus est; nulla re alia permotus, nisi ipsa specie foeda non nostra, sed cujuslibet vita, ac moribus indignissima.

5. Proinde obsecro te ut epistolam quam eis communi nomine scripsi, subscriptam non differas mittere. Et si forte illic illud justum apertissime pervides, non cogantur infirmi modo discere quod ego nondum intelligo, ut hoc circa eos in hac causa servetur quod Dominus ait: Multa habeo vobis dicere, sed non potestis illa portare modo (Joan. XVI, 12). Tali quippe infirmitati parcens, etiam illud de tributo solvendo, ait, Ergo liberi sunt filii; sed ne scandalizemus eos, et caetera, quando Petrum misit, ut didrachmas quae tunc exigebantur solverent (Matth. XVII, 26). Noverat enim aliud jus, quo nihil tale debebat; sed eo jure tributum ei ille solvebat, quo jure diximus haeredem presbyteri Honorati successurum fuisse, si antequam rem suam vel donaret, vel venderet, moreretur. Quanquam in ipso Ecclesiae jure Paulus apostolus parcit infirmis, et debitum stipendium non exigit, certus conscientia quod rectissime exigeret; sed nihil aliud quam suspicionem devitans, bonum Christi odorem turbantem, et ab illa maligna specie sese abstinens, in eis regionibus, ubi hoc noverat oportere (I Cor. IX, 1-23), et forte antequam tristitiam hominum fuisset expertus. Sed nos tardiores, vel experti corrigamus, quod praevidere debuimus.

6. Postremo quia omnia timeo, et memini in digressu nostro quid proposueris, quod me fratres Thagastenses teneant debitorem in dimidio illius pretii; si hoc justum esse liquido perspicis, ea duntaxat conditione non abnuo, ut cum habuero reddam, id est, cum aliquid tantum obvenerit Hipponensi monasterio, 0294 ubi hoc sine angustia fieri possit: ut tanta ibi summa detracta, non minus quam aequalis pro numero cohabitantium pars ad nostros perveniat.