Chapter XVIII.—The Mosaic Law the Fountain of All Ethics, and the Source from Which the Greeks Drew Theirs.529    [See p. 192, supra, and the note.]

It is then clear also that all the other virtues, delineated in Moses, supplied the Greeks with the rudiments of the whole department of morals. I mean valour, and temperance, and wisdom, and justice, and endurance, and patience, and decorum, and self-restraint; and in addition to these, piety.

But it is clear to every one that piety, which teaches to worship and honour, is the highest and oldest cause; and the law itself exhibits justice, and teaches wisdom, by abstinence from sensible images, and by inviting to the Maker and Father of the universe. And from this sentiment, as from a fountain, all intelligence increases. “For the sacrifices of the wicked are abomination to the Lord; but the prayers of the upright are acceptable before Him,”530    Prov. xv. 8. since “righteousness is more acceptable before God than sacrifice.” Such also as the following we find in Isaiah: “To what purpose to me is the multitude of your sacrifices? saith the Lord;” and the whole section.531    Isa. i. 11, etc. “Break every bond of wickedness; for this is the sacrifice that is acceptable to the Lord, a contrite heart that seeks its Maker.”532    Isa. lviii. 6. “Deceitful balances are abomination before God; but a just balance is acceptable to Him.”533    Prov. xi. 1. Thence Pythagoras exhorts “not to step over the balance;” and the profession of heresies is called deceitful righteousness; and “the tongue of the unjust shall be destroyed, but the mouth of the righteous droppeth wisdom.”534    Prov. x. 31. “For they call the wise and prudent worthless.”535    Prov. xvi. 21, misquoted, or the text is corrupt; “The wise in heart shall be called prudent,” A.V. But it were tedious to adduce testimonies respecting these virtues, since the whole Scripture celebrates them. Since, then, they define manliness to be knowledge536    For the use of knowledge in this connection, Philo, Sextus Empiricus, and Zeno are quoted. of things formidable, and not formidable, and what is intermediate; and temperance to be a state of mind which by choosing and avoiding preserves the judgments of wisdom; and conjoined with manliness is patience, which is called endurance, the knowledge of what is bearable and what is unbearable; and magnanimity is the knowledge which rises superior to circumstances. With temperance also is conjoined caution, which is avoidance in accordance with reason. And observance of the commandments, which is the innoxious keeping of them, is the attainment of a secure life. And there is no endurance without manliness, nor the exercise of self-restraint without temperance. And these virtues follow one another; and with whom are the sequences of the virtues, with him is also salvation, which is the keeping of the state of well-being. Rightly, therefore, in treating of these virtues, we shall inquire into them all; for he that has one virtue gnostically, by reason of their accompanying each other, has them all. Self-restraint is that quality which does not overstep what appears in accordance with right reason. He exercises self-restraint, who curbs the impulses that are contrary to right reason, or curbs himself so as not to indulge in desires contrary to right reason. Temperance, too, is not without manliness; since from the commandments spring both wisdom, which follows God who enjoins, and that which imitates the divine character, namely righteousness; in virtue of which, in the exercise of self-restraint, we address ourselves in purity to piety and the course of conduct thence resulting, in conformity with God; being assimilated to the Lord as far as is possible for us beings mortal in nature. And this is being just and holy with wisdom; for the Divinity needs nothing and suffers nothing; whence it is not, strictly speaking, capable of self-restraint, for it is never subjected to perturbation, over which to exercise control; while our nature, being capable of perturbation, needs self-constraint, by which disciplining itself to the need of little, it endeavours to approximate in character to the divine nature. For the good man, standing as the boundary between an immortal and a mortal nature, has few needs; having wants in consequence of his body, and his birth itself, but taught by rational self-control to want few things.

