Homily XLVIII.

Acts XXII. 17–20

“And it came to pass, that, when I was come again to Jerusalem, even while I prayed in the temple, I was in a trance; and saw him saying unto me, Make haste, and get thee quickly out of Jerusalem: for they will not receive thy testimony concerning me. And I said, Lord, they know that I imprisoned and beat in every synagogue them that believed on thee: and when the blood of thy martyr Stephen was shed, I also was standing by, and consenting unto his death, and kept the raiment of them that slew him.”

See how he thrusts himself (into danger), I came, he says, after that vision, “to Jerusalem. I was in a trance,” etc. Again, this is without witness: but observe, the witness follows from the result. He said, “They will not receive thy testimony:” they did not receive it. And yet from calculations of reason the surmise should have been this, that they would assuredly receive him. For I was the man that made war upon the Christians: so that they ought to have received him. Here he establishes two things: both that they are without excuse, since they persecuted him contrary to all likelihood or calculation of reason; and, that Christ was God, as prophesying things contrary to expectation, and as not looking to past things, but fore-knowing the things to come. How then does He say, “He shall bear My name before the Gentiles and kings and children of Israel?” (Acts ix. 15.) Not, certainly persuade. Besides which, on other occasions we find the Jews were persuaded, but here they were not. Where most of all they ought to have been persuaded, as knowing his former zeal (in their cause), here they were not persuaded. “And when the blood of Thy martyr Stephen,” etc. See where again his discourse terminates, namely, in the forcible main point (εἰς τὸ ἱσχυρὸν κεφάλαιον): that it was he that persecuted, and not only persecuted but killed, nay, had he ten thousand hands (μυρίαις χερσὶν ἀναιρὥν) would have used them all to kill Stephen. He reminded them of the murderous spirit heinously indulged (by him and them). Then of course above all they would not endure him, since this convicted them; and truly the prophecy was having its fulfilment: great the zeal, vehement the accusation, and the Jews themselves witnesses of the truth of Christ! “And he said unto me, Depart: for I will send thee far hence unto the Gentiles. And they gave him audience unto this word, and then lifted up their voices, and said, Away with such a fellow from the earth: for it is not fit that he should live.” (v. 21, 22.) The Jews1070    The sense is confused in old text by misplacing the portions of sacred text. Mod. text “witnesses of the truth of Christ speaking boldly. But the Jews,” etc. v. 21–24, which verses are followed in old text by φήσιν· αἶρε αὐτὸν οὐ γὰρ καθήκει αὐτὸν ζῇν. Below, mod. text “or the Jews themselves also,” and omits “or if it were not so, to have ordered him to be scourged.” would not endure to hear out all his harangue,1071    The words, “I will send thee to the Gentiles,” were those at which the Jews took offence. That a word should come from heaven to Paul in the Temple, commanding him to leave the chosen people and the Holy City and go to the uncircumcised heathen, was a statement verging upon blasphemy. This admission they would regard as proof of Paul’s apostasy from Moses. It implied that he regarded the heathen as standing upon the same plane as themselves. The thought roused all their native bigotry. Beyond “this word” they would not hear him, nor did they think that one who should so estimate the privileges and character of the Jews as compared with the Gentiles was fit to live.—G.B.S. but excessively fired by their wrath, they shouted, it says, “Away with him; for it is not fit that he should live. And as they cried out, and cast off their clothes, and threw dust into the air, the tribune commanded him to be brought into the castle, and bade that he should be examined by scourging; that he might know wherefore they cried so against him.” (v. 23, 24.) Whereas both the tribune ought to have examined whether these things were so—yes, and the Jews themselves too—or, if they were not so, to have ordered him to be scourged, he “bade examine him by scourging, that he might know for what cause they so clamored against him.” And yet he ought to have learnt from those clamorers, and to have asked whether they laid hold upon aught of the things spoken: instead of that, without more ado he indulges his arbitrary will and pleasure, and acts with a view to gratify them: for he did not look to this, how he should do a righteous thing, but only how he might stop their rage unrighteous as it was. “And as they bound him with thongs,1072    Προέτειναν ἀυτὸν τοῖς ἱμᾶσιν is commonly rendered, as here, “When they stretched him out, or bound him with thongs.” But this rendering seems to overlook the force of πρό in the verb and the force of the article τοῖς. The preferable interpretation seems to be, (Thayer’s Lex.): “When they had stretched him out for the thongs, i.e. to receive the blows of the thongs, by tying him up to a beam or pillar.” (So Meyer, DeWette, Lechler, Gloag).—G.B.S. Paul said unto the centurion that stood by, Is it lawful for you to scourge a man that is a Roman and uncondemned?” (v. 25.) Paul lied not, God forbid: for he was a Roman:1073    Mod. text entirely mistaking the sense, interpolates, “On which account also the tribune fears on hearing it. And why, you will say, did he fear?” as if it meant, The tribune would have been afraid to be condemned for this, etc. if there was nothing else, he would have been afraid (to pretend this), lest he should be found out, and suffer a worse punishment. (See Sueton. Vit. Claud. §25.) And observe he does not say it peremptorily (ἁπλὥς), but, “Is it lawful for you?” The charges brought are two, both its being without examination, and his being a Roman. They held this as a great privilege, at that time: for they say that (it was only) from the time of Hadrian that all1074    Meaning that all provincial subjects of the Roman Empire came to be called Romans, only in the time of this Emperor: therefore in St. Paul’s time it was a great thing to be able to call one’s self a Roman. If it means, “All the citizens of Tarsus,” the remark is not apposite. Certain it is that Tarsus, an urbs libera by favor of M. Anthony, enjoyed neither jus coloniarum nor jus civitatis until long afterwards, and the Apostle was not a Roman because a citizen of Tarsus. This however is not the point of St. Chrysostom’s remark. In the Catena and Œcumen. it will be seen, that in later times the extended use of the name “Roman” as applied to all subjects of the Roman Empire made a difficulty in the understanding of this passage. Thus Ammonius takes it that St. Paul was a “Roman,” because a native of Tarsus which was subject to the Romans (so Œc.): and that the Jews themselves for the like reason were Romans; but these scorned the appellation as a badge of servitude; Paul on the contrary avouched it, setting an example of submission to the powers that be.—After this sentence mod. text interpolates, “Or also he called himself a Roman to escape punishment: for,” etc. were named Romans, but of old it was not so. He would have been contemptible had he been scourged: but as it is, he puts them into greater fear (than they him). Had they scourged him, they would also have dismissed1075    παρέπεμψαν ἄν: mod. text (after Cat.) needlessly alters to παρέτρεψαν. the whole matter, or even have killed him; but as it is, the result is not so. See how God permits many (good results) to be brought about quite in a human way, both in the case of the Apostles and of the rest (of mankind). Mark how they suspected the thing to be a pretext,1076    πρόφασιν εἶναι τὸ πρᾶγμα καὶ τὸ εἰπεῖν αὐτὸν ῾Ρωμαῖον τὸν Παῦλον· καὶ ἴσως.…We read τῷ εἰπεῖν and καὶ ψεύδεσθαι τὸν Π. ἴσως. Mod. text “But the tribune by answering, ‘with a great sum,’ etc., shows that he suspected it to be a pretext, Paul’s saying that he was a Roman: and perhaps he surmised this from Paul’s apparent insignificance.” and that in calling himself a Roman, Paul lied: perhaps surmising this from his poverty. “When the centurion heard that, he went and told the tribune, saying, Take heed what thou doest: for this man is a Roman. Then the tribune came, and said unto him, Tell me, art thou a Roman? He said, Yea. And the tribune answered, With a great sum obtained I this freedom. And Paul said, But I was free born. Then straightway they departed from him which should have examined him: and the tribune also was afraid, after he knew that he was a Roman, and because he had bound him.” (v. 26–29.)—“But I,” he says, “was free born.” So then his father also was a Roman. What then comes of this? He bound him, and brought him down to the Jews.1077    Mod. text interpolates: “So far was it from being a falsehood, his saying, etc., that he also gained by it, being loosed from his chains. And in what way, hear.” And below, altering the sense: “He no longer speaks to the tribune, but to the multitude and the whole people.” “On the morrow, because he would have known the certainty whereof he was accused of the Jews, he loosed him from his bands, and commanded the chief priests and all their council to appear, and brought Paul down, and set him before them.” (v. 30.) He discourses not now to the multitude, nor to the people. “And Paul, earnestly beholding the council, said, Men and brethren, I have lived in all good conscience before God until this day.” (ch. xxiii. 