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and misery in their ways, and the way of peace they have not known; there is no fear of God before their eyes. 1. He has accused the Greeks, he has accused the Jews; it was fitting then to speak of the righteousness which is through faith. For if neither the law of nature profited, nor the written law did anything more, but both weighed down those who did not use them as they ought, and showed them to be worthy of greater punishment, salvation by grace is therefore necessary. Speak of it then, O Paul, and show it. But he does not yet dare, being suspicious of the rashness of the Jews, but again leads the discourse to their accusation, and first brings forward David as an accuser, saying in many words what Isaiah said all in brief, fashioning for them a strong bridle, so that none of the hearers might leap away or shrink from the arguments being made concerning faith, being sufficiently preoccupied by the accusations of the prophets. For the prophet makes three exaggerations: that all together did evil things, he says, and that they did not mix good with the evil, but pursued wickedness alone, and that with all intensity. Then, lest they should say, 'What then, if these things were said to others?' he added: Now we know that whatever the law says, it says to those who are under the law. For this very reason, after Isaiah, who was admittedly addressing them, he brought in David, to show that these things also follow the same sequence. For what need was there, he says, for the prophet sent for your correction to accuse others? For the law was not given to others, but to you. But why did he not say, 'We know that whatever the prophet says,' but, 'Whatever the law says'? Because Paul is accustomed to call the entire Old Testament 'law'. For elsewhere he also says: Do you not hear the law, that Abraham had two sons? And here he called the psalms 'law', saying: We know that whatever the law says, it says to those who are under the law. Then he shows that these things are not said simply for the sake of accusation, but so that the law might again prepare the way for faith. So great is the harmony of the Old with the New Testament, 60.442 that even the accusations and the reproofs were made entirely for this reason, that the door of faith might be opened wide for the hearers. For since this above all destroyed the Jews, their thinking highly of themselves; which indeed he also said as he went on, that Being ignorant of God's righteousness, and seeking to establish their own righteousness, they have not submitted to the righteousness of God; both the law and the prophet, anticipating this, cast down their