What reason is there in the law’s prohibiting a man from “wearing woman’s clothing “?537    Deut. xxii. 5. Is it not that it would have us to be manly, and not to be effeminate neither in person and actions, nor in thought and word? For it would have the man, that devotes himself to the truth, to be masculine both in acts of endurance and patience, in life, conduct, word, and discipline by night and by day; even if the necessity were to occur, of witnessing by the shedding of his blood. Again, it is said, “If any one who has newly built a house, and has not previously inhabited it; or cultivated a newly-planted vine, and not yet partaken of the fruit; or betrothed a virgin, and not yet married her;”538    “These words are more like Philo Judæus, i. 740, than those of Moses, Deut. xx. 5–7.”—Potter.—such the humane law orders to be relieved from military service: from military reasons in the first place, lest, bent on their desires, they turn out sluggish in war; for it is those who are untrammelled by passion that boldly encounter perils; and from motives of humanity, since, in view of the uncertainties of war, the law reckoned it not right that one should not enjoy his own labours, and another should without bestowing pains, receive what belonged to those who had laboured. The law seems also to point out manliness of soul, by enacting that he who had planted should reap the fruit, and he that built should inhabit, and he that had betrothed should marry: for it is not vain hopes which it provides for those who labour; according to the gnostic word: “For the hope of a good man dead or living does not perish,”539    Prov. x. 7, xi. 7. says Wisdom; “I love them that love me; and they who seek me shall find peace,”540    Prov. viii. 17. and so forth. What then? Did not the women of the Midianites, by their beauty, seduce from wisdom into impiety, through licentiousness, the Hebrews when making war against them? For, having seduced them from a grave mode of life, and by their beauty ensnared them in wanton delights, they made them insane upon idol sacrifices and strange women; and overcome by women and by pleasure at once, they revolted from God, and revolted from the law. And the whole people was within a little of falling under the power of the enemy through female stratagem, until, when they were in peril, fear by its admonitions pulled them back. Then the survivors, valiantly undertaking the struggle for piety, got the upper hand of their foes. “The beginning, then, of wisdom is piety, and the knowledge of holy things is understanding; and to know the law is the characteristic of a good understanding.”541    Prov. ix. 10. Those, then, who suppose the law to be productive of agitating fear, are neither good at understanding the law, nor have they in reality comprehended it; for “the fear of the Lord causes life, but he who errs shall be afflicted with pangs which knowledge views not.”542    Prov. xix. 23. Accordingly, Barnabas says mystically, “May God who rules the universe vouchsafe also to you wisdom, and understanding, and science, and knowledge of His statutes, and patience. Be therefore God-taught, seeking what the Lord seeks from you, that He may find you in the day of judgment lying in wait for these things.” “Children of love and peace,” he called them gnostically.543    [See Epistle of Barnabas, vol. p. i. 149, S.]

Respecting imparting and communicating, though much might be said, let it suffice to remark that the law prohibits a brother from taking usury: designating as a brother not only him who is born of the same parents, but also one of the same race and sentiments, and a participator in the same word; deeming it right not to take usury for money, but with open hands and heart to bestow on those who need. For God, the author and the dispenser of such grace, takes as suitable usury the most precious things to be found among men—mildness, gentleness, magnanimity, reputation, renown. Do you not regard this command as marked by philanthropy? As also the following, “To pay the wages of the poor daily,” teaches to discharge without delay the wages due for service; for, as I think, the alacrity of the poor with reference to the future is paralyzed when he has suffered want. Further, it is said, “Let not the creditor enter the debtor’s house to take the pledge with violence.” But let the former ask it to be brought out, and let not the latter, if he have it, hesitate.544    Deut. xxiv. 10, 11. And in the harvest the owners are prohibited from appropriating what falls from the handfuls; as also in reaping [the law] enjoins a part to be left unreaped; signally thereby training those who possess to sharing and to large-heartedness, by foregoing of their own to those who are in want, and thus providing means of subsistence for the poor.545    Lev. xix. 9, xxiii. 22; Deut. xxiv. 19. You see how the law proclaims at once the righteousness and goodness of God, who dispenses food to all ungrudgingly. And in the vintage it prohibited the grape-gatherers from going back again on what had been left, and from gathering the fallen grapes; and the same injunctions are given to the olive-gatherers.546    Lev. xix. 10; Deut. xxiv. 20, 21. Besides, the tithes of the fruits and of the flocks taught both piety towards the Deity, and not covetously to grasp everything, but to communicate gifts of kindness to one’s neighbours. For it was from these, I reckon, and from the first-fruits that the priests were maintained. We now therefore understand that we are instructed in piety, and in liberality, and in justice, and in humanity by the law. For does it not command the land to be left fallow in the seventh year, and bids the poor fearlessly use the fruits that grow by divine agency, nature cultivating the ground for behoof of all and sundry?547    Ex. xxxiii. 10, 11; Lev. xxv. 2–7. How, then, can it be maintained that the law is not humane, and the teacher of righteousness? Again, in the fiftieth year, it ordered the same things to be performed as in the seventh; besides restoring to each one his own land, if from any circumstance he had parted with it in the meantime; setting bounds to the desires of those who covet possession, by measuring the period of enjoyment, and choosing that those who have paid the penalty of protracted penury should not suffer a life-long punishment. “But alms and acts of faith are royal guards, and blessing is on the head of him who bestows; and he who pities the poor shall be blessed.”548    Prov. xx. 28, xi. 26, xiv. 21. For he shows love to one like himself, because of his love to the Creator of the human race. The above-mentioned particulars have other explanations more natural, both respecting rest and the recovery of the inheritance; but they are not discussed at present.