1.) What he means is this: I am not conscious to myself of having wronged you at all, or of having done anything worthy of these bonds. What then said the high priest?1078    Mod. text “When he ought to have been pricked to the heart, because (Paul) had been unjustly bound to gratify them, he even adds a further wrong, and commands him to be beaten: which is plain from the words subjoined.” Right justly, and ruler-like, and mildly: “And the high priest Ananias commanded them that stood by him to smite him on the mouth. Then said Paul unto him, God shall smite thee, thou whited wall: for sittest thou to judge me after the law, and commandest me to be smitten contrary to the law? And they that stood by said, Revilest thou God’s high priest? Then said Paul, I wist not, brethren, that he was the high priest: for it is written, Thou shalt not speak evil of the ruler of thy people.”1079    Mod. text “Now some say, that he knowing it speaks ironically (or feigns ignorance, εἰρωνεύεται); but it seems to me, that he did not at all know that it was the high priest: otherwise he would even have honored him: wherefore,” etc. In old text τινές φασι, placed before ὅτι οὐκ ἤδειν, κ. τ. λ. requires to be transposed. (v. 3–5.) Because “I knew not that he was high priest.” Some say, Why then does he defend himself as if it was matter of accusation, and adds, “Thou shalt not speak evil of the ruler of thy people?” For if he were not the ruler, was it right for no better reason than that to abuse (him or any) other? He says himself, “Being reviled, we bless; being persecuted, we suffer it” (1 Cor. iv. 12); but here he does the contrary, and not only reviles, but curses.1080    Mod. text “Away with the thought: he appears to have done neither the one nor the other: but to one accurately considering it, the words,” etc. They are the words of boldness, rather than of anger; he did not choose to appear in a contemptible light to the tribune. For suppose the tribune himself had spared to scourge him, only as he was about to be delivered up to the Jews, his being beaten by their servants would have more emboldened him: this is why Paul does not attack the servant, but the person who gave the order. But that saying, “Thou whited wall, and dost thou sit to judge me after the law?” (is) instead of, Being (thyself) a culprit: as if he had said, And (thyself) worthy of stripes without number. See accordingly how greatly they were struck with his boldness; for whereas the point was to have overthrown the whole matter, they rather commend him.1081    Παραινοῦσι, all our mss. But Erasm. debacchantur, and all the Edd. παροινοῦσιν, contrary to the sense. (infra, v. 9.) “For it is written,” etc. He wishes to show that he thus speaks, not from fear, nor because (Ananias) did not deserve to be called this, but from obedience to the law in this point also. And indeed I am fully persuaded that he did not know that it was the high priest,1082    Other interpretations are given in the Catena and Œcum. “Anonym.: The high priest being a hypocrite deserved to be called a ‘whited wall.’ Whence also Paul says he did not even know him as high priest, since it is the work of a high priest to save the flock put under his charge: but this man made havoc upon it, etc. Severus: Paul justly reproached him, but then, as if repenting, said: ‘I knew not,’ etc. Not know that he was high priest? Then how saidst thou, ‘And sittest thou to judge me?’—But he pretends ignorance: an ignorance which does no harm, but is an ‘economy’ (οἰκονομοῦσαν): for reserve (μεταχειρισμὸς) may be more forcible than speaking out (παρρησία): an unseasonable παρρησία often hinders the truth: a seasonable μεταχ. as often advances it.” since he had returned now after a long interval, and was not in the habit of constant intercourse with the Jews; seeing him too in the midst among many others: for the high priest was no longer easy to be seen at a glance, there being many of them and diverse.1083    Other methods of dealing with Paul’s much debated statement: “I did not know that he was the high priest,” besides the view given in the text (with which agree Beza, Wolff, Lechler, et al.) are: (1) Paul did not perceive who it was that addressed him and thus did not know that it was the high priest whom he rebuked (Alford). (2) Paul did not acknowledge Ananias to be high priest; he would not recognize so unjust a man as a real high priest (Calvin, Meyer, Stier). (3) Ananias was not high priest at this time (Lightfoot, Whiston, Lewin). (4) Paul did not recollect or consider that it was the high priest whom he was addressing (Bengel, Olshausen, Neander, Schaff, Hackett, Conybeare and Howson, Gloag). In this view Paul apologizes for his rash words, spoken inadvertently and without reflection, by adding: “for it is written, Thou shalt not speak evil of the ruler of thy people.” Baur and Zeller suppose that the apostle never said what he is reported as saying. The choice appears to lie between views (2) and (4).—G.B.S. So, it seems to me, in this also he spoke with a view to his plea against them: by way of showing that he does obey the law; therefore he (thus) exculpates himself.

(Recapitulation.) (b) But let us review what has been said. (a) “And when I was came again to Jerusalem,” etc. (v. 17.) How was it,1084    Mod. text omits the whole of the portion marked (a). The sense is: St. Paul is concerned to explain how it was that having been bred and taught in Jerusalem, he did not remain there. It was by command of Christ in a vision that he departed. In fact he could not stay there unless, etc. Accordingly we find him everywhere fleeing about from place to place, like one exiled from his own land. The words which are corrupt, are: οὐκ ἐκεῖ ἔμενεν; οὐδὲ ἐκεῖ διέτριβεν(οὐδὲ γὰρ ἐξῆν ἐκεῖ διατρίβειν?) εἰ μὴ μυρία κατ᾽ αὐτῶν (αὐτοῦ A) κατασκευᾶσαι (sic) ἤθελε πανταχοῦ· καθάπερ τις φυγὰς περιφυγών. that being a Jew, and there brought up and taught, he did not stay there? Nor did he abide there, unless he had a mind to furnish numberless occasions against him: everywhere just like an exile, fleeing about from place to place. (c) “While I prayed in the temple,” he says, “it came to pass that I was in a trance.” (To show) that it was not simply a phantom of the imagination, therefore “while he prayed” (the Lord) stood by him. And he shows that it was not from fear of their dangers that he fled, but because they would “not receive” his “testimony.” (v. 18.) But why said he “They know I imprisoned?” (v. 19.) Not to gainsay Christ, but because he wished to learn this which was so contrary to all reasonable expectation. Christ, however, did not teach him (this),1085    τὸ οὕτω παράδοξον, viz. that the Jews would not receive the testimony of one, who from his known history had, of all men, the greatest claim to be heard by them: “‘Lord, they know,’ etc., therefore surely they will listen to me.” (So St. Chrysostom constantly interprets these words: see Cat. in loco.) But Christ did not gratify his wish for information on this point: He only bade him depart.—The innovator, who has greatly disfigured this Homily by numerous interpolations, has here: “did not teach him what he must do.” but only bade him depart, and he obeys: so obedient is he. “And they lifted up their voices,” it says, “and said, Away with him: it is not fit that this fellow should live.” (v. 22.) Nay, ye are the persons not fit to live; not he, who in everything obeys God. O villains and murderers! “And shaking out their clothes,” it says, “they threw dust into the air” (v. 23), to make insurrection more fierce, because they wished to frighten the governor.1086    Better: “they cast off their clothes” as a signal of their anger and readiness to stone Paul. Others understand it to mean: waving their garments as a signal of their assent to the exclamations against Paul of those who were near.—G.B.S. And observe; they do not say what the charge was, as in fact they had nothing to allege, but only think to strike terror by their shouting. “The tribune commanded,” etc. and yet he ought to have learnt from the accusers, “wherefore they cried so against him. And as they bound him, etc. And the chief captain was afraid, after he learnt that he was a Roman.” Why then it was no falsehood. “On the morrow, because he would know the certainty wherefore he was accused of the Jews, etc., he brought him down before the council.” (v. 24–30.) This he should have done at the outset. He brought him in, loosed. This above all the Jews would not know what to make of.1087    τοῦτο μάλιστα ἠπόρησαν ἂν οἱ ᾽Ιουδαῖοι: i.e. perhaps “they would be at a loss to know the reason of his being brought before them loosed, not knowing what had passed between him and the tribune.” Mod. text amplifies: “This he ought to have done at the outset, and neither to have bound him, nor have wished to scourge him, but to have left him, as having done nothing such as that he should be put in bonds. ‘And he loosed him,’ it says, etc. This above all the Jews knew not what to make of.” “And Paul,” it says, “earnestly beholding them.” It shows his boldness, and how it awed them (τὸ ἐντρεπτικόν). “Then the high priest Ananias.” etc. (ch. xxiii. 