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it happened that for them, when they went to close quarters with their opponents, they were screened by those from the interior, while those whose hopes depended on them lived at ease in their own land and attended to their own concerns; but those in charge of the generalship, having those behind them as safe as possible, would turn the battle elsewhere and stir it up with attacks where it was not happening, and anticipate others who were ill-disposed, rather than wait to suffer terrible things from another direction. The whole thing was successful, with the frontiers being in good condition and the men there not at all likely to yield even if something should happen, should the opponents dare to resist in any way, and this especially since the central government was near, ready to resist anything that might oppose it. And so things were previously, not only with the tax exemptions and provisions which were mentioned, but also with the daily royal favors with which the inhabitants of the frontiers were puffed up, and having every sign of wealth, and for this reason they were more careless in their guard duties, but bolder in making incursions and resisting those who, if they were able, were doing harm to our lands.

5. How, after the city was captured long ago by the Italians, the situation in the east was weakened, and concerning Chadēnós. But from the time that the city of Constantine was taken for the Romans and it was necessary for the children to return to their fatherland, and before others those who held power, it happened on the one hand that those men were weakened by the division of the emperors, and on the other hand they were in absolute need of provisions, and all the more so that on their own they might be no less confident, if from nowhere else, at least in having their own wealth as the sinews of war. But later in time, when the empire had changed hands, a certain Chadēnós, upon whom the ruler then bestowed again the dignity of eparch, a man very influential with him for reasons that will now be told—for from that point the present account will be brought back to its proper state—that man, then, wishing to seem to give advantageous counsel to the emperor 33 this was Michael Palaiologos, introduces this very precarious counsel, as the event later showed. And being received as if speaking advantageously, he is sent to carry out what he had previously advised. And so arriving quickly at those places—for it was not at all possible for him who had initiated the matter to be slow concerning his instructions—finding men of deep wealth and abounding in possessions and herds, he levies a tax on these men from those possessions of theirs with which each one's livelihood was constituted and, having calculated the sum at forty nomismata for each man, and of this the greater part from his own, he ordered the remainder of the imposed tax, being not small, to be brought into the royal treasury. Which, being done for the first time, since the men suffered things they had never expected, both broke their willing spirit and diminished their strength.

6. How the Persians took possession of the mountains of Romanía. From this, it also seemed advantageous to the Persian warriors and those who lived by the sword, while the others submitted to the Tocharians who had just taken over the rule of Persia, for them, being unruly, to flee to the stronger positions of the mountains and, by raiding the neighboring areas, to live by the law of bandits. And when this happened, very many gathered together on their own and, being strong, often attacked our men who had become weak and, gradually prevailing as they became powerless, they made them yield. And advancing daily, they might have quickly yielded the battlements to the enemy, if it were not that they were barely persuaded to resist as residents in return for assigned salaries—for they could no longer hold their own properties. And they held out for a time, for the most part even by their own efforts, and there were times when many of the enemy were attacking, they would make signals to our army and often render their assault ineffective. And these things continued, as long as the salaries were given at the appointed times according to custom. However, it was only possible to guard against the advancing evil and for them not to advance further, nor to prevail, nor themselves to seek to harm their land by raiding, 35 but to preserve themselves by remaining in their own country, as fighting, indeed, when those men upon