Now love is conceived in many ways, in the form of meekness, of mildness, of patience, of liberality, of freedom from envy, of absence of hatred, of forgetfulness of injuries. In all it is incapable of being divided or distinguished: its nature is to communicate. Again, it is said, “If you see the beast of your relatives, or friends, or, in general, of anybody you know, wandering in the wilderness, take it back and restore it;549    Quoted from Philo, with slight alterations, giving the sense of Ex. xxiii. 4, Deut. xxii. 12, 3. and if the owner be far away, keep it among your own till he return, and restore it.” It teaches a natural communication, that what is found is to be regarded as a deposit, and that we are not to bear malice to an enemy. “The command of the Lord being a fountain of life” truly, “causeth to turn away from the snare of death.”550    Prov. xiv. 27. And what? Does it not command us “to love strangers not only as friends and relatives, but as ourselves, both in body and soul?”551    Lev. xix. 33, 34; Deut. x. 19, xxiii. 7. Nay more, it honoured the nations, and bears no grudge552    μνησιπονηρεῖ (equivalent to μνησικακεῖ in the passage of Philo from which Clement is quoting) has been substituted by Sylb. for μισοπονηρεῖ. against those who have done ill. Accordingly it is expressly said, “Thou shalt not abhor an Egyptian, for thou wast a sojourner in Egypt;”553    Deut. xxiii. 7. designating by the term Egyptian either one of that race, or any one in the world. And enemies, although drawn up before the walls attempting to take the city, are not to be regarded as enemies till they are by the voice of the herald summoned to peace.554    Deut. xx. 10.

Further, it forbids intercourse with a female captive so as to dishonour her. “But allow her,” it says, “thirty days to mourn according to her wish, and changing her clothes, associate with her as your lawful wife.”555    Deut. xxi. 10–13. For it regards it not right that this should take place either in wantonness or for hire like harlots, but only for the birth of children. Do you see humanity combined with continence? The master who has fallen in love with his captive maid it does not allow to gratify his pleasure, but puts a check on his lust by specifying an interval of time; and further, it cuts off the captive’s hair, in order to shame disgraceful love: for if it is reason that induces him to marry, he will cleave to her even after she has become disfigured. Then if one, after his lust, does not care to consort any longer with the captive, it ordains that it shall not be lawful to sell her, or to have her any longer as a servant, but desires her to be freed and released from service, lest on the introduction of another wife she bear any of the intolerable miseries caused through jealousy.

What more? The Lord enjoins to ease and raise up the beasts of enemies when labouring beneath their burdens; remotely teaching us not to indulge in joy at our neighbour’s ills, or exult over our enemies; in order to teach those who are trained in these things to pray for their enemies. For He does not allow us either to grieve at our neighbour’s good, or to reap joy at our neighbour’s ill. And if you find any enemy’s beast straying, you are to pass over the incentives of difference, and take it back and restore it. For oblivion of injuries is followed by goodness, and the latter by dissolution of enmity. From this we are fitted for agreement, and this conducts to felicity. And should you suppose one habitually hostile, and discover him to be unreasonably mistaken either through lust or anger, turn him to goodness. Does the law then which conducts to Christ appear humane and mild? And does not the same God, good, while characterized by righteousness from the beginning to the end, employ each kind suitably in order to salvation? “Be merciful,” says the Lord, “that you may receive mercy; forgive, that you may be forgiven. As ye do, so shall it be done to you; as ye give, so shall it be given to you; as ye judge, so shall ye be judged; as ye show kindness, so shall kindness be shown to you: with what measure ye mete, it shall be measured to you again.”556    Matt. v. vi. vii.; Luke vi. Furthermore, [the law] prohibits those, who are in servitude for their subsistence, to be branded with disgrace; and to those, who have been reduced to slavery through money borrowed, it gives a complete release in the seventh year. Further, it prohibits suppliants from being given up to punishment. True above all, then, is that oracle. “As gold and silver are tried in the furnace, so the Lord chooseth men’s hearts. The merciful man is long-suffering; and in every one who shows solicitude there is wisdom. For on a wise man solicitude will fall; and exercising thought, he will seek life; and he who seeketh God shall find knowledge with righteousness. And they who have sought Him rightly have found peace.”557    Prov. xix. 11, xiv. 23, xvii. 12. And Pythagoras seems to me, to have derived his mildness towards irrational creatures from the law. For instance, he interdicted the immediate use of the young in the flocks of sheep, and goats, and herds of cattle, on the instant of their birth; not even on the pretext of sacrifice allowing it, both on account of the young ones and of the mothers; training man to gentleness by what is beneath him, by means of the irrational creatures. “Resign accordingly,” he says, “the young one to its dam for even the first seven days.” For if nothing takes place without a cause, and