1, 2.) Why, what has he said that was affronting? What is he beaten for? Why what hardihood, what shamelessness! Therefore (Paul) set him down (with a rebuke): “God shall smite thee thou whited wall.” (v. 3.) Accordingly (Ananias) himself is put to a stand, and dares not say a word: only those about him could not bear Paul’s boldness. They saw a man ready to die1088    εἷδον ἄνθρωπον θανατῶντα· εἰ γὰρ τοῦτο ἦν, κἂν ἐσίγησεν· καὶ λαβὼν αὐτὸν ἀπῆλθεν· κἂν ἐξέδωκεν αὐτὸν αὐτοῖς ὁ χιλίαρχος. The meaning (see above p. 289.) may be: “The wrong was not to be put up with, for to hold his peace under such treatment would have been to embolden the tribune to sacrifice him to his enemies, as a person who might be insulted with impunity.” But the passage is corrupt: perhaps it should be οὐκ (mod. text has οὕτως) εἶδον ἀνθρ. θαν. “They did not see before them one who was willing to die, i.e. to let them take away his life. For if this were the case, he had but to hold his peace, and the tribune would,” etc. Mod. text “In such wise saw they a man ready to die; and they would not endure it. ‘I knew not that he was the high priest.’ Why then: the rebuke was of ignorance. For if this were not the case, κἂν λαβὼν αὐτὸν ἀπῆλθε καὶ οὐκ ἐσίγησε, κἂν ἐξέδωκεν, κ. τ. λ.” * * * for if this was the case, (Paul) had but to hold his peace, and the tribune would have taken him, and gone his way; he would have sacrificed him to them. He both shows that he suffers willingly what he suffers, and thus excuses himself before them, not that he wished to excuse himself to them—since as for those, he even strongly condemns them—but for the sake of the people.1089    Mod. text quite perverting the sense: “Obeying the law, not from a wish to show (ἐνδείξασθαι) to them: for those he had even strongly condemned. For the law’s sake, therefore, he defends himself, not for the sake of the people, with reason,” etc. “Violating the law, commandest thou me to be beaten?” Well may he say so: for to kill a man who had done (them) no injury, and that an innocent person, was a violating of the law. For neither was it abuse that was spoken by him, unless one would call Christ’s words abusive, when He says, “Woe unto you, Scribes and Pharisees, for ye are like unto whited walls.” (Matt. xxiii. 27.) True, you will say: but if he had said it before he had been beaten, it would have betokened not anger, but boldness. But I have mentioned the reason of this.1090    Viz. it was because he did not choose to let the tribune despise him, p. 289. And so mod. text adds, ὅτι οὐκ ἐβούλετο καταφρονηθῆναι. And (at this rate) we often find Christ Himself “speaking abusively” to the Jews when abused by them; as when He says, “Do not think that I will accuse you.” (John v. 45.) But this is not abuse, God forbid. See, with what gentleness he addresses these men: “I wist not,” he says, “that he was God’s high priest” (v. 4, 5): and, (to show) that he was not dissembling (εἰρωνεύεται) he adds, “Thou shalt not speak evil of the ruler of thy people.” He even confesses him to be still ruler. Let us also learn the gentleness also,1091    Μάθωμεν καὶ τὴν ἐπιείκειαν, i.e. Paul’s as well as his παρρησία. Mod. text “Let us then also learn gentleness.” that in both the one and the other we may be perfect. For one must look narrowly into them, to learn what the one is and what the other: narrowly, because these virtues have their corresponding vices hard by them: mere forwardness passing itself off for boldness, mere cowardice for gentleness:1092    ὅτι παρυφεστᾶσιν αὐταῖς αἱ κακίαι, τῇ μὲν παρρησί& 139· θρασύτης τῇ δὲ ἐπιεικεί& 139· ἀνανδρία. It is seldom possible to match the ethical terms of one language with exact equivalents in another. Here θρασύτης, as opposed to παρρησία “courage in speaking one’s mind,” is not merely “audacity,” or “hardihood,” or “pugnacity,” or “the spirit of the bully,” though it may be applied to all these. On the whole, “forwardness” seems to be most suitable for the antithesis: the one character comes forward boldly and speaks up in the cause of truth and justice; the other thrusts itself forward, in its own cause, for resentment of wrongs done to one’s self. Below, in connection with ἀνανδρία it means what we call “bullying.” and need being to scan them, lest any person possessing the vice should seem to have the virtue: which would be just as if a person should fancy that he was cohabiting with the mistress, and not know that it was the servant-maid. What then is gentleness, and what mere cowardice? When others are wronged, and we do not take their part, but hold our peace, this is cowardice: when we are the persons ill-treated, and we bear it, this is gentleness. What is boldness? Again the same, when others are the persons for whom we contend. What forwardness? When it is in our own cause that we are willing to fight. So that magnanimity and boldness go together, as also (mere) forwardness and (mere) cowardice. For he that (does not) resent on his own behalf,1093    All our mss. ὁ γὰρ ὑπὲρ ἑαυτοῦ μὴ ἀλγῶν, δυσκόλως ὑπὲρ ἑτέρων ἀλγήσει, but Sav. marg. οὐκ ἀλγήσει: which we adopt as indispensable to the sense. In the next sentence, C. omits the μὴ before ἀμύνων, and A. the οὐκ before ἀμυνεῖται. will hardly but resent on behalf of others: and he that does not stand up for his own cause, will hardly fail to stand up for others. For when our habitual disposition is pure from passion, it admits virtue also. Just as a body when free from fever admits strength, so the soul, unless it be corrupted by the passions, admits strength. It betokens great strength, this gentleness; it needs a generous and a gallant soul, and one of exceeding loftiness, this gentleness. Or, think you, is it a small thing to suffer ill, and not be exasperated? Indeed one would not err if in speaking of the disposition to stand up for our neighbors, one should call it the spirit of manly courage. For he that has had the strength to be able to overcome so strong a passion (as this of selfishness), will have the strength to dare the attack on another. For instance, these are two passions, cowardice and anger: if thou have overcome anger, it is very plain that thou overcomest cowardice also: but thou gettest the mastery over anger, by being gentle: therefore (do so) with cowardice also, and thou wilt be manly. Again, if thou hast not got the better of anger, thou art become forward (and pugnacious); but not having got the better of this, neither canst thou get the better of fear; consequently, thou wilt be a coward too: and the case is the same as with the body; if it be weak, it is quickly overcome both by cold and heat: for such is the ill temperament, but the good temperament is able to stand all (changes). Again, greatness of soul is a virtue, and hard by it stands prodigality: economy is a virtue, the being a good manager; hard by it stands parsimony and meanness. Come, let us again collate and compare the virtues (with their vices). Well, then, the prodigal person is not to be called great-minded. How should he? The man who is overcome by numberless passions, how should he be great of soul? For this is not despising money; it is only the being ordered about by other passions: for just as a man, if he were at the beck and bidding of robbers to obey their orders, could not be free (so it is here). His large spending does not come of his contempt of money, but simply from his not knowing how to dispose of it properly: else, were it possible both to keep it and to lay it out on his pleasure, this is what he would like. But he that spends his money on fit objects, this is the man of high soul: for it is truly a high soul, that which is not in slavery to passion, which accounts money to be nothing. Again, economy is a good thing: for thus that will be the best manager, who spends in a proper manner, and not at random without management. But parsimony is not the same thing with this. For the former1094    ᾽Εκεῖνος μὲν γὰρ οὐδὲ ἀναγκαίας ἀπαιτούσης χρείας, τῆς οὐσίας ἅπτεται τῶν χρημάτων, οὗτος δὲ ἐκείνου γένοιτο ἂν ἀδελφός. We leave this as it stands, evidently corrupt. Something is wanting after οὗτος δὲ. “The former, the οἰκονομικὸς, is careful not to touch his principal or capital, but will confine his outlay within his income: the latter,” etc. But οὐδὲ ἀναγκ. ἀπ. χρείας is hardly suitable in the former case, and should rather come after οὗτος δέ “the latter, the niggard, though the need be ever so urgent, has not the heart to touch either principal or income”—or something to that effect. Then perhaps, πῶς οὖν οὗτος ἐκείνου γένοιτο ἂν ἀδελφός; Mod. text “For the former spends all upon proper objects; the latter, not even when urgent need requires, touches the principal of his money. The οἰκον. therefore will to brother to the μεγαλόψ.” indeed, not even when an urgent necessity demands, touches the principal of his money: but the latter will be brother to the former. Well, then, we will put together the man of great soul, and the prudent economist, as also the prodigal and the mean man: for both of these are thus affected from littleness of soul, as those others are (from the opposite). Let us not then call him high-souled, who simply spends, but him who spends aright: nor let us call the economical manager mean and parsimonious, but him who is unseasonably sparing of his money.

