Chapter I.

Statement of the reasons wherefore the matters, treated of shortly in the two former, are dealt with more at length in the three later books. Defence of the employment of fables, which is supported by the example of Holy Writ, wherein are found various figures of poetic fable, in particular the Sirens, which are figures of sensual pleasures, and which Christians ought to be taught to avoid, by the words of Paul and the deeds of Christ.

1. Forasmuch as your most gracious Majesty had laid command upon me to write for your own instruction some treatise concerning the Faith, and had yourself called me to your presence and encouraged my timidity, I, being as one on the eve of battle,437    Lat. “In procinctu,” which is primarily a military phrase, procinctus meaning “girding up” or “girdle,” the expression having reference to the girding on of armour for the battle. “Testamentum facere in procinctu” means “to make one’s will on the eve of battle.” The expression passed into a proverb for readiness in general. E.g. “clementiam in procinctu habere,” “to be ready to show mercy.” Here, however, St. Ambrose uses the phrase more in its original sense, with reference to the impending conflict of the Goths and Romans, in which Gratian was expecting to take part, though, as a matter of fact, the battle of Hadrianople had been fought, and Valens was dead, before he arrived on the scene of action. composed but two books only, for the pointing out of certain ways and paths by which our faith progresses.

2. Seeing, however, that certain malicious minds, bent on sowing disputes, have not yet exhausted the force of their assaults, whilst your gracious Majesty’s pious anxiety calls me to further labours, inasmuch as you desire to try in more things him whom you have proved in a few, I am resolved to deal somewhat more particularly with the matters whereof I have already treated in a few words, lest it should be thought, not that I have advanced those propositions in quietness and confidence, but that I, having asserted them, doubted and so abandoned their defence.

3. Again, seeing that we spoke of the Hydra and Scylla (I. vi. 46), and brought them in by way of comparison, to show how we must beware, whether of the ever-renewed outgrowths of infidelity, or the ill-omened shipwrecks made upon its shallows, if any one holds that such embellishments of an argument, borrowed from the romances of poets, are unlawful, and, from lack of opportunity to speak evil of my faith, assails something in my language, then let him know that not only phrases but complete verses of poetry have been woven into the text of Holy Writ.

4. Whence, for instance, came that verse, “His offspring truly are we,”438    Acts xvii. 28. whereof Paul, by prophetic experience,439    Meaning that Paul, gifted with a prophet’s insight into divine truth, recognized in these words of the heathen poet a testimony to God, and therefore had no scruples about citing them to this Athenian audience. taught, makes use? The course of prophetic speech avoids neither the Giants440    The Anakim, or “sons of Anak.” Cf. Deut. ix. 2; Josh. xi. 21–22. nor the Valley of the Titans,441    The Valley of Rephaim. 2 Sam. v. 18. and Isaiah spake of sirens and the daughters of ostriches.442    Isa. xiii. 22—a passage referring to the desolation of Babylon. In this verse of Isaiah the LXX. has “ὀνοκένταυροι” and “ἐχῖνοι” (onocentaurs and hedgehogs), the “sirens” (σειρῆνες) coming in ver. 21b, in combination with “demons” (δαιμόνια). The Vulgate has in 22 “ululæ” (screech-owls) and “sirenes,” with “struthiones” (ostriches) and “pilosi” (hairy men) in 21b. A.V. has in 22 “wild beasts of the islands” and “dragons;” in 21b, “owls” (marg. “ostriches,” the Hebrew meaning “daughters of the owl”) and “satyrs.” R.V. in 22, “wolves” and “jackals;” in 21b, “ostriches” and “satyrs” (marg. “he-goats”). The “sirens” then appear to be jackals—though the ground of the comparison is hard to find—the “daughters of sparrows” are ostriches (the Greek name for which means, literally, “sparrow-camel”). Jeremiah also hath prophesied concerning Babylon, that the daughters of sirens shall dwell therein,443    Jer. l. 39.—The LXX. (Jer. xxvii. 39) has “θυγατέρες σειρήνων;” the Vulg. “struthiones;” A.V. “owls.” For the sirens, see Odyssey, XII. 39–54, 165–200. in order to show that the snares of Babylon, that is, of the tumult of this world, are to be likened to stories of old-time lust, that seemed upon this life’s rocky shores to sing some tuneful song, but deadly withal, to catch the souls of youth,—which the Greek poet himself tells us that the wise man escaped through being bound, as it were, in the chains of his own prudence.444    Odyssey, XII. 178–180, 192–197. So hard a thing, before Christ’s coming, was it esteemed, even for the stronger, to save themselves from the deceitful shows and allurements of pleasure.