milk comes in a shower to animals in parturition for the sustenance of the progeny, he that tears that, which has been brought forth, away from the supply of the milk, dishonours nature. Let the Greeks, then, feel ashamed, and whoever else inveighs against the law; since it shows mildness in the case of the irrational creatures, while they expose the offspring of men; though long ago and prophetically, the law, in the above-mentioned commandment, threw a check in the way of their cruelty. For if it prohibits the progeny of the irrational creatures to be separated from the dam before sucking, much more in the case of men does it provide beforehand a cure for cruelty and savageness of disposition; so that even if they despise nature, they may not despise teaching. For they are permitted to satiate themselves with kids and lambs, and perhaps there might be some excuse for separating the progeny from its dam. But what cause is there for the exposure of a child? For the man who did not desire to beget children had no right to marry at first; certainly not to have become, through licentious indulgence, the murderer of his children. Again, the humane law forbids slaying the offspring and the dam together on the same day. Thence also the Romans, in the case of a pregnant woman being condemned to death, do not allow her to undergo punishment till she is delivered. The law too, expressly prohibits the slaying of such animals as are pregnant till they have brought forth, remotely restraining the proneness of man to do wrong to man. Thus also it has extended its clemency to the irrational creatures; that from the exercise of humanity in the case of creatures of different species, we might practice among those of the same species a large abundance of it. Those, too, that kick the bellies of certain animals before parturition, in order to feast on flesh mixed with milk, make the womb created for the birth of the fœtus its grave, though the law expressly commands, “But neither shalt thou seethe a lamb in its mother’s milk.”558    Deut. xiv. 21; For the nourishment of the living animal, it is meant, may not become sauce for that which has been deprived of life; and that, which is the cause of life, may not co-operate in the consumption of the body. And the same law commands “not to muzzle the ox which treadeth out the corn: for the labourer must be reckoned worthy of his food.”559    Deut. xxv. 4; 1 Tim. v. 18.

And it prohibits an ox and ass to be yoked in the plough together;560    Deut. xxii. 10. pointing perhaps to the want of agreement in the case of the animals; and at the same time teaching not to wrong any one belonging to another race, and bring him under the yoke, when there is no other cause to allege than difference of race, which is no cause at all, being neither wickedness nor the effect of wickedness. To me the allegory also seems to signify that the husbandry of the Word is not to be assigned equally to the clean and the unclean, the believer and the unbeliever; for the ox is clean, but the ass has been reckoned among the unclean animals. But the benignant Word, abounding in humanity, teaches that neither is it right to cut down cultivated trees, or to cut down the grain before the harvest, for mischiefs sake; nor that cultivated fruit is to be destroyed at all—either the fruit of the soil or that of the soul: for it does not permit the enemy’s country to be laid waste.

Further, husbandmen derived advantage from the law in such things. For it orders newly planted trees to be nourished three years in succession, and the superfluous growths to be cut off, to prevent them being loaded and pressed down; and to prevent their strength being exhausted from want, by the nutriment being frittered away, enjoins tilling and digging round them, so that [the tree] may not, by sending out suckers, hinder its growth. And it does not allow imperfect fruit to be plucked from immature trees, but after three years, in the fourth year; dedicating the first-fruits to God after the tree has attained maturity.

This type of husbandry may serve as a mode of instruction, teaching that we must cut the growths of sins, and the useless weeds of the mind that spring up round the vital fruit, till the shoot of faith is perfected and becomes strong.561    [See Hermas, Visions, note 2, p. 15, this volume.] For in the fourth year, since there is need of time to him that is being solidly catechized, the four virtues are consecrated to God, the third alone being already joined to the fourth,562    So Clement seems to designate the human nature of Christ,—as being a quartum quid in addition to the three persons of the Godhead. [A strange note: borrowed from ed. Migne. The incarnation of the second person is a quartum quid, of course; but not, in our author’s view, “an addition to the three persons of the Godhead.”] the person of the Lord. And a sacrifice of praise is above holocausts: “for He,” it is said, “giveth strength to get power.”563    Deut. viii. 18. And if your affairs are in the sunshine of prosperity, get and keep strength, and acquire power in knowledge. For by these instances it is shown that both good things and gifts are supplied by God; and that we, becoming ministers of the divine grace, ought to sow the benefits of God, and make those who approach us noble and good; so that, as far as possible, the temperate man may make others continent, he that is manly may make them noble, he that is wise may make them intelligent, and the just may make them just.