What a quantity of wealth that rich man spent, “who was clothed in purple and fine linen?” (Luke xvi. 19.) But he was not high-souled: for his soul was possessed by an unmerciful disposition and by numberless lusts: how then should it be great? Abraham had a great soul, spending as he did for the reception of his guests, killing the calf, and, where need was, not only not sparing his property, but not even his life. If then we see a person having his sumptuous table, having his harlots and his parasites, let us not call him a man of a great mind, but a man of an exceedingly little mind. For see how many passions he is enslaved and subject to—gluttony, inordinate pleasure, flattery: but him who is possessed by so many, and cannot even escape one of them, how can any one call magnanimous? Nay, then most of all let us call him little-minded, when he spends the most: for the more he spends, the more does he show the tyranny of those passions: for had they not excessively got the mastery over him, he would not have spent to excess. Again, if we see a person, giving nothing to such people as these, but feeding the poor, and succoring those in need, himself keeping a mean table—him let us call an exceedingly high-souled man: for it is truly a mark of a great soul, to despise one’s own comfort, but to care for that of others. For tell me, if you should see a person despising all tyrants, and holding their commands of no account, but rescuing from their tyranny those who are oppressed and evil entreated; would you not think this a great man? So let us account of the man in this case also. The passions are the tyrant: if then we despise them, we shall be great: but if we rescue others also from them, we shall be far greater, as being sufficient not only for ourselves, but for others also. But if any one, at a tyrant’s bidding, beat some other of his subjects, is this greatness of soul? No, indeed: but the extreme of slavery, in proportion as he is great. And now also there is set before us (πρόκειται) a soul that is a noble one and a free: but this the prodigal has ordered to be beaten by his passions: the man then that beats himself, shall we call high-souled? By no means. Well then * *, but let us see what is greatness of soul, and what prodigality; what is economy, and what meanness; what is gentleness, and (what) dulness and cowardice; what boldness, and what forwardness: that having distinguished these things from each other, we may be enabled to pass (this life) well-pleasing to the Lord, and to attain unto the good things promised, through the grace and mercy of our Lord Jesus Christ, to Whom be the glory for ever and ever. Amen.

ΟΜΙΛΙΑ ΜΗʹ. Ἐγένετο δέ μοι ὑποστρέφοντι εἰς Ἱερουσαλὴμ, εὐ χομένου ἐν τῷ ἱερῷ, γενέσθαι με ἐν ἐκστάσει, καὶ ἰδεῖν λέγοντά μοι αὐτόν: Σπεῦσον, καὶ ἔξελθε ἐν τάχει ἐξ Ἱερουσαλὴμ, διότι οὐ παραδέξονταί σου τὴν μαρτυρίαν περὶ ἐμοῦ, Κἀγὼ εἶπον: Κύριε, αὐτοὶ ἐπίστανται, ὅτι ἐγὼ ἤμην φυλακίζων καὶ δέρων κατὰ τὰς συναγωγὰς τοὺς πιστεύοντας ἐπὶ σέ: καὶ ὅτε ἐξεχεῖτο τὸ αἷμα Στεφάνου τοῦ μάρτυρός σου, καὶ αὐτὸς ἤμην ἐφεστὼς, καὶ συν ευδοκῶν τῇ ἀναιρέσει αὐτοῦ, φυλάσσων τὰ ἱμάτια τῶν ἀναιρούντων αὐτόν. αʹ. Ὅρα πῶς ἑαυτὸν εἰσωθεῖ εἰς τοὺς κινδύνους. Ἐπάγει γάρ: Ἐγένετο δέ μοι ὑποστρέφοντι εἰς Ἱερουσαλήμ: τουτέστιν, Ἦλθον μετὰ τὴν ὄψιν ἐκείνην εἰς Ἱερουσαλὴμ πάλιν. Καὶ προσευχομένου μου ἐν τῷ ἱερῷ, γενέσθαι με ἐν ἐκστάσει, καὶ ἰδεῖν λέγοντά μοι: Σπεῦσον, καὶ ἔξελθε ἐν τάχει, διότι οὐ παραδέξονταί σου τὴν μαρτυρίαν περὶ ἐμοῦ. Ὅρα, οὐδὲ τοῦτο ἀμάρτυρον, ἀλλ' ἀπὸ τῆς ἐκβάσεως ἡ μαρτυρία. Εἶπεν ὅτι Οὐ δέξονταί σου τὴν μαρτυρίαν: καὶ οὐκ ἐδέξαντο. Καὶ μὴν ἀπὸ λογισμῶν ἔδει ὑποπτεῦσαι, ὅτι πάντως δέξονται. Ἐγὼ γὰρ ἤμην ὁ φυλακίζων καὶ δέρων, φησίν. Ὥστε διὰ τοῦτο ἔδει αὐτοὺς δέξασθαι: καὶ ὅμως οὐκ ἐδέξαντο. Διὸ καὶ τοῦτο ἐν τῇ ἐκστάσει μανθάνει τὸ μὴ παραδεχθῆναι. Ἐνταῦθα δύο κατασκευάζει, ὅτι τε ἀναπολόγητα αὐτοῖς ἐστίν: οὐ γὰρ κατὰ τὸ εἰκὸς αὐτὸν ἐδίωκον