Chapter 8.—God Alone Creates Those Things Which are Changed by Magic Art.

13. Yet it is not on this account to be thought that the matter of visible things is subservient to the bidding of those wicked angels; but rather to that of God, by whom this power is given, just so far as He, who is unchangeable, determines in His lofty and spiritual abode to give it. For water and fire and earth are subservient even to wicked men, who are condemned to the mines, in order that they may do therewith what they will, but only so far as is permitted. Nor, in truth, are those evil angels to be called creators, because by their means the magicians, withstanding the servant of God, made frogs and serpents; for it was not they who created them. But, in truth, some hidden seeds of all things that are born corporeally and visibly, are concealed in the corporeal elements of this world. For those seeds that are visible now to our eyes from fruits and living things, are quite distinct from the hidden seeds of those former seeds; from which, at the bidding of the Creator, the water produced the first swimming creatures and fowl, and the earth the first buds after their kind, and the first living creatures after their kind.375    Gen. i. 20–25    Unum For neither at that time were those seeds so drawn forth into products of their several kinds, as that the power of production was exhausted in those products; but oftentimes, suitable combinations of circumstances are wanting, whereby they may be enabled to burst forth and complete their species. For, consider, the very least shoot is a seed; for, if fitly consigned to the earth, it produces a tree. But of this shoot there is a yet more subtle seed in some grain of the same species, and this is visible even to us. But of this grain also there is further still a seed, which, although we are unable to see it with our eyes, yet we can conjecture its existence from our reason; because, except there were some such power in those elements, there would not so frequently be produced from the earth things which had not been sown there; nor yet so many animals, without any previous commixture of male and female; whether on the land, or in the water, which yet grow, and by commingling bring forth others, while themselves sprang up without any union of parents. And certainly bees do not conceive the seeds of their young by commixture, but gather them as they lie scattered over the earth with their mouth.376    [Augustin is not alone in his belief that the bee is an exception to the dictum; omne animal ex ovo. As late as 1744, Thorley, an English “scientist,” said that “the manner in which bees propagate their species is entirely hid from the eyes of all men; and the most strict, diligent, and curious observers and inquisitors have not been able to discover it. It is a secret, and will remain a mystery. Dr. Butler says that they do not copulate as other living creatures do.” (Thorley: Melisselogia. Section viii.) The observations of Huber and others have disproved this opinion. Some infer that ignorance of physics proves ignorance of philosophy and theology. The difference between matter and mind is so great, that erroneous opinions in one province are compatible with correct ones in the other. It does not follow that because Augustin had wrong notions about bees, and no knowledge at all of the steam engine and telegraph, his knowledge of God and the soul was inferior to that of a modern materialist.—W.G.T.S.]    Eph. i. 22, 23 For the Creator of these invisible seeds is the Creator of all things Himself; since whatever comes forth to our sight by being born, receives the first beginnings of its course from hidden seeds, and takes the successive increments of its proper size and its distinctive forms from these as it were original rules. As therefore we do not call parents the creators of men, nor farmers the creators of corn,—although it is by the outward application of their actions that the power377    [The English translator renders “virtus” in its secondary sense of “goodness.” Augustin employs it here, in its primary sense of “energy,” “force.”—W.G.T.S.]    Unum of God operates within for the creating these things;—so it is not right to think not only the bad but even the good angels to be creators, if, through the subtilty of their perception and body, they know the seeds of things which to us are more hidden, and scatter them secretly through fit temperings of the elements, and so furnish opportunities of producing things, and of accelerating their increase. But neither do the good angels do these things, except as far as God commands, nor do the evil ones do them wrongfully, except as far as He righteously permits. For the malignity of the wicked one makes his own will wrongful; but the power to do so, he receives rightfully, whether for his own punishment, or, in the case of others, for the punishment of the wicked, or for the praise of the good.

14. Accordingly, the Apostle Paul, distinguishing God’s creating and forming within, from the operations of the creature which are applied from without, and drawing a similitude from agriculture, says, “I planted, Apollos watered; but God gave the increase.”378    1 Cor. iii. 6    Unus As, therefore, in the case of spiritual life itself, no one except God can work righteousness in our minds, yet men also are able to preach the gospel as an outward means, not only the good in sincerity, but also the evil in pretence;379    Phil. i. 18    John x. 30; unum. so in the creation of visible things it is God that works from within; but the exterior operations, whether of good or bad, of angels or men, or even of any kind of animal, according to His own absolute power, and to the distribution of faculties, and the several appetites for things pleasant, which He Himself has imparted, are applied by Him to that nature of things wherein He creates all things, in like manner as agriculture is to the soil. Wherefore I can no more call the bad angels, evoked by magic arts, the creators of the frogs and serpents, than I can say that bad men were creators of the corn crop, which I see to have sprung up through their labor.

