John Chrysostom, On the Letter to the Hebrews

First, this is confirmed from present things. For it was necessary for 63.68 earthly things to be accredited by heavenly ones, but when the hearers are weak, the opposite happens. For the time being, then, he puts first what is common, and then shows in what he excels. For excellence by way of comparison comes about in this way, when in some things he shares, but in others he excels; but if not, it is no longer by way of comparison. For every high priest is taken from among men. This is common to Christ. He is appointed on behalf of men in things pertaining to God. And this is common. That he may offer both gifts and sacrifices on behalf of the people. And this, but not the whole of it; but what remains, no longer. Being able to deal gently with the ignorant and erring. Here, then, is the superiority. Since he himself also is beset with weakness, and for this reason he must, as for the people, so also for himself, offer for sins. Then he adds another thing also: that he is made by another, and that he does not seize it for himself. And this is common. And no one takes the honor to himself, but is called by God, just as Aaron was. Here he addresses another point again, showing that he was sent from God. What Christ said repeatedly when discoursing with the Jews: He who sent me is greater than I, and I have not come of myself. Here it seems to me that he also alludes to the priests of the Jews, as not being priests, those who leap upon it, and corrupt the law of the priesthood. So also Christ did not glorify Himself to become a high priest. Where then was he ordained, he says? For Aaron was ordained many times, as in the case of the rod, and when the fire came down and consumed those who rushed upon the priesthood; but here, on the contrary, not only did they suffer nothing, but they are even well-regarded. From where then? He shows this from prophecy. He has nothing sensible, nothing visible. For this reason he argues from prophecy, from things to come. But He who said, he says, to him, You are my Son, today I have begotten you. What does this have to do with the Son? Yes, he says, this was said to the Son. How then does 63.69 such a thing contribute to the question at hand? Very much so; for it is a preparation for being ordained by God. As he also says in another place, You are a priest forever, according to the order of Melchizedek. But to whom was this said? Who is according to the order of Melchizedek? No one else but this one; for all were under the law, all observed the Sabbath, all were circumcised; one could not, he says, point to anyone else. Who in the days of his flesh, having offered up prayers and supplications to him who was able to save him from death, with strong crying and tears, and