Προφανεῖς μὲν οὖν καὶ πᾶσαι [αἱ] ἄλλαι ἀρεταί, αἱ παρὰ τῷ Μωυσεῖ ἀναγεγραμμέναι, ἀρχὴν Ἕλλησι παντὸς τοῦ ἠθικοῦ τόπου παρασχόμεναι, ἀνδρείαν λέγω καὶ σωφροσύνην καὶ φρόνησιν καὶ δικαιοσύνην καρτερίαν τε καὶ ὑπομονὴν καὶ τὴν σεμνότητα καὶ ἐγκράτειαν τήν τε ἐπὶ τούτοις εὐσέβειαν. ἀλλ' ἡ μὲν εὐσέβεια παντί που δήλη τὸ ἀνωτάτω καὶ πρεσβύτατον αἴτιον σέβειν καὶ τιμᾶν καὶ διδάσκουσα. καὶ δικαιοσύνην δὲ αὐτὸς ὁ νόμος παρίστησι παιδεύων τήν τε φρόνησιν διὰ τῆς τῶν αἰσθητῶν εἰδώλων ἀποχῆς καὶ τῆς πρὸς τὸν ποιητὴν καὶ πατέρα τῶν ὅλων προσκληρώσεως, ἀφ' ἧς δόξης οἷον πηγῆς πᾶσα σύνεσις αὔξεται. θυσίαι γὰρ ἀνόμων βδέλυγμα κυρίῳ, εὐχαὶ δὲ κατευθυνόντων δεκταὶ παρ' αὐτῷ. ἐπεὶ δεκτὴ παρὰ θεῷ δικαιοσύνη μᾶλλον ἢ θυσία. τοιαῦτα καὶ τὰ παρὰ Ἡσαΐᾳ· τί μοι πλῆθος τῶν θυσιῶν ὑμῶν; λέγει κύριος, καὶ πᾶσα ἡ περικοπή· λῦε πάντα σύνδεσμον ἀδικίας· αὕτη γὰρ θυσία θεῷ δεκτή, καρδία συντετριμμένη καὶ ζητοῦσα τὸν πεπλακότα. ζυγὰ δόλια βδέλυγμα ἔναντι θεοῦ, στάθμιον δὲ δίκαιον δεκτὸν αὐτῷ. ἐντεῦθεν ζυγὸν μὴ ὑπερβαίνειν Πυθαγόρας παραινεῖ. δικαιοσύνη δὲ δολία εἴρηται ἡ τῶν αἱρέσεων ἐπαγγελία, καὶ γλῶσσα μὲν ἀδίκων ἐξολεῖται, στόμα δὲ δικαίων ἀποστάζει σοφίαν. ἀλλὰ γὰρ τοὺς σοφοὺς καὶ φρονίμους φαύλους καλοῦσιν. μακρὸν δ' ἂν εἴη περὶ τῶν ἀρετῶν τούτων μαρτυρίας παρατίθεσθαι, ἁπάσης ταύτας ἐξυμνούσης τῆς γραφῆς. ἐπεὶ δ' οὖν τὴν μὲν ἀνδρείαν ὁρίζονται ἐπιστήμην δεινῶν καὶ οὐ δεινῶν καὶ τῶν μεταξύ, τὴν δὲ σωφροσύνην ἕξιν ἐν αἱρέσει καὶ φυγῇ σῴζουσαν τὰ τῆς φρονήσεως κρίματα, παράκειται τε τῇ μὲν ἀνδρείᾳ ἥ τε ὑπομονή, ἣν καρτερίαν καλοῦσιν, ἐπιστήμην ἐμμενετέων καὶ οὐκ ἐμμενετέων, ἥ τε μεγαλοψυχία, ἐπιστήμη τῶν συμβαινόντων ὑπεραίρουσα, ἀλλὰ καὶ τῇ σωφροσύνῃ ἡ εὐλάβεια, ἔκκλισις οὖσα σὺν λόγῳ. Φυλακὴ δὲ τῶν ἐντολῶν, τήρησις οὖσα αὐτῶν ἀβλαβής, περιποίησίς ἐστιν ἀσφαλείας βίου. καὶ οὐκ ἔστιν ἄνευ ἀνδρείας καρτερικὸν εἶναι οὐδὲ μὴν ἄνευ σωφροσύνης ἐγκρατῆ. ἀντακολουθοῦσι δὲ ἀλλήλαις αἱ ἀρεταί, καὶ παρ' ᾧ αἱ τῶν ἀρετῶν ἀκολουθίαι, παρὰ τούτῳ καὶ ἡ σωτηρία, τήρησις οὖσα τοῦ εὖ ἔχοντος. εἰκότως ἔτι περὶ τούτων διαλαβόντες τῶν ἀρετῶν περὶ πασῶν ἂν εἴημεν ἐσκεμμένοι, ὅτι ὁ μίαν ἔχων ἀρετὴν γνωστικῶς πάσας ἔχει διὰ τὴν ἀντακολουθίαν. αὐτίκα ἡ ἐγκράτεια διάθεσίς ἐστιν ἀνυπέρβατος τῶν κατὰ τὸν ὀρθὸν λόγον φανέντων. ἐγκρατεύεται δὲ ὁ κατέχων τὰς παρὰ τὸν ὀρθὸν λόγον ὁρμὰς ἢ ὁ κατέχων αὑτὸν ὥστε μὴ ὁρμᾶν παρὰ τὸν ὀρθὸν λόγον. σωφροσύνη δὲ αὕτη οὐκ ἄνευ ἀνδρείας, ἐπειδὴ ἐξ ἐντολῶν γίνεται ἑπομένη τῷ διατεταγμένῳ ** θεῷ φρόνησίς τε καὶ ἡ μιμητικὴ τῆς θείας διαθέσεως δικαιοσύνη, καθ' ἣν ἐγκρατευόμενοι καθαροὶ πρὸς εὐσέβειαν καὶ τὴν ἑπομένην ἀκολούθως τῷ θεῷ πρᾶξιν στελλόμεθα, ἐξομοιούμενοι τῷ κυρίῳ κατὰ τὸ δυνατὸν ἡμῖν, ἐπικήροις τὴν φύσιν ὑπάρχουσιν. τοῦτο δέ ἐστι δίκαιον καὶ ὅσιον μετὰ φρονήσεως γενέσθαι. ἀνενδεὲς μὲν γὰρ τὸ θεῖον καὶ ἀπαθές, ὅθεν οὐδὲ ἐγκρατὲς κυρίως· οὐ γὰρ ὑποπίπτει πάθει ποτέ, ἵνα καὶ κρατήσῃ τοῦδε· ἡ δὲ ἡμετέρα φύσις ἐμπαθὴς οὖσα ἐγκρατείας δεῖται, δι' ἧς πρὸς τὸ ὀλιγοδεὲς συνασκουμένη συνεγγίζειν πειρᾶται κατὰ διάθεσιν τῇ θείᾳ φύσει. ὁ γὰρ σπουδαῖος ὀλιγοδεής, ἀθανάτου καὶ θνητῆς φύσεως μεθόριος, τὸ μὲν ἐνδεὲς διά τε τὸ σῶμα διά τε τὴν γένεσιν αὐτὴν ἔχων, ὀλίγων δὲ διὰ τὴν λογικὴν ἐγκράτειαν δεῖσθαι δεδιδαγμένος. ἐπεὶ τίνα λόγον ἔχει τὸ ἀπειπεῖν τὸν νόμον ἀνδρὶ γυναικὸς ἀμπεχόνην ἀναλαμβάνειν; ἢ οὐχὶ ἀνδρεΐζεσθαι ἡμᾶς βούλεται μήτε κατὰ τὸ σῶμα καὶ τὰ ἔργα μήτε κατὰ τὴν διάνοιαν καὶ τὸν λόγον ἐκθηλυνομένους; ἠρρενῶσθαι γὰρ τὸν ἀληθείᾳ σχολάζοντα ἔν τε ὑπομοναῖς ἔν τε καρτερίαις κἀν τῷ βίῳ κἀν τῷ τρόπῳ κἀν τῷ λόγῳ κἀν τῇ ἀσκήσει νύκτωρ τε καὶ μεθ' ἡμέραν καί, εἴ που μαρτυρίου δι' αἵματος χωροῦντος ἐπικαταλάβοι χρεία, βούλεται. πάλιν εἴ τις, φησί, νεωστὶ δειμάμενος οἰκίαν οὐκ ἔφθη εἰσοικίσασθαι, ἢ ἀμπελῶνα νεόφυτον ἐργασάμενος μηδέπω τοῦ καρποῦ μετείληφεν, ἢ παρθένον ἐγγυησάμενος οὐδέπω ἔγημεν, τούτους ἀφεῖσθαι τῆς στρατείας ὁ φιλάνθρωπος κελεύει νόμος, στρατηγικῶς μέν, ὡς μὴ περισπώμενοι πρὸς τὰς ἐπιθυμίας ἀπρόθυμοι τῷ πολέμῳ ἐξυπηρετῶμεν (ἐλεύθεροι γὰρ τὰς ὁρμὰς οἱ ἀπροφασίστως τοῖς δεινοῖς ἐπαποδυόμενοι), φιλανθρώπως