15. Just as Jacob, again, was not the creator of the colors in the flocks, because he placed the various colored rods for the several mothers, as they drank, to look at in conceiving.380    Gen. xxx. 41    Unum Yet neither were the cattle themselves creators of the variety of their own offspring, because the variegated image, impressed through their eyes by the sight of the varied rods, clave to their soul, but could affect the body that was animated by the spirit thus affected only through sympathy with this commingling, so far as to stain with color the tender beginnings of their offspring. For that they are so affected from themselves, whether the soul from the body, or the body from the soul, arises in truth from suitable reasons, which immutably exist in that highest wisdom of God Himself, which no extent of place contains; and which, while it is itself unchangeable, yet quits not one even of those things which are changeable, because there is not one of them that is not created by itself. For it was the unchangeable and invisible reason of the wisdom of God, by which all things are created, which caused not rods, but cattle, to be born from cattle; but that the color of the cattle conceived should be in any degree influenced by the variety of the rods, came to pass through the soul of the pregnant cattle being affected through their eyes from without, and so according to its own measure drawing inwardly within itself the rule of formation, which it received from the innermost power of its own Creator. How great, however, may be the power of the soul in affecting and changing corporeal substance (although certainly it cannot be called the creator of the body, because every cause of changeable and sensible substance, and all its measure and number and weight, by which are brought to pass both its being at all and its being of such and such a nature, arise from the intelligible and unchangeable life, which is above all things, and which reaches even to the most distant and earthly things), is a very copious subject, and one not now necessary. But I thought the act of Jacob about the cattle should be noticed, for this reason, viz. in order that it might be perceived that, if the man who thus placed those rods cannot be called the creator of the colors in the lambs and kids; nor yet even the souls themselves of the mothers, which colored the seeds conceived in the flesh by the image of variegated color, conceived through the eyes of the body, so far as nature permitted it; much less can it be said that the creators of the frogs and serpents were the bad angels, through whom the magicians of Pharaoh then made them.

CAPUT VIII.

13. Solus Deus creat etiam illa quae magicis artibus transformantur. Nec ideo putandum est istis transgressoribus angelis ad nutum servire hanc visibilium rerum materiam, sed Deo potius, a quo haec potestas datur, quantum in sublimi et spirituali sede incommutabilis judicat. Nam et damnatis iniquis etiam in metallo servit aqua et ignis et terra, ut faciant inde quod volunt, sed quantum sinitur. Nec sane creatores illi mali angeli dicendi sunt, quia per illos magi resistentes famulo Dei ranas et serpentes fecerunt: non enim ipsi eas creaverunt. Omnium quippe rerum quae corporaliter visibiliterque nascuntur, occulta quaedam semina in istis corporeis mundi hujus elementis latent. Alia sunt enim haec jam conspicua oculis nostris ex fructibus et animantibus, alia vero illa occulta istorum seminum semina, unde jubente Creatore produxit aqua prima natatilia et volatilia, terra autem prima sui generis germina, et prima sui 0876 generis animalia (Gen. I, 20-25). Neque enim tunc in hujuscemodi fetus ita producta sunt , ut in eis quae producta sunt vis illa consumpta sit: sed plerumque desunt congruae temperamentorum occasiones, quibus erumpant, et species suas peragant. Ecce enim brevissimus surculus semen est; nam convenienter mandatus terrae arborem facit. Hujus autem surculi subtilius semen aliquod ejusdem generis granum est, et huc usque nobis visibile. Jam vero hujus etiam garni semen quamvis oculis videre nequeamus, ratione tamen conjicere possumus: quia nisi talis aliqua vis esset in istis elementis, non plerumque nascerentur ex terra quae ibi seminata non essent; nec animalia tam multa, nulla marium feminarumque commixtione praecedente, sive in terra, sive in aqua, quae tamen crescunt et coeundo alia pariunt, cum illa nullis coeuntibus parentibus orta sint. Et certe apes semina filiorum non coeundo concipiunt, sed tanquam sparsa per terras ore colligunt. Invisibilium enim seminum creator, ipse creator est omnium rerum: quoniam quaecumque nascendo ad oculos nostros exeunt, ex occultis seminibus accipiunt progrediendi primordia, et incrementa debitae magnitudinis distinctionesque formarum ab originalibus tanquam regulis sumunt. Sicut ergo nec parentes dicimus creatores hominum, nec agricolas creatores frugum, quamvis eorum extrinsecus adhibitis motibus ista creanda Dei virtus interius operetur: ita non solum malos, sed nec bonos Angelos fas est putare creatores, si pro subtilitate sui sensus et corporis, semina rerum istarum nobis occultiora noverunt, et ea per congruas temperationes elementorum latenter spargunt, atque ita gignendarum rerum et accelerandorum incrementorum praebent occasiones. Sed nec boni haec, nisi quantum Deus jubet, nec mali haec injuste faciunt, nisi quantum juste ipse permittit. Nam iniqui malitia voluntatem suam habet injustam; potestatem autem non nisi juste accipit , sive ad poenam suam, sive ad aliorum, vel poenam malorum, vel laudem bonorum.