pride, and suppressed their arrogance, so that coming to a realization of their own sins, and having emptied themselves of all despair, and seeing themselves in danger of the utmost extremities, they might with much eagerness run to the one who offers them remission of sins, and receive grace through faith. Hinting at this, then, Paul also said here: We know that whatever the law says, it says to those who are under the law; that every mouth may be stopped, and all the world may become guilty before God. For here he shows them to be destitute of boldness from works, but in words only boasting and being shameless. Wherefore he also used the word properly, saying, That every mouth may be stopped, indicating their shameless and unrestrainable boasting, and their tongue being silenced with precision; for like an unbearable torrent, so it rushed on; but the prophet stopped it up. But when Paul says, That every mouth may be stopped, he does not mean this, that they sinned for this reason, that their mouth might be stopped, but that they were reproved for this reason, that they might not be ignorant of this very thing, that they were sinning. And all the world may become guilty before God. He did not say, 'The Jew', but, 'All nature'. For the phrase, 'That every mouth may be stopped', alludes to them, even if it is not stated openly, so that the discourse might not become too harsh; but the phrase, 'that all the world may become guilty before God', is said about both Jews and Greeks together. And this is no small thing for suppressing the

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καὶ ταλαιπω ρία ἐν ταῖς ὁδοῖς αὐτῶν, καὶ ὁδὸν εἰρήνης οὐκ ἔγνωσαν· οὐκ ἔστι φόβος Θεοῦ ἀπέναντι τῶν ὀφθαλμῶν αὐτῶν. αʹ. Κατηγόρησεν Ἑλλήνων, κατηγόρησεν Ἰουδαίων· ἀκόλουθον ἦν εἰπεῖν τὴν δικαιοσύνην λοιπὸν τὴν διὰ τῆς πίστεως. Εἰ γὰρ μήτε ὁ τῆς φύσεως ὤνησε νόμος, μήτε ὁ γραπτὸς ἐποίησέ τι πλέον, ἀλλ' ἀμφότεροι τοὺς οὐκ εἰς δέον αὐτοῖς χρησαμένους ἐβάρησαν, καὶ μείζονος ἔδειξαν κολάσεως ὄντας ἀξίους, ἀναγκαία λοιπὸν ἡ διὰ τῆς χάριτος σωτηρία. Εἰπὲ τοίνυν αὐτὴν, ὦ Παῦλε, καὶ δεῖξον. Ἀλλ' οὐδέπω θαῤῥεῖ, τὸ ἰταμὸν τῶν Ἰουδαίων ὑφορώμενος, ἀλλ' ἐπὶ τὴν κατηγορίαν αὐτῶν πάλιν ἄγει τὸν λόγον, καὶ πρότερον εἰσάγει κατήγορον τὸν ∆αυῒδ ταῦτα λέγοντα διὰ πολλῶν, ἅπερ ἐν βραχεῖ πάντα εἶπεν Ἡσαΐας, ἰσχυρὸν κατασκευάζων αὐτοῖς χαλινὸν, ὥστε μὴ ἀποπηδῆσαι μηδὲ τῶν περὶ τῆς πίστεως γυμναζομένων λόγων λοιπὸν ἀποσκιρτῆσαί τινα τῶν ἀκουόντων, ἱκανῶς ταῖς τῶν προφητῶν προκατειλημμένον κατηγορίαις. Καὶ γὰρ τρεῖς τίθησιν ὑπερβολὰς ὁ προφήτης, ὅτι τε πάντες ὁμοῦ τὰ κακὰ ἔπραττον, λέγων, καὶ ὅτι οὐκ ἀνέμιξαν τὰ καλὰ τοῖς κακοῖς, ἀλλὰ τὴν πονηρίαν μόνην μετῄεσαν, καὶ ὅτι μετ' ἐπιτάσεως ταύτην ἁπάσης. Εἶτα ἵνα μὴ λέγωσι, Τί οὖν, εἰ πρὸς ἑτέρους ταῦτα εἴρηται; ἐπήγαγεν· Οἴδαμεν δὲ, ὅτι ὅσα ὁ νόμος λέγει, τοῖς ἐν τῷ νόμῳ λαλεῖ. ∆ιά τοι τοῦτο μετὰ τὸν Ἡσαΐαν τὸν ὡμολογημένως πρὸς αὐτοὺς ἀποτεινόμενον, ἐπεισήγαγε τὸν ∆αυῒδ, ἵνα δείξῃ καὶ ταῦτα τῆς αὐτῆς ὄντα ἀκολουθίας. Ποία γὰρ ἦν ἀνάγκη, φησὶν, ἑτέρων κατηγορεῖν τὸν εἰς τὴν ὑμετέραν διόρθωσιν ἀποσταλέντα προφήτην; οὐδὲ γὰρ ὁ νόμος ἑτέροις ἐδόθη, ἀλλ' ὑμῖν. Τίνος δὲ ἕνεκεν οὐκ εἶπεν, Οἴδαμεν, ὅτι ὅσα ὁ προφήτης λέγει, ἀλλ', Ὅσα ὁ νόμος λαλεῖ; Ὅτι τὴν Παλαιὰν πᾶσαν νόμον καλεῖν εἴωθεν ὁ Παῦλος. Καὶ γὰρ ἀλλαχοῦ φησι· Τὸν νόμον οὐκ ἀκούετε, ὅτι Ἀβραὰμ δύο υἱοὺς ἔσχε; καὶ ἐνταῦθα τοὺς ψαλμοὺς νόμον ἐκάλεσεν, εἰπών· Οἴδαμεν, ὅτι ὅσα ὁ νόμος λέγει, τοῖς ἐν τῷ νόμῳ λαλεῖ. Εἶτα δείκνυσιν οὐδὲ ἁπλῶς ταῦτα λεγόμενα κατηγορίας ἕνεκεν, ἀλλ' ἵνα τῇ πίστει προοδοποιήσῃ πάλιν ὁ νόμος. Τοσαύτη τῆς Παλαιᾶς πρὸς τὴν Καινὴν ἡ συμφω 60.442 νία, ὅτι καὶ αἱ κατηγορίαι καὶ οἱ ἔλεγχοι διὰ τοῦτο πάντως ἐγένοντο, ἵνα λαμπρὰ παρὰ τοῖς ἀκούουσιν ἀνοιγῇ τῆς πίστεως ἡ θύρα. Ἐπειδὴ γὰρ τοῦτο μάλιστα Ἰουδαίους ἀπώλεσε τὸ μέγα φρονεῖν ἐφ' ἑαυτοῖς· ὅπερ οὖν καὶ προϊὼν ἔλεγεν, ὅτι Ἀγνοοῦντες τοῦ Θεοῦ τὴν δικαιοσύνην, καὶ τὴν ἰδίαν δικαιοσύνην ζητοῦντες στῆσαι, τῇ δικαιοσύνῃ τοῦ Θεοῦ οὐχ ὑπετάγησαν· προλαβὼν καὶ ὁ νόμος καὶ ὁ προφήτης, προκατέβαλον αὐτῶν τὰ φρονήματα, καὶ κατέστειλαν αὐτῶν τὸ φύσημα, ἵνα εἰς ἔννοιαν τῶν οἰκείων ἐλθόντες ἁμαρτημάτων, καὶ τὴν ἀπόνοιαν πᾶσαν κατακενώσαντες, καὶ ἰδόντες ἑαυτοὺς περὶ τῶν ἐσχάτων κινδυνεύοντας, μετὰ πολλῆς τῆς προθυμίας προσδράμωσι τῷ τὴν ἄφεσιν αὐτοῖς τῶν ἁμαρτημάτων παρέχοντι, καὶ τὴν χάριν διὰ τῆς πίστεως καταδέξωνται. Τοῦτο γοῦν καὶ ἐνταῦθα αἰνιττόμενος ὁ Παῦλος ἔλεγεν· Οἴδαμεν, ὅτι ὅσα ὁ νόμος λέγει, τοῖς ἐν τῷ νόμῳ λαλεῖ· ἵνα πᾶν στόμα φραγῇ, καὶ ὑπόδικος γένηται πᾶς ὁ κόσμος τῷ Θεῷ. Ἐνταῦθα γὰρ δείκνυσιν αὐτοὺς τῆς μὲν ἀπὸ τῶν ἔργων παῤῥησίας ἐρήμους ὄντας, ἐν δὲ τοῖς ῥήμασιν ἀλαζονευομένους μόνον καὶ ἀναισχυντοῦντας. ∆ιὸ καὶ κυρίως ἐχρήσατο τῇ λέξει, εἰπὼν, Ἵνα πᾶν στόμα φραγῇ, τὴν ἀναίσχυντον αὐτῶν καὶ δυσκάθεκτον μεγαληγορίαν δηλῶν, καὶ τὴν μετὰ ἀκριβείας ἐπιστομιζομένην αὐτῶν γλῶτταν· καθάπερ γὰρ ῥεῦμα ἀφόρητον, οὕτως αὕτη ἐφέρετο· ἀλλ' ἐνέφραξεν αὐτὴν ὁ προφήτης. Ὅταν δὲ λέγῃ Παῦλος, Ἵνα πᾶν στόμα φραγῇ, οὐ τοῦτό φησιν, ὅτι διὰ τοῦτο ἥμαρτον, ἵνα φραγῇ αὐτῶν τὸ στόμα, ἀλλὰ διὰ τοῦτο ἠλέγχοντο, ἵνα μὴ ἀγνοῶσιν ἁμαρτάνοντες τοῦτο αὐτό. Καὶ ὑπόδικος γένηται πᾶς ὁ κόσμος τῷ Θεῷ. Οὐκ εἶπεν, Ὁ Ἰουδαῖος, ἀλλὰ, Πᾶσα ἡ φύσις. Τὸ μὲνγὰρ, Ἵνα πᾶν στόμα φραγῇ, ἐκείνους ἐστὶν αἰνιττόμενον, εἰ καὶ μὴ φανερῶς αὐτὸ τέθειται, ὥστε μὴ τραχύτερον γενέσθαι τὸν λόγον· τὸ δὲ, Ἵνα ὑπόδικος γένηται πᾶς ὁ κόσμος τῷ Θεῷ, ὁμοῦ καὶ περὶ Ἰουδαίων καὶ Ἑλλήνων εἴρηται. Οὐ μικρὸν δὲ τοῦτο εἰς τὸ καταστεῖλαι τὴν