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συνέβαινεν αὐτοῖς μὲν ὁμόσε τοῖς ἀντιπάλοις χωροῦσι προβεβλῆσθαι τῶν ἐνδοτέρω, τοὺς δ' ἐξαρτωμένους τὰς ἐλπίδας ἐκείνων ἐπὶ τῆς οἰκείας διατρίβειν ἀνέδην καὶ ταῖς οἰκείαις προσανέχειν φροντίσι, τοὺς μέντοι ἐπὶ τῶν ἀρχῶν τῆς στρατηγίας ὄντας, τῶν ὄπισθεν ἀσφαλῶς ὡς οἷόν τ' ἔχοντας, τὴν μάχην ἑτέρωσε τρέπειν καὶ μὴ οὖσαν ταῖς ἐπιθέσεσιν ἐρεθίζειν καὶ φθάνειν κακῶς διατεθέντας ἑτέρους πρότερον ἢ ἀναμένειν πάσχειν ἑτέρωθεν τὰ δεινά. Τὸ δὲ σύμπαν ἦν κατορθούμενον, τῶν ἀκρῶν καλῶς ἐχουσῶν καὶ μηδ' ἂν εἴ τι καὶ γένοιτο, τῶν ἐκεῖ καθυπειξόντων ἀνδρῶν, εἴ πῃ καὶ ἀντιτείνειν τολμῷεν οἱ ἀντικεί μενοι, καὶ ταῦτα καὶ τῆς ἀρχῆς ἐγγύθεν οὔσης, ἀνθεξούσης ἑτοίμου πρὸς ἅπαν τὸ ἀντιστησόμενον. Καὶ τὰ μὲν πρότερα τοιαῦτα καὶ οὕτως ἔχοντα, μὴ μόνον αἷς ἐρρέθη ἀτελείαις τε καὶ προνοίαις, ἀλλά γε καὶ καθημεριναῖς φιλοτησίαις βασιλικαῖς τῶν τὰς ἄκρας οἰκούντων βρενθυομένων καὶ οὐδὲν ὅ τι μὴ πλούτου σημεῖον ἐχόντων, κἀντεῦθεν καὶ ἀρρᾳθυμότερον μὲν φυλασσόντων, θαρραλεώτερον δ' εἰσβαλλόντων καὶ ἀντισχόντων τοῖς, εἴ πῃ ἰσχύσαιεν, κακοποιοῦσι τὰ ἡμέτερα.

εʹ. Ὅπως, ἁλούσης πάλαι τῆς πόλεως παρ' Ἰταλῶν, ἐξησθένησε τὰ κατὰ τὴν ἀνατολὴν καὶ περὶ τοῦ Χαδηνοῦ. Ἐξ ὅτου δ' ἡ Κωνσταντίνου Ῥωμαίοις ἑάλω καὶ ἦν ἐπαναστρέφειν ἀνάγκη τῇ πατρίδι τὰ τέκνα, καὶ πρότερον τῶν ἄλλων οἷς ἦν τὸ κρατεῖν, ξυνέβαινε μὲν ἔνθεν ἐξασθενεῖν ἐκείνους τῇ διαστάσει τῶν βασιλέων, ἔδει δ' ἐκείνοις πάντως προνοίας, καὶ μᾶλλον ἐφ' ᾧ καὶ καθ' ἑαυτοὺς οὐδὲν ἧττον θαρροῖεν, εἰ μηδ' ἄλλοθεν, ἀλλ' οὖν νεῦρα πολέμου τὸν σφῶν πλοῦτον ἔχουσιν. Ἀλλὰ χρόνῳ ὕστερον, τῆς βασιλείας μεταπεσούσης, Χαδηνός τις, ᾧ δὴ καὶ τὸ τῆς ἐπαρχίας ἀξίωμα ἐσαῦθις ἐπέθηκεν ὁ κρατῶν, τὰ πολλὰ παρ' ἐκείνῳ δυνάμενος ἐξ αἰτιῶν ὅσον οὐκέτι ῥηθησομένων ἐκεῖθεν γὰρ καὶ ὁ παρὼν λόγος εἰς κατάστασιν τὴν πρέπουσαν ἀναχθή σεται, ἐκεῖνος τοίνυν, συμφέρον δοκεῖν ἐθέλων συμβουλεύειν τῷ βασιλεῖ 33 ὁ Παλαιολόγος δ' οὗτος ἦν Μιχαήλ, βουλὴν εἰσάγει τήνδε καὶ λίαν ἐπισφαλῆ, ὡς τὸ πρᾶγμα ἔδειξεν ὕστερον. Καὶ δεχθεὶς ὡς δῆθεν συμφερόντως λέγων, πέμπεται καταπρᾶξαι ἃ φθάσας βεβούλευται. Καὶ δὴ ἐπιστὰς ταχέως τοῖς τόποιςοὐ γὰρ ἦν πρὸς τὰ ἐπεσταλμένα βραδύνειν ὅλως αὐτὸν καταρξάμενον, ἄνδρας βαθυπλούτους εὑρὼν καὶ κτήμασι καὶ θρέμμασι βρίθοντας, στρατεύει τούτους ἐκ τῶν σφετέρων ἐκείνων καὶ οἷς ὁ ἑκάστου βίος συνεκεκρότητο καί, εἰς τεσσαράκοντα νομίσματα τῷ ἑνὶ συμποσώσας, καὶ τούτων τὸ πλεῖστον ἐκ τῶν αὐτοῦ, τὸ λοιπὸν τοῦ τεθέντος τέλους, οὐκ ὀλίγον ὄν, τῷ βασιλικῷ ταμιείῳ εἰσκομίζεσθαι ἔταξεν. Ὃ καὶ πραχθὲν πρώτως, παθόντων τῶν ἀνδρῶν ἃ οὐκ ἤλπισαν πώποτε, ἐπέκλασέ τε τὴν προθυμίαν βουλομένοις καὶ καθυφείκεσαν τῆς δυνάμεως.

