Georgius Pachymeres, Chronicle I

At Nicaea, Prousa, and thirdly Philadelphia, for those who were driven from their homeland for reasons we 27 know from having learned them, it does not seem to me, even if we should wish to speak, an accomplishable task, both because many great things came to pass while they were in power, and because it would require much application to relate them, and because we ourselves do not know precisely what happened and for what reasons in each case, especially since it has occurred to others to speak about those events, not in error, I think, and in such a way as not to trust themselves confidently when recounting each detail, but accurately and as men who knew from being present at the events and who were still around when they were finally concluded; and the contrivance of time was ineffectual, with events happening and at the same time being committed to writing, as if Hermes were opposing and observing Leto, or rather, was checking her progress. For these reasons, then, we must leave aside the events of that time, as they are not accomplishable and are otherwise outside the scope of our present purpose. But one thing alone for now must be said, and perhaps it is not superfluous, that some blame that one thing alone for both the security and stability of affairs then, and for the present overthrow and confusion, although it is not in the same state, but when present and carried out as it should have been, it was a cause of security, but when absent and neglected as it should not have been, it is a cause of the present confusion.

3. How the ancients fortified the frontiers. They, then, being hemmed in between two enemies, the Persians in the east and the Italians in the west, who held not only the seacoast but also the highlands, and being completely constricted from both sides, so as not to be allowed even to breathe freely, on the one hand, with Italian allies they went against the Persians, and on the other, having taken on Scythian allies, who had just then appeared and been taken on, they pushed back the Italians. Their aim was to secure 29 the interior with secure frontiers. And the part towards the sea they could not secure with any fortification other than the sea—for it was not possible, with the Italians controlling the sea and also holding the lands further on, to live securely for the future—but the part towards the east they could fortify with rugged mountains, if they acted first. And for these reasons, since they could not fight on both fronts at once, and because the mountains to the east, extending for a great distance and guaranteeing safety to those who would settle there, had not yet been permanently seized by the Persians, they expected to be able to occupy them and through their security to set their own affairs in order, whereas they were unable to use the sea as a fortification until they drove the Italians from there, they made a treaty rather with the Persians and granted a truce to the war against them, arranging to pay an annual tribute, which indeed they did pay, but not for long, while they pressed upon the Italians with their full forces. And toiling with many labors and irresistible wars, they drove them out and, having provided for the sea to be sailed by their own ships, they gave sufficient security to the Romans living there; then turning their backs, with the Persians willing or not, they set upon the mountains, and having secured them with many strong settlers from all quarters, they established them as rugged walls and, as it were, unassailable ramparts for the Roman land.

4. How they cared for the men and affairs on the frontiers. Nor indeed did they leave the inhabitants of the mountains uncared for, as if they were ready to migrate if the enemy should attack in any way, having nothing to persuade them to stay and, beyond their strength if occasion allowed, to fight bravely against them; but they rewarded all with tax exemptions, and the more distinguished among them and those of a daring spirit with grants by imperial letters. And so, as time went on, they increased in their possessions, and great 31 wealth flowed to them. And in proportion as they happened to prosper in their livelihood, so too did they take courage against their enemies, and they reveled in many things from there, setting ambushes by night and by day cutting off the enemy and plundering extensively; from which