was heard because of his reverence. Although he was a Son, he learned obedience from the things which he suffered. Do you see that he does nothing else? Or does he represent the caring and the excess of love? For what does “With strong crying” mean? Nowhere does the Gospel say this, nor that he wept while praying, nor that he uttered a cry. Do you see that it was a condescension? For it was not enough to say that he prayed, but also with strong crying. And was heard, he says, because of his reverence. Although he was a Son, he learned obedience from the things which he suffered; and having been perfected, he became the author of eternal salvation to all who obey him, designated by God as high priest according to the order of Melchizedek. Let it be with crying; why also strong? And having offered up with tears, he says, and was heard because of his reverence. Let the heretics who deny the flesh be ashamed. What do you say? Was the Son of God heard because of reverence? And what more could one say about the prophets? And what consistency is there in saying, “Was heard because of his reverence,” and to add, “Although he was a Son, he learned obedience from the things which he suffered”? Would anyone say these things about God? And who is so mad? Who, being deranged, would utter these things? “Was heard,” he says, “because of his reverence, he learned obedience from the things which he suffered.” What obedience did he learn? He who before this obeyed unto death, as a son to a father, how did he also learn later? 2. Do you see that it was said concerning the flesh? Tell me, was he praying to the Father, that he might be saved from death, and for this reason was he sorrowful, and did he say, If it is possible, let the ... pass from me

πρῶτον ἀπὸ τῶν παρόντων τοῦτο βεβαιοῦται. Ἔδει μὲν γὰρ ἀπὸ 63.68 τῶν οὐρανίων τὰ ἐπίγεια πιστοῦσθαι, ἀλλ' ὅταν ἀσθενεῖς ὦσιν οἱ ἀκούοντες, τὸ ἐναντίον γίνεται. Τέως οὖν ἃ κοινά ἐστι, τίθησι πρῶτα, καὶ τότε δείκνυσιν ὅ τι ὑπερέχει. Ἡ γὰρ κατὰ σύγκρισιν ὑπεροχὴ οὕτω γίνεται, ὅταν ἐν μὲν τοῖς κοινωνῇ, ἐν δὲ τοῖς ὑπερέχῃ· εἰ δὲ μὴ, οὐκέτι κατὰ σύγκρισιν γίνεται. Πᾶς γὰρ ἀρχιερεὺς ἐξ ἀνθρώπων λαμβανόμενος. Τοῦτο κοινὸν τῷ Χριστῷ. Ὑπὲρ ἀνθρώπων καθίσταται τὰ πρὸς τὸν Θεόν. Καὶ τοῦτο κοινόν. Ἵνα προσφέρῃ δῶρά τε καὶ θυσίας ὑπὲρ τοῦ λαοῦ. Καὶ τοῦτο, οὐχ ὅλον δέ· τὰ δὲ λειπόμενα, οὐκέτι. Μετριοπαθεῖν δυνάμενος τοῖς ἀγνοοῦσι καὶ πλανωμένοις. Ἐνταῦθα λοιπὸν ἡ ὑπεροχή. Ἐπεὶ καὶ αὐτὸς περίκειται ἀσθένειαν, καὶ διὰ ταύτην ὀφείλει, καθὼς περὶ τοῦ λαοῦ, οὕτω καὶ περὶ ἑαυτοῦ προσφέρειν ὑπὲρ ἁμαρτιῶν. Εἶτα καὶ ἄλλο προστίθησιν· Ὅτι ὑφ' ἑτέρου γίνεται, καὶ ὅτι οὐκ αὐτὸς ἐπιπηδᾷ. Καὶ τοῦτο κοινόν. Καὶ οὐχ ἑαυτῷ τις λαμβάνει τὴν τιμὴν, ἀλλὰ καλούμενος ὑπὸ τοῦ Θεοῦ, καθὼς καὶ Ἀαρών. Ἐνταῦθα ἕτερόν τι πάλιν θεραπεύει, δεικνὺς ὅτι ἀπὸ τοῦ Θεοῦ ἀπέσταλται. Ὃ ἄνω καὶ κάτω Ἰουδαίοις διαλεγόμενος ἔλεγεν ὁ Χριστός· Ὁ πέμψας με μείζων μού ἐστι, καὶ Ἀπ' ἐμαυτοῦ οὐκ ἐλήλυθα. Ἐνταῦθά μοι δοκεῖ καὶ τῶν Ἰουδαίων αἰνίττεσθαι τοὺς ἱερέας, ὡς οὐκ ὄντας ἱερέας, τοὺς ἐπιπηδῶντας, καὶ τὸν νόμον τῆς ἱερωσύνης παραφθείροντας. Οὕτω καὶ ὁ Χριστὸς οὐχ ἑαυτὸν ἐδόξασε γενηθῆναι ἀρχιερέα. Ποῦ οὖν ἐχειροτονήθη, φησίν; Ὁ γὰρ Ἀαρὼν ἐχειροτονήθη πολλάκις, ὡς ἐπὶ τῆς ῥάβδου, καὶ ὅτε τὸ πῦρ κατῆλθε καὶ ἠφάνισε τοὺς ἐπιπηδῶντας τῇ ἱερωσύνῃ· ἐνταῦθα δὲ τοὐναντίον, οὐ μόνον οὐδὲν ἔπαθον, ἀλλὰ καὶ εὐδοκιμοῦσι. Πόθεν οὖν; Ἀπὸ τῆς προφητείας τοῦτο δείκνυσιν. Οὐδὲν ἔχει αἰσθητὸν, οὐδὲν ὁρατόν. ∆ιὰ τοῦτο ἀπὸ προφητείας, ἀπὸ τῶν μελλόντων ἰσχυρίζεται· Ἀλλ' ὁ λαλήσας, φησὶ, πρὸς αὐτὸν, Υἱός μου εἶ σὺ, ἐγὼ σήμερον γεγέννηκά σε. Τί πρὸς τὸν Υἱὸν τοῦτο; Ναὶ, φησὶ, τοῦτο πρὸς τὸν Υἱὸν εἴρηται. Τί δαὶ συμβάλλεται τὸ 63.69 τοιοῦτον πρὸς τὸ ζητούμενον; Καὶ πάνυ γε· προκατασκευὴ γάρ ἐστι τοῦ ὑπὸ Θεοῦ χειροτονηθῆναι. Καθὼς καὶ ἐν ἑτέρῳ λέγει, Σὺ ἱερεὺς εἰς τὸν αἰῶνα κατὰ τὴν τάξιν Μελχισεδέχ. Πρὸς τίνα δὲ εἴρηται τοῦτο; τίς ἐστι κατὰ τὴν τάξιν Μελχισεδέχ; Οὐδεὶς ἕτερος ἢ οὗτος· πάντες γὰρ ὑπὸ τὸν νόμον ἦσαν, πάντες ἐσαββάτιζον, πάντες περιετέμνοντο· οὐδένα ἂν ἔχοι τις ἕτερον, φησὶ, δεῖξαι. Ὃς ἐν ταῖς ἡμέραις τῆς σαρκὸς αὐτοῦ δεήσεις τε καὶ ἱκετηρίας πρὸς τὸν δυνάμενον σώζειν αὐτὸν ἐκ θανάτου, μετὰ κραυγῆς ἰσχυρᾶς καὶ δακρύων προσενέγκας, καὶ εἰσακουσθεὶς ἀπὸ τῆς εὐλαβείας. Καίπερ ὢν Υἱὸς, ἔμαθεν ἀφ' ὧν ἔπαθε τὴν ὑπακοήν. Ὁρᾷς ὅτι οὐδὲν ἄλλο ποιεῖ; ἢ τὸ κηδεμονικὸν παρίστησι καὶ τῆς ἀγάπης τὴν ὑπερβολήν; Τί γὰρ βούλεται τὸ, Μετὰ κραυγῆς ἰσχυρᾶς, οὐδαμοῦ τοῦτο τὸ Εὐαγγέλιόν φησιν, οὐδ' ὅτι ἐδάκρυσεν εὐχόμενος, οὐδ' ὅτι κραυγὴν ἀφῆκεν. Ὁρᾷς ὅτι συγκατάβασις ἦν; Οὐ γὰρ ἐνῆν εἰπεῖν ὅτι ηὔξατο, ἀλλὰ καὶ μετὰ κραυγῆς ἰσχυρᾶς. Καὶ εἰσακουσθεὶς, φησὶν, ἀπὸ τῆς εὐλαβείας. Καίπερ ὢν Υἱὸς, ἔμαθεν ἀφ' ὧν ἔπαθε τὴν ὑπακοήν· καὶ τελειωθεὶς ἐγένετο πᾶσι τοῖς ὑπακούουσιν αὐτῷ αἴτιος σωτηρίας αἰωνίου, προσαγορευθεὶς ἀπὸ τοῦ Θεοῦ ἀρχιερεὺς κατὰ τὴν τάξιν Μελχισεδέχ. Ἔστω μετὰ κραυγῆς· διὰ τί καὶ ἰσχυρᾶς; Καὶ μετὰ δακρύων προσενέγκας, φησὶ, καὶ εἰσακουσθεὶς ἀπὸ τῆς εὐλαβείας. Αἰσχυνέσθωσαν αἱρετικοὶ ἀθετοῦντες τὴν σάρκα. Τί λέγεις; ὁ Υἱὸς τοῦ Θεοῦ ἀπὸ εὐλαβείας ἠκούετο; Καὶ τί περὶ τῶν προφητῶν πλέον ἂν εἴποι τις; Ποία δὲ καὶ ἀκολουθία εἰπεῖν· Εἰσακουσθεὶς ἀπὸ τῆς εὐλαβείας, καὶ ἐπαγαγεῖν· Καίπερ ὢν Υἱὸς, ἔμαθεν ἀφ' ὧν ἔπαθε τὴν ὑπακοήν; ταῦτα περὶ Θεοῦ ἄν τις εἴποι; καὶ τίς οὕτω μέμηνε; τίς δὲ παραπαίων ἂν ταῦτα ἐφθέγξατο; Εἰσακουσθεὶς, φησὶν, ἀπὸ τῆς εὐλαβείας, ἔμαθεν ἀφ' ὧν ἔπαθε τὴν ὑπακοήν. Ποίαν ὑπακοὴν ἔμαθεν; ὁ μέχρι θανάτου πρὸ τούτου ὑπακούσας, ὡς πατρὶ υἱὸς, πῶς δὲ καὶ ὕστερον ἔμαθεν; βʹ. Ὁρᾷς ὅτι περὶ τῆς σαρκὸς εἴρηται; Εἰπὲ δή μοι, τοῦ Πατρὸς ἐδεῖτο, ἵνα σωθῇ ἀπὸ τοῦ θανάτου, καὶ διὰ τοῦτο περίλυπος ἦν, καὶ ἔλεγεν· Εἰ δυνατὸν, παρελθέτω ἀπ' ἐμοῦ τὸ