δέ, ἐπειδὴ τὰ κατὰ τοὺς πολέμους ἄδηλα, ἄδικον εἶναι λογισάμενος τὸν μὲν μὴ ὄνασθαι τῶν αὑτοῦ πόνων, ἕτερον δὲ τὰ τῶν καμόντων ἀταλαιπώρως λαβεῖν. ἔοικεν δὲ ὁ νόμος καὶ τὴν τῆς ψυχῆς ἐμφαίνειν ἀνδρείαν, δεῖν νομοθετῶν τὸν φυτεύσαντα καρποῦσθαι καὶ τὸν οἰκοδομησάμενον οἰκεῖν καὶ τὸν μνώμενον γαμεῖν, οὐ γὰρ ἀτελεῖς τὰς ἐλπίδας τοῖς ἀσκήσασι κατὰ τὸν λόγον τὸν γνωστικὸν κατασκευάζει· τελευτήσαντος γὰρ καὶ ζῶντος ἀνδρὸς ἀγαθοῦ οὐκ ἀπόλλυται ἐλπίς. ἐγώ, φησί, τοὺς ἐμὲ φιλοῦντας ἀγαπῶ, ἡ σοφία λέγει, οἱ δὲ ἐμὲ ζητοῦντες εὑρήσουσιν εἰρήνην καὶ τὰ ἑξῆς. τί δέ; οὐχὶ αἱ Μαδιηναίων γυναῖκες τῷ κάλλει τῷ σφῶν πολεμοῦντας τοὺς Ἑβραίους ἐκ σωφροσύνης δι' ἀκρασίαν εἰς ἀθεότητα ὑπηγάγοντο; προσεταιρισάμεναι γὰρ [αὐ]τοὺς ἐκ τῆς σεμνῆς ἀσκήσεως εἰς ἡδονὰς ἑταιρικὰς τῷ κάλλει δελεάσασαι ἐπί τε τὰς τῶν εἰδώλων θυσίας ἐπί τε τὰς ἀλλοδαπὰς ἐξέμηναν γυναῖκας· γυναικῶν δὲ ἅμα καὶ ἡδονῆς ἡττηθέντες ἀπέστησαν μὲν τοῦ θεοῦ, ἀπέστησαν δὲ καὶ τοῦ νόμου, καὶ μικροῦ δεῖν ὁ πᾶς λεὼς ὑποχείριος τοῖς πολεμίοις γυναικείῳ στρατηγήματι ἐγεγόνει, ἕως αὐτοὺς κινδυνεύοντας ἀνεχαίτισε νουθετήσας φόβος. αὐτίκα οἱ περιλειφθέντες φιλοκινδύνως τὸν ὑπὲρ εὐσεβείας ἀγῶνα ἀράμενοι κύριοι κατέστησαν τῶν πολεμίων. ἀρχὴ οὖν σοφίας θεοσέβεια, σύνεσις δὲ ἁγίων προμήθεια, τὸ δὲ γνῶναι νόμον διανοίας ἐστὶν ἀγαθῆς. οἱ τοίνυν ἐμπαθοῦς φόβου περιποιητικὸν τὸν νόμον ὑπολαβόντες οὔτε ἀγαθοὶ συνιέναι οὔτε ἐνενόησαν τῷ ὄντι τὸν νόμον. φόβος γὰρ κυρίου ζωὴν ποιεῖ. ὁ δὲ πλανώμενος ὀδυνηθήσεται ἐν πόνοις οἷς οὐκ ἐπισκέπτεται γνῶσις. ἀμέλει μυστικῶς ὁ Βαρνάβας ὁ δὲ θεός, ὁ τοῦ παντὸς κόσμου κυριεύων, φησί, δῴη καὶ ὑμῖν σοφίαν καὶ σύνεσιν, ἐπιστήμην, γνῶσιν τῶν δικαιωμάτων αὐτοῦ, ὑπομονήν. γίνεσθε οὖν θεοδίδακτοι, ἐκζητοῦντες τί ζητεῖ ὁ κύριος ἀφ' ὑμῶν, ἵνα εὕρητε ἐν ἡμέρᾳ κρίσεως. τοὺς τούτων ἐπηβόλους ἀγάπης τέκνα καὶ εἰρήνης γνωστικῶς προσηγόρευσεν. περί τε τῆς μεταδόσεως καὶ κοινωνίας πολλῶν ὄντων [λόγων] ἀπόχρη μόνον τοῦτο εἰπεῖν, ὅτι ὁ νόμος ἀπαγορεύει ἀδελφῷ δανείζειν (ἀδελφὸν ὀνομάζων οὐ μόνον