Νικαίᾳ, Προύσῃ τε καὶ τρίτῃ Φιλαδελφείᾳ, τῆς πατρίδος ἐκπεσοῦσιν ἐξ ὧν αἰτιῶν ἴδμεν 27 μαθόντες, οὔ μοι δοκεῖ, κἂν λέγειν θέλωμεν, ἀνυστὰ τῷ τε πολλὰ καὶ μεγάλα ξυμβῆναι, μεταξὺ κρατούντων ἐκείνων, καὶ πολλῆς εἰπεῖν μάλιστα δεόμενα ἀσχολίας, καὶ τῷ μηδ' ἡμᾶς ἐς τἀκριβὲς εἰδέναι τί καὶ ἐφ' οἵαις ταῖς αἰτίαις ξυνέπεσεν ἕκαστον, ἄλλως τε ὅτι καὶ ἄλλοις εἰπεῖν ἐπῆλθε περὶ ἐκείνων, οὐ πεπλανημένως, οἶμαι, καὶ ὥστε μὴ σφᾶς ἑαυτοῖς ἀσφαλῶς πιστεύειν ἐπεξιόντας καθ' ἕκαστον, ἀλλ' ἀκριβῶς καὶ ὡς εἰδότας ἐξ ὧν ἐπὶ τῶν πραγμάτων ἦσαν καὶ περιῆσαν ἔτι εἰς τέλος πραχθέντων· καὶ τὸ τοῦ χρόνου μηχάνημα ἄπρακτον ἦν, ἅμα πραττομένων καὶ ἅμα γραφῇ διδομένων, ἀντιμαχομένου καὶ ἀντισκοποῦντος οἷον τοῦ Ἑρμοῦ τῇ Λητοῖ, ἢ καὶ μᾶλλον τὴν ἐκείνης πρόοδον ἀνακόπτοντος. Ταῦτ' ἄρα καὶ τὰ κατ' ἐκεῖνο συμβάντα τοῦ χρόνου ἐατέον ἡμῖν, ὡς οὐκ ἀνυστὰ καὶ ἄλλως τοῦ προκειμένου σκοποῦ ἐξαγώνια. Ἓν δὲ καὶ μόνον τέως λεκτέον ἐστί, καὶ ἴσως οὐ περιττόν, ὅτι καὶ μόνον ἐκεῖνό τινες αἰτιῶνται καὶ τῆς τότε τῶν πραγμάτων ἀσφαλείας καὶ καταστάσεως καὶ τῆς νῦν ἀνατροπῆς καὶ συγχύ σεως, πλὴν οὐ κατὰ ταὐτὸν οὕτως ἔχον, ἀλλὰ παρὸν μὲν καὶ ὡς ἐχρῆν τελούμενον ἀσφαλείας, ἀπὸν δὲ καὶ ὡς οὐκ ἐχρῆν παρορώμενον τῆς παρούσης συγχύσεως.