ʹ. Ὅπως οἱ Πέρσαι κατέσχον τὰ τῆς Ῥωμαΐδος ὄρη. Ἐντεῦθεν καὶ τοῖς τῶν Περσῶν μαχίμοις καὶ οἷς ἐν μαχαίρᾳ τὸ ζῆν, τῶν ἄλλων ὑποκλιθέντων τοῖς Τοχάροις, ἄρτι κατασχοῦσι τὴν τῆς Περσίδος ἀρχήν, συμφέρον ἐδόκει ἀφηνιάζουσι καταφεύγειν πρὸς τὰ τῶν ὀρῶν ὀχυρώτερα καί, τὰ πλησίον κατατρέχοντας, νόμῳ λῃστῶν ἀποζῆν. Ὃ καὶ γεγονός, συνέστησαν καθ' αὑτοὺς πλεῖστοι καὶ συχνάκις ἰσχυροὶ ἐπετίθεντο ἀσθενέσι γενομένοις τοῖς ἡμετέροις καί, περιόντες κατ' ὀλίγον ἀδυνα τούντων, ὑπείκειν ἐποίουν. Καὶ τάχα ἂν ἐσχωροῦντες ὁσημέραι τοῖς ἐναντίοις τῶν θριγκῶν παρεχώρησαν, εἰ μή γε ταχθείσαις ῥόγαιςτὰ γὰρ σφέτερα οὐκ εἶχον κατέχεινμόγις ὑπεῖκον προσοικοῦντες ἀντέχειν. Καὶ ἀντεῖχον τέως, τὰ πλεῖστα μὲν καὶ ἐξ ἑαυτῶν, ἦν δ' οὗ καὶ πολλῶν ἐπεισφρούντων τῶν ἐναντίων, δῆλα τιθέντες τῷ ἡμετέρῳ στρατεύματι καὶ ἄπρακτον πολλάκις τὴν ἐκείνων ἐπισύστασιν καθιστῶντες. Καὶ ταῦτ' ἦσαν, ἕως ἐδίδοντο ῥόγαι καιροῖς ὡρισμένοις κατὰ τὸ σύνηθες. Πλὴν φυλάσσεσθαι μόνον ἦν τὸ κακὸν ἐπιὸν καὶ μὴ προσχωρεῖν σφᾶς ἔτι, μηδὲ περιγίγνεσθαι, μηδ' αὐτοὺς ζητεῖν κακοῦν τὴν ἐκείνων κατατρέχοντας, 35 ἀλλ' ἑαυτοὺς συντηρεῖν ἐπὶ τῆς οἰκείας μένοντας, ὡς μαχουμένων μέν, ὅτ' ἐκεῖνοι ἐπὶ