Chapter XL.—The Body of Man Only Ancillary to the Soul in the Commission of Evil.

Every soul, then, by reason of its birth, has its nature in Adam until it is born again in Christ; moreover, it is unclean all the while that it remains without this regeneration;267    Rom. vi. 4. and because unclean, it is actively sinful, and suffuses even the flesh (by reason of their conjunction) with its own shame. Now although the flesh is sinful, and we are forbidden to walk in accordance with it,268    Gal. v. 16. and its works are condemned as lusting against the spirit,269    Ver. 17. and men on its account are censured as carnal,270    Rom. viii. 5. yet the flesh has not such ignominy on its own account. For it is not of itself that it thinks anything or feels anything for the purpose of advising or commanding sin. How should it, indeed? It is only a ministering thing, and its ministration is not like that of a servant or familiar friend—animated and human beings; but rather that of a vessel, or something of that kind: it is body, not soul. Now a cup may minister to a thirsty man; and yet, if the thirsty man will not apply the cup to his mouth, the cup will yield no ministering service. Therefore the differentia, or distinguishing property, of man by no means lies in his earthy element; nor is the flesh the human person, as being some faculty of his soul, and a personal quality; but it is a thing of quite a different substance and different condition, although annexed to the soul as a chattel or as an instrument for the offices of life. Accordingly the flesh is blamed in the Scriptures, because nothing is done by the soul without the flesh in operations of concupiscence, appetite, drunkenness, cruelty, idolatry, and other works of the flesh,—operations, I mean, which are not confined to sensations, but result in effects. The emotions of sin, indeed, when not resulting in effects, are usually imputed to the soul: “Whosoever looketh on a woman to lust after, hath already in his heart committed adultery with her.”271    Matt. v. 28. But what has the flesh alone, without the soul, ever done in operations of virtue, righteousness, endurance, or chastity? What absurdity, however, it is to attribute sin and crime to that substance to which you do not assign any good actions or character of its own!  Now the party which aids in the commission of a crime is brought to trial, only in such a way that the principal offender who actually committed the crime may bear the weight of the penalty, although the abettor too does not escape indictment. Greater is the odium which falls on the principal, when his officials are punished through his fault. He is beaten with more stripes who instigates and orders the crime, whilst at the same time he who obeys such an evil command is not acquitted.

CAPUT XL.

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Ita omnis anima eo usque in Adam censetur (Rom. V), donec in Christo recenseatur; tamdiu immunda, quamdiu recenseatur: peccatrix autem, quia immunda, recipiens ignominiam ex carnis societate. Nam etsi caro peccatrix, secundum quam incedere prohibemur, cujus opera damnantur concupiscentis adversus spiritum, ob quam carnales notantur , non tamen suo nomine caro infamis. Neque enim de proprio sapit quid, aut sentit, ad suadendam vel imperandam peccatelam. Quidni, quae ministerium est? et ministerium, non quale servus, vel minor amicus, animalia nomina , sed quale calix, vel quid aliud ejusmodi corpus, non anima. Nam et calix 0719B ministerium sitientis est; nisi tamen qui sitit, calicem sibi accommodarit, nihil calix ministrabit. Adeo nulla proprietas hominis in choico; nec ita caro homo tanquam alia vis animae, et alia persona; sed res est alterius plane substantiae et alterius conditionis, addicta tamen animae, ut supellex, ut instrumentum in officia vitae. Caro igitur increpatur in Scripturis, quia nihil anima sine carne in operatione libidinis, gulae, vinolentiae, saevitiae, idololatriae, caeterisque carnalibus, non sensibus, sed effectibus. Denique sensus, delictorum, etiam sine effectibus, imputari solent animae. Qui viderit mulierem ad concupiscentiam, jam adulteravit in corde. Caeterum, quid caro sine anima, perinde in operatione probitatis, justitiae, tolerantiae, pudicitiae? Porro quale est, ut cui nec bona 0719C documenta propria subscribas, ei crimina adpingas? Sed ea per quam delinquitur, convenitur, ut illa a qua delinquitur, oneretur, etiam in ministerii accusationem . Gravior invidia est in praesidem, 0720A cum officia pulsantur. Plus caeditur qui jubet, quando nec qui obsequitur, excusatur.