οὐδὲ κατὰ λόγον: καὶ ὅτι Θεὸς ἦν ὁ Χριστὸς τὰ παρὰ προσδοκίαν προφητεύων, καὶ οὐχ ὁρῶν εἰς τὰ γενόμενα, ἀλλὰ τὰ μέλλοντα προειδώς. Πῶς οὖν λέγει, Ἐνώπιον ἐθνῶν καὶ βασιλέων υἱῶν τε Ἰσραὴλ βαστάσει τὸ ὄνομά μου; Βαστάσει, εἶπεν, οὐ πάντως πείσει: ἄλλως δὲ Ἰουδαῖοι ἀλλαχοῦ μὲν ἐπείθοντο, ἐνταῦθα δὲ οὐχί. Ὅπου μάλιστα ἔδει πεισθῆναι, εἰδότας αὐτοῦ τὴν προτέραν προθυμίαν, ἐνταῦθα οὐκ ἐπείθοντο. Καὶ ὅτε ἐξεχεῖτο τὸ αἷμα Στεφάνου τοῦ μάρτυρός σου, καὶ αὐτὸς ἤμην ἐφεστὼς, καὶ συνευδοκῶν τῇ ἀναιρέσει αὐτοῦ. Ὅρα ποῦ πάλιν ὁ λόγος τελευτᾷ, εἰς τὸ ἰσχυρὸν κεφάλαιον. Δείκνυσι γὰρ, ὅτι αὐτὸς ἦν ὁ ἐλαύνων, καὶ οὐκ ἐλαύνων μόνον, ἀλλὰ καὶ μυρίαις χερσὶν ἀναιρῶν τὸν Στέφανον. Ὑπέμνησεν αὐτοὺς μιαιφονίας χαλεπῆς. Τότε δὴ μάλιστα οὐκ ἤνεγκαν, ἐπειδὴ τοῦτο ἤλεγχεν αὐτούς: καὶ ἤδη ἡ προφητεία ἐπληροῦτο. Ὁ ζῆλος τοίνυν πολὺς, καὶ ἡ κατηγορία σφοδρὰ, καὶ οἱ μάρτυρες τῆς ἀληθείας τοῦ Χριστοῦ παῤῥησίᾳ διαλεγόμενοι. Ἀλλ' οἱ Ἰουδαῖοι οὐκ ἠνέσχοντο λοιπὸν πάσης ἀκοῦσαι τῆς δημηγορίας, ἀλλ' ὑπὸ τοῦ θυμοῦ σφόδρα ἐμπρησθέντες ἐβόων. Καὶ εἶπε πρός με: Πορεύου, ὅτι ἐγὼ εἰς ἔθνη μακρὰν ἀποστελῶ σε. Ἤκουον δὲ αὐτοῦ ἄχρι τοῦ λόγου τούτου, καὶ ἐπῆραν τὴν φωνὴν αὐτῶν, λέγοντες: Αἶρε ἀπὸ τῆς γῆς τὸν τοιοῦτον: οὐ γὰρ καθῆκεν αὐτὸν ζῇν. Κραζόντων δὲ αὐτῶν καὶ ῥιπτούντων τὰ ἱμάτια, καὶ κονιορτὸν βαλλόντων εἰς τὸν ἀέρα, ἐκέλευσεν ὁ χιλίαρχος εἰσάγεσθαι αὐτὸν εἰς τὴν παρεμβολὴν, εἰπὼν μάστιξιν ἀνετάζεσθαι αὐτὸν, ἵνα γνῷ, δι' ἣν αἰτίαν οὕτω κατεβόων αὐτοῦ. Καὶ τὸν χιλίαρχον δέον ἐξετάσαι, εἰ ταῦτα οὕτως ἔχοι, ἢ καὶ αὐτοὺς ἐκείνους: ὁ δὲ μηδὲν πλέον ποιήσας, μάστιξιν ἀνετάζειν αὐτὸν ἐπαγγέλλεται. Ἐκέλευσε γὰρ αὐτὸν, φησὶν, εἰσάγεσθαι εἰς τὴν παρεμβολὴν, εἰπὼν μάστιξιν ἀνετάζεσθαι αὐτὸν, ἵνα γνῷ, δι' ἣν αἰτίαν οὕτω κατεβόων αὐτοῦ. Καὶ μὴν παρ' ἐκείνων ἔδει μαθεῖν τῶν καταβοώντων, καὶ ἐρωτῆσαι εἴ τινος τῶν εἰρημένων ἐπελαμβάνοντο: ἀλλ' ἁπλῶς τῇ ἐξουσίᾳ χρᾶται, καὶ ἐκείνοις πρὸς χάριν ποιεῖ: οὐ γὰρ τοῦτο ἐζήτει, ὅπως δικαίως τι πράξειεν, ἀλλ' ὅπως παύσειε τὸν ἐκείνων θυμὸν ἄδικον ὄντα. Ὡς δὲ προσέτεινον αὐτὸν τοῖς ἱμᾶσιν, εἶπε πρὸς τὸν ἑστῶτα ἑκατόνταρχον: Εἰ ἄνθρωπον Ῥωμαῖον καὶ ἀκατάκριτον ἔξεστιν ὑμῖν μαστίζειν; Οὐκ ἐψεύσατο Παῦλος, μὴ γένοιτο, Ῥωμαῖον ἑαυτὸν εἰπών: Ῥωμαῖος γὰρ ἦν: διὸ καὶ ὁ χιλίαρχος ἀκούσας φοβεῖται. Καὶ τίνος, φησὶν, ἕνεκεν ἐφοβήθη; Εἰ ἔξεστιν ὑμῖν ἕτερον, ἔδεισεν ἂν, μὴ ἁλῷ καὶ μείζονα δίκην δῷ. Καὶ ὅρα, οὐχ ἁπλῶς φησιν, ἀλλ', Εἰ ἔξεστιν ὑμῖν; Δύο τὰ ἐγκλήματα, καὶ τὸ ἄνευ λόγου, καὶ τὸ Ῥωμαῖον ὄντα. Μεγάλην εἶχον ταύτην τότε προνομίαν οἱ ἀξιούμενοι οὕτω καλεῖσθαι: καὶ οὐ πάντες τούτου ἐτύγχανον: ἀπὸ γὰρ Ἀδριανοῦ φασι πάντας Ῥωμαίους ὀνομασθῆναι, τὸ δὲ παλαιὸν οὐχ οὕτως ἦν. Ἢ καὶ Ῥωμαῖον ἑαυτὸν εἶπεν, ἵνα διαφύγῃ τὴν τιμωρίαν: εὐκαταφρόνητος γὰρ ἂν ἐγένετο μαστιχθείς: νῦν δὲ τοῦτο εἰπὼν, εἰς πλείονα αὐτοὺς ἐμβάλλει φόβον. Εἰ δὲ ἐμάστιξαν, καὶ παρέτρεψαν ἂν τὸ πρᾶγμα, ἢ καὶ ἀπέκτειναν αὐτόν: νῦν δὲ οὐχ οὕτω γίνεται. Ὅρα πῶς ὁ Θεὸς συγχωρεῖ καὶ ἀνθρωπίνως πολλὰ γενέσθαι, καὶ ἐπ' αὐτῶν καὶ τῶν λοιπῶν. Ὁ δὲ χιλίαρχος ἀποκριθεὶς, ὅτι Πολλοῦ κεφαλαίου τὴν πολιτείαν ταύτην ἐκτησάμην, δείκνυσιν ὑποπτεῦσαι πρόφασιν εἶναι τὸ εἰπεῖν ἑαυτὸν Ῥωμαῖον τὸν Παῦλον: καὶ ἴσως τοῦτο ὑπέλαβεν ἀπὸ τῆς λιτότητος Παύλου τῆς φαινομένης. Ἀκούσας δὲ ὁ ἑκατόνταρχος, προσελθὼν τῷ χιλιάρχῳ ἀπήγγειλε, λέγων: Ὅρα τί μέλλεις ποιεῖν: ὁ γὰρ ἄνθρωπος οὗτος Ῥωμαῖός ἐστι. Προσελθὼν δὲ ὁ χιλίαρχος εἶπεν αὐτῷ: Λέγε μοι, εἰ σὺ Ῥωμαῖος εἶ; Ὁ δὲ ἔφη: Ναί. Ἀπεκρίθη ὁ χιλίαρχος: Ἐγὼ πολλοῦ κεφαλαίου τὴν πολιτείαν ταύτην ἐκτησάμην. Ὁ δὲ Παῦλός φησιν: Ἐγὼ δὲ καὶ γεγέννημαι. Εὐθέως δὲ ἀπέστησαν ἀπ' αὐτοῦ οἱ μέλλοντες ἀνετάζειν αὐτόν. Καὶ ὁ χιλίαρχος δὲ ἐφοβήθη ἐπιγνοὺς, ὅτι Ῥωμαῖός ἐστι, καὶ ὅτι ἦν αὐτὸν δεδεκώς. Ἐγὼ δὲ, φησὶ, καὶ γεγέννημαι. Ἄρα καὶ πατρὸς ἦν Ῥωμαίου. Τί οὖν ἀπὸ τούτου γίνεται; Λύσας κατήγαγεν αὐτὸν πρὸς τοὺς Ἰουδαίους. Οὕτως οὐκ ἦν ψεῦδος τὸ εἰπεῖν ἑαυτὸν Ῥωμαῖον, ὅτι καὶ ἀπώνατο ἀπ' αὐτοῦ λυθεὶς τοῦ δεσμοῦ: καὶ πῶς, ἄκουε: Τῇ δὲ ἐπαύριον βουλόμενος γνῶναι τὸ ἀσφαλὲς, τὸ τί κατηγορεῖται ὑπὸ τῶν Ἰουδαίων, ἔλυσεν αὐτὸν, καὶ ἐκέλευσε συνελθεῖν τοὺς ἀρχιερεῖς καὶ πᾶν τὸ συνέδριον: καὶ καταγαγὼν τὸν Παῦλον, ἔστησεν εἰς αὐτούς. Ἀτενίσας δὲ Παῦλος τῷ συνεδρίῳ εἶπεν. Οὐκέτι πρὸς τὸν χιλίαρχον, ἀλλὰ πρὸς τὸ πλῆθος καὶ τὸν δῆμον πάντα διαλέγεται. Καὶ τί φησιν; Ἄνδρες ἀδελφοὶ, ἐγὼ πάσῃ συνειδήσει ἀγαθῇ πεπολίτευμαι τῷ Θεῷ ἄχρι ταύτης τῆς ἡμέρας. Ὃ λέγει, τοῦτό ἐστιν: Οὐ σύνοιδα ἐμαυτῷ τι ἠδικηκὼς ὑμᾶς, οὐδὲ ἄξιον τῶν δεσμῶν τούτων πράττων. Τί οὖν ὁ ἀρχιερεύς; Δέον κατανυγῆναι ἐφ' οἷς εἰς χάριν αὐτῶν ἀδίκως ἐδέδετο, ὁ δὲ καὶ προσεπιτίθησι, καὶ κελεύει τύπτεσθαι αὐτόν: ὃ καὶ δῆλον ἐξ ὧν ὑπήγαγεν. Ὁ δὲ ἀρχιερεὺς Ἀνανίας τοῖς παρεστῶσιν αὐτὸν ἐπέταξε τύπτειν αὐτοῦ τὸ στόμα. Καλά γε: ἐπιεικὴς ὁ ἀρχιερεύς. Τότε ὁ Παῦλος πρὸς αὐτὸν εἶπε: Τύπτειν σε μέλλει ὁ Θεὸς, τοῖχε κεκονιαμένε. Καὶ σὺ κάθῃ κρίνων με κατὰ τὸν νόμον, καὶ παρανομῶν κελεύεις με τύπτεσθαι; Οἱ δὲ παρεστῶτες εἶπον: Τὸν ἀρχιερέα τοῦ Θεοῦ λοιδορεῖς; Ἔφη τε ὁ Παῦλος: Οὐκ ᾔδειν, ἀδελφοὶ, ὅτι ἐστὶν ἀρχιερεύς: γέγραπται γάρ: Ἄρχοντα τοῦ λαοῦ σου οὐκ ἐρεῖς κακῶς. βʹ. Τινὲς μὲν οὖν φασιν, ὅτι εἰδὼς εἰρωνεύεται: ἐμοὶ δὲ δοκεῖ, ὅτι οὐδὲ ὅλως ᾔδει, ὅτι ἐστὶν ἀρχιερεύς: ἦ γὰρ ἂν καὶ ἐτίμησε: διὸ καὶ ἀπολογεῖται ὡς κατηγορίας οὔσης, καὶ ἐπάγει: Ἄρχοντα τοῦ λαοῦ σου οὐκ ἐρεῖς κακῶς. Τί οὖν; φησίν: εἰ γὰρ μὴ ἄρχων ἦν, ἄλλον ἁπλῶς ὑβρίζειν ἔδει; Οὐδαμῶς, ἀλλὰ καὶ ὑβριζόμενον μᾶλλον ἐνεγκεῖν. Ἄξιον δὲ ζητῆσαι, πῶς ἀλλαχοῦ ὁ αὐτὸς λέγων, Λοιδορούμενοι εὐλογοῦμεν, διωκόμενοι ἀνεχόμεθα, ἐνταῦθα τοὐναντίον ποιεῖ, καὶ οὐ λοιδορεῖται μόνον, ἀλλὰ καὶ ἐπαρᾶται; Ἄπαγε, οὐδέτερον τούτων φαίνεται πεποιηκώς: ἀλλὰ τῷ ἀκριβῶς σκοποῦντι παῤῥησίας μᾶλλόν ἐστι τὰ ῥήματα ἢ θυμοῦ: ἄλλως δὲ οὐκ ἐβούλετο εὐκαταφρόνητος φανῆναι τῷ χιλιάρχῳ. Εἰ γὰρ αὐτὸς μὲν ἐφείσατο μαστίξαι ὡς δὴ τοῖς Ἰουδαίοις ἐκδίδοσθαι μέλλοντα, τὸ ὑπὸ τῶν οἰκετῶν τύπτεσθαι, μᾶλλον ἂν ἐκεῖνον θρασύτερον εἰργάσατο: διὰ τοῦτο οὐδὲ πρὸς τὸν παῖδα ἀποτείνεται, ἀλλὰ πρὸς αὐτὸν τὸν ἐπιτάξαντα, τοῦτο κατασκευάζων. Τὸ δὲ, Τοῖχε κεκονιαμένε, καὶ σὺ κάθῃ κρίνων με κατὰ τὸν νόμον, εἶπε, μονονουχὶ τοῦτο αὐτῷ λέγων: Ὑπεύθυνος ὢν καὶ μυρίων πληγῶν ἄξιος. Ὅρα γοῦν πῶς αὐτοῦ κατεπλάγησαν τὴν παῤῥησίαν ὁ δῆμος. Δέον γὰρ ἀνατρέψαι τὸ πᾶν, παροινοῦσι μᾶλλον. Αὐτὸς δὲ καὶ τὸν νόμον ὑπαναγινώσκει, ἐπειδὴ βούλεται δεῖξαι, ὅτι οὐ διὰ τὸ φοβηθῆναι, οὐδὲ διὰ τὸ μὴ ἄξιον εἶναι ἀκοῦσαι, ταῦτα οὕτως εἶπεν, ἀλλὰ τῷ νόμῳ καὶ ἐνταῦθα πειθόμενος. Καὶ σφόδρα πείθομαι μὴ εἰδέναι αὐτὸν, ὅτι ἀρχιερεύς ἐστι, διὰ μακροῦ μὲν ἐπανελθόντα χρόνου, μὴ συγγινόμενον δὲ συνεχῶς Ἰουδαίοις, ὁρῶντα δὲ καὶ ἐκεῖνον ἐν τῷ μέσῳ μετὰ πολλῶν καὶ ἑτέρων: οὐκέτι γὰρ δῆλος ἦν ὁ ἀρχιερεὺς πολλῶν ὄντων καὶ διαφόρων. Οὕτω μοι καὶ τοῦτο πρὸς αὐτοὺς ἀποτείνασθαι δοκεῖ, δεικνὺς, ὅτι νόμῳ πείθεται, καὶ διὰ τοῦτο ἀπολογεῖται. Ἴδωμεν δὲ ἄνωθεν τὰ εἰρημένα. Προσευχομένου μου, φησὶν, ἐν τῷ ἱερῷ, ἐγένετο γενέσθαι με ἐν ἐκστάσει. Ἵνα δηλώσῃ, ὅτι οὐχ ἁπλῶς φαντασία ἦν, διὰ τοῦτο προσέθηκε τὸ, Προσευχομένου μου. Σπεῦσον καὶ ἔξελθε ἐν τάχει, φησὶ, διότι οὐ παραδέξονταί σου τὴν μαρτυρίαν. Ἐνταῦθα δείκνυσιν, ὅτι οὐχὶ φοβούμενος αὐτῶν τοὺς κινδύνους ἔφυγεν, ἀλλ' ὅτι οὐκ ἐδέχοντο τὴν μαρτυρίαν αὐτοῦ. Διὰ τί δὲ εἶπεν, ὅτι Αὐτοὶ ἐπίστανται, ὅτι ἐγὼ ἤμην δεσμεύων; Οὐκ ἀντιλέγων τῷ Χριστῷ, μὴ γένοιτο: ἀλλὰ βουλόμενος μαθεῖν τὸ οὕτω παράδοξον. Πορεύου, φησὶν, ὅτι ἐγὼ εἰς ἔθνη μακρὰν ἐξαποστελῶ σε. Ὅρα: οὐκ ἐδίδαξεν αὐτὸν ὁ Χριστὸς, τί δεῖ ποιεῖν, ἀλλ' εἶπε μόνον ἀπελθεῖν, καὶ πείθεται: τοσοῦτον ἦν καταπειθής! Καὶ ἐπῆραν τὴν φωνὴν αὐτῶν, φησὶ, λέγοντες: Αἶρε αὐτόν: οὐ γὰρ καθῆκεν αὐτὸν ζῇν. Ὢ τῆς θρασύτητος! καὶ μὴν ὑμᾶς οὐ καθήκει ζῇν, οὐχὶ τοῦτον τὸν πάντα πειθόμενον τῷ Θεῷ. Ὦ μιαροὶ καὶ ἀνδροφόνοι. Καὶ τὰ ἱμάτια ἐκτινάσσοντες, φησὶ, κονιορτὸν ἔβαλον. Ὥστε χαλεπωτέραν γενέσθαι τὴν στάσιν τοῦτο ποιοῦσιν, ἢ καὶ φοβῆσαι βουλόμενοι τὸν ἄρχοντα. Καὶ ὅρα: οὐ λέγουσι τὴν αἰτίαν, ἐπειδὴ μηδὲν εἶχον εἰπεῖν, ἀλλὰ τῇ βοῇ καταπλήξειν οἴονται: καὶ μὴν παρὰ τῶν κατηγόρων ἐχρῆν μαθεῖν. Καὶ ὁ χιλίαρχος ἐφοβήθη, φησὶν, ἐπιγνοὺς, ὅτι Ῥωμαῖός ἐστιν. Οὐκ ἄρα ψεῦδος ἦν τὸ Ῥωμαῖον ἑαυτὸν εἶναι τὸν Παῦλον εἰπεῖν. Καὶ ἔλυσεν αὐτὸν ἀπὸ τῶν δεσμῶν, φησὶ, καὶ καταγαγὼν ἔστησεν εἰς τὸ συνέδριον. Τοῦτο ἔδει ποιῆσαι παρὰ τὴν ἀρχὴν, καὶ μήτε δῆσαι, μήτε βουληθῆναι μαστίξαι, ἀλλὰ καταλιπεῖν μηδὲν τοιοῦτό τι ποιήσαντα, ὥστε καὶ δεσμεῖσθαι. Καὶ ἔλυσεν αὐτὸν, φησὶ, καὶ καταγαγὼν εἰς αὐτοὺς ἔστησε. Τοῦτο μάλιστα ἠπόρησαν οἱ Ἰουδαῖοι. Ἀτενίσας δὲ Παῦλος τῷ συνεδρίῳ, φησὶν, εἶπεν: Ἄνδρες ἀδελφοί. Ἐνταῦθα τὴν παῤῥησίαν αὐτοῦ δείκνυσιν, τὸ ἀκατάπληκτον. Ἀλλ' ὅρα καὶ ἐκείνων τὸ ἰταμόν: ἐπήγαγε γάρ: Ὁ δὲ ἀρχιερεὺς Ἀνανίας τύπτειν αὐτοῦ τὸ στόμα ἐπέταξε. Διὰ τί τύπτεις; τί γὰρ εἶπεν ὑβριστικόν; Ὢ τῆς ἀναισχυντίας! ὢ τῆς θρασύτητος! Τότε ὁ Παῦλος πρὸς αὐτὸν, φησὶν, εἶπε: Τύπτειν σε μέλλει ὁ Θεὸς, τοῖχε κεκονιαμένε. Βαβαὶ τῆς παῤῥησίας! εἰς ὑπόκρισιν αὐτὸν καὶ παρανομίαν διασύρει: διὰ τοῦτο γοῦν καὶ καταστέλλεται. Καὶ αὐτὸς μὲν ἀπορῶν οὐδὲν τολμᾷ εἰπεῖν, ἀλλ' οἱ παρ' αὐτὸν, οὐκ ἐνεγκόντες αὐτοῦ τὴν παῤῥησίαν. Οὕτως εἶδον ἄνθρωπον θανατῶντα, καὶ οὐχ ὑπέμειναν. Οὐκ ᾔδειν, φησὶν, ὅτι ἀρχιερεύς ἐστιν. Ἄρα ἀγνοίας ἡ ἐπιτίμησις ἦν: εἰ γὰρ μὴ τοῦτο ἦν, κἂν λαβὼν αὐτὸν ἀπῆλθε, καὶ οὐκ ἐσίγησε, κἂν ἐξέδωκεν αὐτοῖς αὐτὸν ὁ χιλίαρχος. Ἐνταῦθα δείκνυσιν, ὅτι ἑκὼν πάσχει ἃ πάσχει: καὶ οὕτως ἀπολογεῖται πρὸς αὐτοὺς τῷ νόμῳ πειθόμενος οὐχὶ αὐτοῖς ἐνδείξασθαι βουλόμενος: ἐπεὶ ἐκείνων καὶ κατεγνώκει σφόδρα. Διὰ τὸν νόμον τοίνυν ἀπολογεῖται, ἀλλ' οὐ διὰ τὸν δῆμον: εἰκότως: τὸ γὰρ τὸν οὐδὲν ἠδικηκότα ἀναιρεῖν, καὶ ταῦτα ἀθῶον ὄντα, παράνομον ἦν. Οὐκοῦν οὐδὲ ὕβρις τὸ παρ' αὐτοῦ εἰρημένον, εἰ μὴ καὶ τὰ τοῦ Χριστοῦ ὕβριν εἴποι τις ἂν, ὅταν λέγῃ: Οὐαὶ ὑμῖν, Γραμματεῖς καὶ Φαρισαῖοι, ὅτι παρομοιάζετε τοίχοις κεκονιαμένοις. Ναὶ, φησίν: ἀλλ' εἰ πρὸ τοῦ τυπτηθῆναι εἶπεν, οὐκ ἦν θυμοῦ, ἀλλὰ παῤῥησίας. Ἀλλ' εἶπον τὴν αἰτίαν, ὅτι οὐκ ἐβούλετο καταφρονηθῆναι. Καὶ μὴν ὁ Χριστὸς πολλαχοῦ ὕβρισεν Ἰουδαίους αὐτὸς ὑβρισθεὶς, ὡς ὅταν λέγῃ: Μὴ δοκεῖτε, ὅτι ἐγὼ κατηγορήσω ὑμῶν. Ἀλλ' οὐκ ἔστι τοῦτο ὕβρις, μὴ γένοιτο. Ὅρα γοῦν, πρὸς ἐκείνους μεθ' ὅσης ἐπιεικείας διαλέγεται. Οὐκ ᾔδειν, ὅτι ἀρχιερεύς ἐστι, φησὶ, τοῦ Θεοῦ. Τοῦτο εἶπε, καὶ οὐκ ἔστη, ἀλλὰ δεικνὺς, ὅτι οὐκ εἰρωνεύεται, ἐπάγει: Ἄρχοντα τοῦ λαοῦ σου οὐκ ἐρεῖς κακῶς. Βλέπεις, πῶς καὶ ἄρχοντα αὐτὸν ἔτι ὁμολογεῖ; Μάθωμεν τοίνυν καὶ ἡμεῖς τὴν ἐπιείκειαν, ἵνα ἐν ἑκατέροις ὦμεν ἀπηρτισμένοι. Πολλῆς γὰρ ἀκριβείας δεῖ, ὥστε μαθεῖν τί μὲν τοῦτο, τί δὲ ἐκεῖνο: ἀκριβείας δὲ δεῖ, ὅτι παρυφεστᾶσιν αὐταῖς αἱ κακίαι, τῇ μὲν παῤῥησίᾳ θρασύτης, τῇ δὲ ἐπιεικείᾳ ἀνανδρία: καὶ δέον περισκοπεῖν, μὴ τὴν κακίαν τις κατέχων, δόξῃ τὴν ἀρετὴν ἔχειν: ὥσπερ ἂν εἴ τις δοκῶν τῇ δεσποίνῃ συγγίνεσθαι, ἀγνοοίη τῇ θεραπαινίδι συνών. Τί οὖν ἐστιν ἐπιείκεια, καὶ τί ἀνανδρία; Ὅταν ἑτέροις μὲν ἀδικουμένοις μὴ ἀμύνωμεν, ἀλλὰ σιγῶμεν αὐτοὶ, τοῦτο ἀνανδρίας ἐστίν: ὅταν δὲ αὐτοὶ κακῶς πάσχοντες φέρωμεν, τοῦτο ἐπιείκεια. Τί παῤῥησία; Πάλιν τὸ αὐτὸ, ὅταν ὑπὲρ ἑτέρων ἀγωνιζώμεθα. Τί δαὶ θρασύτης; Ὅταν ὑπὲρ ἡμῶν αὐτῶν ἀμύνεσθαι βουλώμεθα. Ὥστε μεγαλοψυχία ὁμοῦ καὶ παῤῥησία, καὶ θρασύτης πάλιν καὶ ἀνανδρία. Ὁ γὰρ ὑπὲρ ἑαυτοῦ μὴ ἀλγῶν, δυσκόλως ὑπὲρ ἑτέρων ἀλγήσει: ὁ δὲ ἑαυτῷ μὴ ἀμύνων, δυσκόλως ἑτέροις οὐκ ἀμυνεῖται. Ὅταν γὰρ καθαρὸν ᾖ τὸ ἦθος ἡμῖν πάθους, δέχεται καὶ ἀρετήν. Καθάπερ καθαρὸν σῶμα πυρετοῦ δέχεται ἰσχὺν, οὕτω δὴ καὶ ἡ ψυχὴ, ἂν μὴ τοῖς πάθεσι προσδιαφθαρῇ, δέχεται ἰσχύν. Μεγάλης ἰσχύος γνώρισμά ἐστιν ἐπιείκεια: γενναίας καὶ νεανικῆς δεῖ ψυχῆς καὶ ὑψηλῆς σφόδρα τῇ ἐπιεικείᾳ. Ἢ μικρὸν οἴει τὸ παθεῖν κακῶς, καὶ μὴ ἀγριαίνειν; Καὶ οὐκ ἄν τις ἁμάρτοι τὴν κηδεμονίαν τὴν ὑπὲρ τῶν πλησίον ἀνδρείαν εἰπών: ὁ γὰρ τοσοῦτον ἰσχύσας, ὡς δυνηθῆναι τοσούτου περιγενέσθαι πάθους, ἰσχύσει καὶ ἑτέρου κατατολμῆσαι. Οἷον, δύο πάθη ἐστὶ ταῦτα, δειλία καὶ θυμός: ἂν τοῦ θυμοῦ κατάσχῃς, εὔδηλον ὅτι καὶ δειλίας: τοῦ θυμοῦ δὲ κρατεῖς, ἐπιεικὴς ὤν: οὐκοῦν καὶ τῆς δειλίας ἂν κρατήσῃς, ἔσῃ ἀνδρεῖος. Πάλιν, ἂν μὴ περιγένῃ τοῦ θυμοῦ, γέγονας θρασύς: τούτου δὲ μὴ περιγενόμενος, οὐδὲ φόβου περιγενέσθαι δύνασαι: οὐκοῦν καὶ δειλὸς ἔσῃ: καὶ ταυτὸν γίνεται, οἷον ἂν εἰ σῶμα ἀσθενὲς οὕτως εἴη καὶ δύσκρατον, ὡς πρὸς οὐδένα πόνον ἀντέχειν: τοῦτο ταχέως καὶ ὑπὸ ψυχροῦ ἁλίσκεται καὶ ὑπὸ θερμοῦ: τὸ γὰρ δύσκρατον τοιοῦτον, τὸ δὲ εὔκρατον πάντα ὑφίσταται. Πάλιν, ἔστι μεγαλοψυχία ἀρετὴ, καὶ παρυφέστηκεν αὐτῇ ἀσωτία: ἔστιν οἰκονομία ἀρετὴ καὶ τὸ οἰκονομικὸν εἶναι: παρυφέστηκεν ἡ φειδωλία καὶ ἡ μικρολογία. Φέρε οὖν πάλιν τὰς ἀρετὰς συναγάγωμεν. Οὐκοῦν οὐ μεγαλόψυχος ὁ ἄσωτος. Πῶς; Ὁ γὰρ ὑπὸ μυρίων ἁλισκόμενος παθῶν, πῶς ἂν εἴη μέγας τὴν ψυχήν; Οὐ γὰρ χρημάτων ἐστὶ τοῦτο καταφρονεῖν, ἀλλ' ὑφ' ἑτέρων ἐπιτάττεσθαι παθῶν: ὥσπερ ἂν εἴ τις ὑπὸ λῃστῶν ἐπιτάττοιτο ἐκείνοις ὑπακούειν, οὐκ ἂν εἴη ἐλεύθερος: οὐ γὰρ ἐκ τοῦ χρημάτων καταφρονεῖν γίνεται τὸ ἀναλίσκειν, ἀλλ' ἐκ τοῦ μὴ δεόντως εἰδέναι διοικεῖν: ἐπεὶ εἴ γε ἐνῆν καὶ ἔχειν καὶ ἀπολαύειν ἐκείνων, οὕτως ἂν ἠθέλησεν. Ὁ δὲ εἰς δέον ἀναλίσκων τὰ χρήματα, οὗτός ἐστι μεγαλόψυχος: μεγάλη γὰρ ὄντως ψυχὴ ἡ μὴ πάθει δουλεύουσα, ἡ μηδὲν ἡγουμένη τὰ χρήματα εἶναι. Πάλιν, ἡ οἰκονομία καλόν: οὕτω καὶ ὁ οἰκονομικὸς ἂν εἴη ἄριστος ὁ εἰς δέον ἀναλίσκων, καὶ μὴ ἁπλῶς ἀνοικονομήτως. Ἡ δὲ φειδωλία οὐκ ἔστι ταυτόν. Ἐκεῖνος μὲν γὰρ πάντα εἰς τὸ δέον ἀναλίσκει: οὗτος δὲ, οὐδὲ ἀναγκαίας ἀπαιτούσης χρείας, τῆς οὐσίας ἅπτεται τῶν χρημάτων. Ὁ οἰκονομικὸς τοίνυν τοῦ μεγαλοψύχου γένοιτο ἂν ἀδελφός. Οὐκοῦν ὁμοῦ τὸν μεγαλόψυχον θήσομεν καὶ τὸν οἰκονομικὸν, καὶ τὸν ἄσωτον καὶ τὸν μικρολόγον: ἀμφότεροι γὰρ ἀπὸ μικροψυχίας τοῦτο πάσχουσιν, ὥσπερ οὖν κἀκεῖνοι ἀπὸ μεγαλοψυχίας. Μὴ δὴ μεγαλόψυχον καλῶμεν τὸν ἀναλίσκοντα ἁπλῶς, ἀλλὰ τὸν εἰς δέον ἀναλίσκοντα: μηδὲ τὸν οἰκονομικὸν μικρολόγον καὶ φειδωλὸν, ἀλλὰ τὸν ἀκαίρως φειδόμενον τῶν χρημάτων. Πόσα ὁ πλούσιος ἐκεῖνος ἀνάλωσεν, ἐνδιδυσκόμενος πορφύραν καὶ βύσσον; Ἀλλ' οὐκ ἦν μεγαλόψυχος: ὑπὸ γὰρ ὠμότητος κατείχετο ἡ ψυχὴ αὐτοῦ, καὶ ὑπὸ μυρίων ἡδονῶν: ἡ δὲ τοιαύτη πῶς ἂν εἴη μεγάλη; Μεγαλόψυχος ἦν ὁ Ἀβραὰμ, εἰς ὑποδοχὴν ἀναλίσκων τῶν ξένων, τὸν μόσχον κατασφάττων, καὶ ἔνθα ἐχρῆν, οὐ μόνον χρημάτων, ἀλλ' οὐδὲ τῆς ψυχῆς τῆς αὐτοῦ φειδόμενος. Ἂν τοίνυν ἴδωμέν τινα τράπεζαν παρατιθέντα πολυτελῆ, πόρνας ἔχοντα καὶ παρασίτους, μὴ μεγαλόψυχον καλέσωμεν τοῦτον, ἀλλὰ σφόδρα μικρόψυχον. Ὅρα γὰρ ὅσοις δουλεύει καὶ ὑπόκειται πάθεσι, γαστριμαργίᾳ, ἡδονῇ ἀτόπῳ, κολακείᾳ: τὸν δὲ τοσούτοις κατεχόμενον καὶ μηδὲ ἓν τούτων δυνάμενον διαφυγεῖν, πῶς ἄν τις μεγαλόψυχον καλοίη; Ὥστε αὐτὸν τότε μάλιστα καλέσομεν μικρόψυχον, ὅταν μάλιστα ἀναλίσκῃ: ὅσῳ γὰρ ἂν μειζόνως ἀναλίσκῃ, τοσούτῳ δηλοῖ τὴν τυραννίδα τῶν παθῶν ἐκείνων: εἰ γὰρ μὴ σφόδρα αὐτοῦ ἐκράτουν, οὐκ ἂν σφόδρα ἀνάλωσε. Πάλιν ἂν ἴδωμέν τινα τούτων μὲν μηδενὶ μηδὲν παρέχοντα, πένητας δὲ τρέφοντα καὶ τοῖς δεομένοις ἐπικουροῦντα, αὐτὸν δὲ τράπεζαν ἔχοντα εὐτελῆ, τοῦτον σφόδρα καλῶμεν μεγαλόψυχον: μεγάλης γὰρ ὄντως ψυχῆς, τῆς μὲν οἰκείας καταφρονεῖν ἀναπαύσεως, τῆς δὲ ἑτέρων φροντίζειν. Εἰπὲ γάρ μοι, εἴ τινα ἴδοις, τῶν μὲν τυράννων καταφρονοῦντα πάντων, καὶ οὐδὲν ἡγούμενον τὰ ἐκείνων ἐπιτάγματα, τοὺς δὲ ὑπ' ἐκείνων τυραννουμένους ἐξέλκοντα καὶ τοὺς κακῶς πάσχοντας: ἆρα οὐκ ἂν μέγα ἡγήσαιο τοῦτο; Τοῦτο δὴ κἀνταῦθα λογιζώμεθα. Τύραννός ἐστι τὰ πάθη: ἐὰν οὖν καταφρονήσωμεν αὐτῶν, μεγάλοι ἐσόμεθα: ἂν δὲ καὶ ἑτέρους ἐξελκύσωμεν, πολλῷ μείζους: εἰκότως. Οἱ γὰρ οὐχ ἑαυτοῖς ἀρκοῦντες μόνον, ἀλλὰ καὶ ἑτέροις, μείζους τῶν μηδέτερον ποιούντων. Ἂν δὲ ἐπιταττόμενός τις ὑπὸ τυράννου τὸν μὲν τῶν ὑπηκόων τύπτῃ, τὸν δὲ ἕλκῃ, ἄλλον δὲ ὑβρίζῃ, ἆρα τοῦτο μεγαλοψυχίας ἐροῦμεν; Οὐ δῆτα: καὶ τοσούτῳ πλέον, ὅσῳ ἂν μέγας ᾖ. Οὕτω καὶ ἐφ' ἡμῶν: νῦν μὲν γὰρ πρόκειται ἡ ψυχὴ εὐγενής τις οὖσα καὶ ἐλευθέρα: ταύτην δὲ ὁ ἄσωτος τύπτεσθαι ἐκέλευσεν ὑπὸ τῶν παθῶν: τὸν οὖν ἑαυτὸν τύπτοντα, τοῦτον μεγαλόψυχον φήσομεν; Οὐδαμῶς. Οὐκοῦν μάθωμεν τίς μὲν ἡ μεγαλοψυχία, τίς δὲ ἡ ἀσωτία, τίς ἡ οἰκονομία καὶ τίς ἡ μικρολογία, τίς ἡ ἐπιείκεια καὶ ἀνανδρία, τίς παῤῥησία καὶ τίς θρασύτης: ἵνα ταῦτα ἀπ' ἀλλήλων διελόντες, δυνηθῶμεν εὐαρέστως τῷ Κυρίῳ τὸν παρόντα βίον διαγαγεῖν, καὶ τῶν μελλόντων ἐπιτυχεῖν ἀγαθῶν, χάριτι καὶ φιλανθρωπίᾳ τοῦ Μονογενοῦς αὐτοῦ, μεθ' οὗ τῷ Πατρὶ ἅμα τῷ ἁγίῳ Πνεύματι, δόξα, κράτος, τιμὴ, νῦν καὶ ἀεὶ, καὶ εἰς τοὺς αἰῶνας τῶν αἰώνων. Ἀμήν.