5. But if the poet judged the enticement of worldly pleasure and licence destructive of men’s minds and a sure cause of shipwreck, what ought we to think, for whom it hath been written: “Train not the flesh in concupiscence”?445    Rom. xiii. 14—“Make not provision for the flesh, to fulfil the lusts thereof.”—A.V. And again: “I chastise my body and bring it into servitude, lest whilst I preach to others, I myself become a castaway.”446    1 Cor. ix. 27.

6. Truly, Christ won salvation for us, not by luxury but by fasting. Moreover, it was not to obtain favour for Himself, but to instruct us, that He fasted. Nor yet did He hunger because He was overcome by the weakness of the body, but by His hunger He proved that He had verily taken upon Himself a body; that so He might teach us that He had taken not only our body, but also the weaknesses of that body, even as it is written: “Surely He hath taken our infirmities and borne our sicknesses.”447    Isa. liii. 4. Cf. S. Matt. viii. 17.

497 CAPUT PRIMUM.

0589B

Ubi praemisit Ambrosius quamobrem strictius tractata in prioribus libris, in his uberius tractanda suscipiat; objectum sibi fabularum usum exemplo Scripturae diluit cum alia poetica memorantis, tum maxime Sirenas, quae figurae sunt voluptatum: a quibus et Pauli verba et Christi facta oportet avocent Christianos.

0589C 1. Quoniam, clementissime Imperator, instruendi tui gratia, aliqua de fide mihi scribenda mandaveras, et verecundantem coram etiam ipse fueras adhortatus; ideo quasi in procinctu positus, duos tantum conscripsi libellos, quibus vias quasdam fidei et semitas demonstrarem.

2. Sed quoniam mens prava quorumdam serendis intenta quaestionibus, stylo lacessit uberiore confici; tuae quoque pia me cura clementiae ad caetera vocat, volens in pluribus experiri, quem in paucis probasti; ea quae perstricta paucis superius sunt, placuit mihi paulo latius exsequi; ne ea quasi diffidentia assertionis deseruisse potius, quam securitate fiduciae proposuisse videamur.

3. Et quia Hydraei nominis, et Scyllaei littoris 0589D comparationem induximus (Sup. lib. I, cap. 4), ut ostenderemus vel rediviva plantaria cavenda perfidiae, vel famosa naufragia: si quis contra licitum putat colorem disputationis ejusmodi a poeticis fabulis derivatum, et cum in fide nihil quod vituperare possit invenerit, aliquid in sermone reprehendit; agnoscat non solum sententias, sed etiam 0590B versiculos poetarum Scripturis insertos esse divinis.

4. Unde enim illud: Hujus et genus sumus (Act. XVII, 8), quod Paulus usu prophetico doctus usurpat? Nam et gigantes (Num. XIII, 34), et vallem Titanum (II Reg. V, 18) prophetici sermonis series non refugit. Et Esaias Sirenas, et filias passerum dixit (Esai. XLIII, 20). Et Hieremias de Babylonia memoravit quod habitabunt in ea filiae Sirenum 0590C (Jerem. XXVII, 39); ut ostenderet Babylonis, hoc est, saecularis confusionis illecebras, vetustae lasciviae fabulis comparandas; quae velut scopuloso in istius vitae littore, dulcem resonare quamdam, sed mortiferam cantilenam ad capiendos animos adolescentium viderentur: quam sapiens etiam ab ipso poeta Graeco inducitur (Hom. XII Odyss.), quasi quibusdam prudentiae suae circumdatus vinculis praeteriisse. Ita difficile judicatum est ante adventum Christi etiam fortiores non posse capi speciosae deliciis voluptatis!

5. [Alias cap. II.] Quod si poeta ille perniciosam mentibus hominum, et subeundis obnoxiam naufragiis, lasciviae saecularis illecebram judicavit; quid nos aestimare oportet, quibus scriptum est: 0590DCarnis curam ne feceritis in concupiscentia (Rom. XIII, 14)? Et alibi: Castigo corpus meum et servituti redigo: ne aliis praedicans, ipse reprobus efficiar (I Cor. IX, 27).

498 6. Non enim per luxuriam nobis Christus, sed per jejunium salutem attulit. Neque ille emerendae gratiae suae causa, sed nostrae eruditionis 0591A gratia jejunavit. Neque infirmitate corporis victus est, ut esuriret: sed esuriendo suscepti corporis fidem praestitit; ut non solum corpus, sed etiam infirmitates nostri corporis doceret a se esse susceptas, sicut scriptum est: Quoniam infirmitates nostras suscepit, et aegritudines nostras portavit (Esai. LIII, 4).