Origen of Alexandria, Against Celsus

Before we begin our reply, we have to remark that the endeavour to show, with regard to almost any history, however true, that it actually occurred, and to produce an intelligent conception regarding it, is one of the most difficult undertakings that can be attempted, and is in some instances an impossibility. For suppose that some one were to assert that there never had been any Trojan war, chiefly on account of the impossible narrative interwoven therewith, about a certain Achilles being the son of a sea-goddess Thetis and of a man Peleus, or Sarpedon being the son of Zeus, or Ascalaphus and Ialmenus the sons of Ares, or Æneas that of Aphrodite, how should we prove that such was the case, especially under the weight of the fiction attached, I know not how, to the universally prevalent opinion that there was really a war in Ilium between Greeks and Trojans? And suppose, also, that some one disbelieved the story of Œdipus and Jocasta, and of their two sons Eteocles and Polynices, because the sphinx, a kind of half-virgin, was introduced into the narrative, how should we demonstrate the reality of such a thing? And in like manner also with the history of the Epigoni, although there is no such marvellous event interwoven with it, or with the return of the Heracleidæ, or countless other historical events. But he who deals candidly with histories, and would wish to keep himself also from being imposed upon by them, will exercise his judgment as to what statements he will give his assent to, and what he will accept figuratively, seeking to discover the meaning of the authors of such inventions, and from what statements he will withhold his belief, as having been written for the gratification of certain individuals. And we have said this by way of anticipation respecting the whole history related in the Gospels concerning Jesus, not as inviting men of acuteness to a simple and unreasoning faith, but wishing to show that there is need of candour in those who are to read, and of much investigation, and, so to speak, of insight into the meaning of the writers, that the object with which each event has been recorded may be discovered.

Πρὶν ἀρξώμεθα τῆς ἀπολογίας, λεκτέον ὅτι σχεδὸν πᾶσαν ἱστορίαν, κἂν ἀληθὴς ᾖ, βούλεσθαι κατασκευάζειν ὡς γεγενημένην καὶ καταληπτικὴν ποιῆσαι περὶ αὐτῆς φαντα σίαν τῶν σφόδρα ἐστὶ χαλεπωτάτων καὶ ἐν ἐνίοις ἀδύνατον. Φέρε γάρ τινα λέγειν μὴ γεγονέναι τὸν ἰλιακὸν πόλεμον μάλιστα διὰ τὸ ἀδύνατον προσπεπλέχθαι λόγον περὶ τοῦ γεγενῆσθαί τινα Ἀχιλλέα θαλασσίας θεᾶς υἱὸν καὶ ἀνθρώπου Πηλέως, ἢ Σαρπηδόνα ∆ιός, ἢ Ἀσκάλαφον καὶ Ἰάλμενον Ἄρεως, ἢ Αἰνείαν Ἀφροδίτης· πῶς ἂν κατασκευάσαιμεν τὸ τοιοῦτον, μάλιστα θλιβόμενοι ὑπὸ τοῦ οὐκ οἶδ' ὅπως παρυφανθέντος πλάσματος τῇ κεκρατηκυίᾳ παρὰ πᾶσι δόξῃ περὶ τοῦ ἀληθῶς γεγονέναι τὸν ἐν Ἰλίῳ Ἑλλήνων καὶ Τρώων πόλεμον; Φέρε δέ τινα ἀπιστεῖν περὶ Οἰδίποδος καὶ Ἰοκάστης καὶ τῶν γεννηθέντων ἀπὸ ἀμφοτέρων Ἐτεοκλέους καὶ Πολυνείκους διὰ τὸ προσπεπλέχθαι τῷ λόγῳ τὴν Σφίγγα μιξοπάρθενόν τινα· πῶς ἂν τὸ τοιοῦτον ἀποδεί ξαιμεν; Οὕτω δὲ καὶ τὰ περὶ τῶν Ἐπιγόνων, κἂν μηδὲν τοιοῦτον ἐπιπεπλεγμένον ᾖ τῷ λόγῳ, ἢ περὶ τῆς Ἡρακλειδῶν καθόδου ἢ περὶ ἄλλων μυρίων. Ἀλλ' ὁ εὐγνωμόνως ἐντυγ χάνων ταῖς ἱστορίαις καὶ βουλόμενος ἑαυτὸν τηρεῖν καὶ ἐν ἐκείναις ἀνεξαπάτητον κρινεῖ, τίσι μὲν συγκαταθήσεται τίνα δὲ τροπολογήσει, τὸ βούλημα ἐρευνῶν τῶν ἀναπλασαμένων τὰ τοιαδί, καὶ τίσιν ἀπιστήσει ὡς διὰ τὴν πρός τινας χάριν ἀναγεγραμμένοις. Καὶ τοῦτο προλαβόντες δι' ὅλην τὴν φερομένην ἐν τοῖς εὐαγγελίοις περὶ τοῦ Ἰησοῦ ἱστορίαν εἰρήκαμεν, οὐκ ἐπὶ ψιλὴν πίστιν καὶ ἄλογον τοὺς ἐντρεχεσ τέρους ἐκκαλούμενοι, ἀλλὰ βουλόμενοι παραστῆσαι ὅτι εὐγνωμοσύνης χρεία τοῖς ἐντευξομένοις καὶ πολλῆς ἐξετά σεως καί, ἵν' οὕτως ὀνομάσω, εἰσόδου εἰς τὸ βούλημα τῶν γραψάντων, ἵν' εὑρεθῇ, ποίᾳ διανοίᾳ ἕκαστον γέγραπται.