γʹ. Ὅπως οἱ παλαιοὶ κατωχύρουν τὰς ἄκρας. Ἐκεῖνοι τοίνυν δυοῖν μέσον ἐχθροῖν ἐναπειλημμένοι, ἐξ ἕω μὲν Περσῶν, ἐκ δύσεως δ' Ἰταλῶν, οὐ μόνον τὸ πρὸς τῇ θαλάσσῃ, ἀλλὰ καὶ τὸ ἀνώτατον κατασχόντων, καὶ εἰς στενὸν κομιδῇ ἀμφοτέρωθεν καταστάντες, ὡς μηδ' ἐλευθέρως ἀναπνεῖν ἐᾶσθαι, τῇ μὲν Ἰταλικὸν ἔχοντες συμμαχικὸν ἐπῄεσαν Πέρσαις, τῇ δὲ Σκυθικὸν προσλαβόμενοι, ἄρτι τότε φανέν τε καὶ προσληφθέν, ἀνώθουν τοὺς Ἰταλούς. Σκοπὸς δ' ἦν ἐκείνοις ἄκραις ἀσφαλέσι 29 τὸ μέσον κατοχυροῦν. Καὶ τὸ μὲν πρὸς θάλασσαν οὐκ εἶχον ὀχυρώματι ἄλλῳ ἢ θαλάσσῃ κατασφαλίζεσθαιοὐδὲ γὰρ ἦν, θαλασσοκρατούντων τῶν Ἰταλῶν καὶ προσκατεχόντων τὰ πρόσω, ἀσφαλῶς τὸ λοιπὸν διάξειν, τὸ δὲ πρὸς ἕω ὀχυροῦν εἶχον ἐρυμνοῖς ὄρεσιν, εἰ προλάβοιεν. Καὶ διὰ ταῦτα, ἐπεὶ οὐκ εἶχον ἅμα πρὸς ἑκάτερα μάχεσθαι καὶ ὅτι τὰ μὲν πρὸς ἕω ὄρη μέχρι πολλοῦ ἀνέχοντα καὶ τὸ ἀσφαλὲς κατεγγυῶντα τοῖς κατοικήσουσι, τοῖς Πέρσαις οὐκέτι διηνεκῶς προσκαταληφθέντα, προσδόκιμα σφίσι κατασχεῖν ἦσαν καὶ διὰ τῆς ἐκείνων ἀσφαλείας τὰ οἰκεῖα εὖ θέσθαι, τῷ δὲ τῆς θαλάττης μέρει οὐχ οἷοί τ' ἦσαν χρήσασθαι ὀχυρώματι πρότερον ἢ τοὺς Ἰταλοὺς ἐκβαλεῖν ἐκεῖθεν, ἐσπένδοντο μὲν πλέον τοῖς Πέρσαις καὶ ἀνακωχὴν ἐδίδουν τῷ πρὸς ἐκείνους πολέμῳ, ἐτήσιον τέλος τάξαντες διδόναι, ὃ δὴ καὶ ἐδίδουν οὐκ ἐς μακρόν, τοῖς δ' Ἰταλοῖς ὅλαις ἐπεῖχον ὁρμαῖς. Συχνοῖς δὲ πόνοις καὶ ἀκαταγωνίστοις πολέμοις ἐνιδροῦντες, ἐκείνους μὲν ἐξῶσαν καί, ναυσὶν οἰκείαις παραπλέειν παρεσχηκότες τὴν θάλασσαν, ἱκανὴν τοῖς ἐκεῖσε τῶν Ῥωμαίων οἰκοῦσιν ἐδίδουν ἀσφάλειαν· εἶτα νῶτα στρέψαντες, ἑκόντων ἀκόντων Περσῶν, ὄρεσιν ἐπεβάλοντο, συχνοῖς δὲ τοῖς πανταχόθεν ἐποίκοις καὶ ἰσχυροῖς κατασφαλισάμενοι, ἐρυμνὰ τείχη καὶ οἷον δυσεπιχειρήτους θριγκοὺς τῇ Ῥωμαΐδι ταῦτα κατέστησαν.

δʹ. Ὅπως τῶν ἐν ταῖς ἄκραις ἐπεμελοῦντο ἀνδρῶν καὶ πραγμάτων. Οὐ μὴν δὲ καὶ ἀτημελήτους τοὺς πρὸς τοῖς ὄρεσιν οἰκοῦντας εἴων, ὡς ἑτοίμους μεταναστεύσοντας, εἴ που ἀμηγέπη οἱ ἐναντίοι προσβάλοιεν, μηδὲν ἔχοντας τὸ πεῖθον μένειν καὶ παρὰ δύναμιν, εἴ ποι παρείκοι, πρὸς ἐκείνους ἀνδρίζεσθαι· ἀλλ' ἀτελείαις μὲν τοὺς πάντας, προνοίαις δ' ἐκ τούτων τοὺς ἐπιδοξοτέρους καὶ οἷς τολμῆεν τὸ φρόνημα γράμμασιν ἐδωροῦντο βασιλι κοῖς. Καὶ δή, τοῦ χρόνου προϊόντος, ηὔξανον ταῖς περιουσίαις, καὶ πλοῦτος 31 ἐπέρρει σφίσι συχνός. Παρ' ὅσον δ' ἐκείνοις ἐνευθηνεῖσθαι ξυνέβαινε τοῖς κατὰ τὸν βίον, παρὰ τοσοῦτον καὶ πρὸς τοὺς ἐναντίους ἐθάρρουν, καὶ πολλοῖς τοῖς ἐκεῖθεν ἐτρύφων, νυκτιλοχοῦντες καὶ ὁσημέραι τὴν τῶν ἐναντίων περικόπτοντες καὶ τὰ πολλὰ ληϊζόμενοι· ἐξ ὧν