14. Itaque apostolus Paulus discernens interius Deum creantem atque formantem, ab operibus creaturae quae admoventur extrinsecus, et de agricultura similitudinem assumens ait: Ego plantavi, Apollo rigavit; sed Deus incrementum dedit (I Cor. III, 6). Sicut ergo in ipsa vita nostram mentem justificando formare non potest nisi Deus, praedicare autem Evangelium extrinsecus et homines possunt, non solum boni per veritatem, sed etiam mali per occasionem (Philipp. I, 18): ita creationem rerum visibilium Deus interius operatur; exteriores autem operationes sive bonorum sive malorum, vel Angelorum vel hominum, sive etiam quorumcumque animalium, secundum imperium suum et a se impertitas distributiones potestatum et appetitiones commoditatum, ita rerum naturae adhibet 0877 in qua creat omnia, quemadmodum terrae agriculturam. Quapropter ita non possum dicere angelos malos magicis artibus evocatos, creatores fuisse ranarum atque serpentium; sicut non possum dicere homines malos creatores esse segetis, quam per eorum operam videro exortam.

15. Sicut nec Jacob creator colorum in pecoribus fuit, quia bibentibus in conceptu matribus variatas virgas quas intuerentur apposuit (Gen. XXX, 41). Sed nec ipsae pecudes creatrices fuerunt varietatis prolis suae, quia inhaeserat animae illarum discolor phantasia ex contuitu variarum virgarum per oculos impressa, quae non potuit nisi corpus quod sic affecto spiritu animabatur, ex compassione commixtionis afficere, unde teneris fetuum primordiis colore tenus aspergeretur . Ut enim sic ex semetipsis afficiantur, vel anima ex corpore, vel corpus ex anima, congruae rationes id faciunt, quae incommutabiliter vivunt in ipsa summa Dei sapientia, quam nulla spatia locorum capiunt; et cum ipsa sit incommutabilis, nihil eorum quae vel commutabiliter sunt deserit, quia nihil eorum nisi per ipsam creatum est. Ut enim de pecoribus non virgae, sed pecora nascerentur, fecit hoc incommutabilis et invisibilis ratio sapientiae Dei, per quam creata sunt omnia: ut autem de varietate virgarum, pecorum conceptorum color aliquid duceret, fecit hoc anima gravidae pecudis per oculos affecta forinsecus, et interius secum pro suo modulo formandi regulam trahens, quam de intima potentia sui Creatoris accepit. Sed quanta sit vis animae ad afficiendam atque mutandam materiam corporalem (cum tamen creatrix corporis dici non possit, quia omnis causa mutabilis sensibilisque substantiae, omnisque modus et numerus et pondus ejus unde efficitur ut et sit, et natura ita vel ita sit, ab intelligibili et incommutabili vita, quae super omnia est, existit, et pervenit usque ad extrema atque terrena), multus sermo est, neque nunc necessarius . Verum propterea factum Jacob de pecoribus commemorandum arbitratus sum, ut intelligeretur, si homo qui virgas illas sic posuit, dici non potest creator colorum in agnis et haedis; nec ipsae matrum animae, quae conceptam per oculos corporis phantasiam varietatis, seminibus carne conceptis, quantum natura passa est, asperserunt; multo minus dici posse ranarum serpentiumque creatores angelos malos, per quos magi Pharaonis tunc illa fecerunt.