τὸν ἐκ τῶν αὐτῶν φύντα γονέων, ἀλλὰ καὶ ὃς ἂν ὁμόφυλος ᾖ ὁμογνώμων τε καὶ τοῦ αὐτοῦ λόγου κεκοινωνηκώς), οὐ δικαιῶν ἐκλέγειν τόκους ἐπὶ χρήμασιν, ἀλλὰ ἀνειμέναις χερσὶ καὶ γνώμαις χαρίζεσθαι τοῖς δεομένοις. θεὸς γὰρ ὁ κτίστης τοιᾶσδε χάριτος· ἤδη δὲ ὁ μεταδοτικὸς καὶ τόκους ἀξιολόγους λαμβάνει, τὰ τιμιώτατα τῶν ἐν ἀνθρώποις, ἡμερότητα, χρηστότητα, μεγαλόνοιαν, εὐφημίαν, εὔκλειαν. Ἆρ' οὐ δοκεῖ σοι φιλανθρωπίας εἶναι τὸ παράγγελμα τοῦτο ὥσπερ κἀκεῖνο, μισθὸν πένητος αὐθημερὸν ἀποδιδόναι; ἀνυπερθέτως δεῖν διδάσκει ἐκτίνειν τὸν ἐπὶ ταῖς ὑπηρεσίαις μισθόν· παραλύεται γάρ, οἶμαι, ἡ προθυμία τοῦ πένητος ἀτροφήσαντος πρὸς τοὐπιόν. ἔτι, φησί, δανειστὴς μὴ ἐπιστῇ χρεώστου οἰκίᾳ, ἐνέχυρον μετὰ βίας ληψόμενος, ἀλλ' ὃ μὲν ἔξω προφέρειν κελευέτω, ὃ δὲ ἔχων μὴ ἀναδυέσθω. ἔν τε τῷ ἀμήτῳ τὰ ἀποπίπτοντα τῶν δραγμάτων ἀναιρεῖσθαι κωλύει τοὺς κτήτορας, καθάπερ κἀν τῷ θερισμῷ ὑπολείπεσθαί τι παραινεῖ ἄτμητον, διὰ τούτου εὖ μάλα τοὺς μὲν κτήτορας εἰς κοινωνίαν καὶ μεγαλοφροσύνην συνασκῶν ἐκ τοῦ προϊέναι τι τῶν ἰδίων τοῖς δεομένοις, τοῖς πένησι δὲ ἀφορμὴν πορίζων τροφῶν. ὁρᾷς ὅπως ἡ νομοθεσία τὴν τοῦ θεοῦ δικαιοσύνην ἅμα καὶ ἀγαθότητα καταγγέλλει, τοῦ πᾶσιν ἀφθόνως χορηγοῦντος τὰς τροφάς; ἔν τε αὖ τῇ τρυγῇ τὸ ἐπιέναι πάλιν τὰ καταλειφθέντα δρεπομένους καὶ τὸ τὰς ἀποπιπτούσας ῥῶγας συλλέγειν κεκώλυκεν· τὰ δ' αὐτὰ καὶ τοῖς ἐλάας συλλέγουσι διατάσσεται. ναὶ μὴν καὶ αἱ δεκάται τῶν τε καρπῶν καὶ τῶν θρεμμάτων εὐσεβεῖν τε εἰς τὸ θεῖον καὶ μὴ πάντα εἶναι φιλοκερδεῖς, μεταδιδόναι δὲ φιλανθρώπως καὶ τοῖς πλησίον ἐδίδασκον. ἐκ τούτων γάρ, οἶμαι, τῶν ἀπαρχῶν καὶ οἱ ἱερεῖς διετρέφοντο. ἤδη οὖν συνίεμεν εἰς εὐσέβειαν καὶ εἰς κοινωνίαν καὶ εἰς δικαιοσύνην καὶ εἰς φιλανθρωπίαν παιδευομένους ἡμᾶς πρὸς τοῦ νόμου; ἦ γάρ; οὐχὶ διὰ μὲν τοῦ ἑβδόμου ἔτους ἀργὴν ἀνίεσθαι τὴν χώραν προστάττει, τοὺς πένητας δὲ ἀδεῶς τοῖς κατὰ θεὸν φυεῖσι καρποῖς χρῆσθαι ἐκέλευεν, τῆς φύσεως τοῖς βουλομένοις γεωργούσης; πῶς οὖν [οὐ] χρηστὸς ὁ νόμος καὶ δικαιοσύνης διδάσκαλος; πάλιν τε αὖ τῷ πεντηκοστῷ ἔτει τὰ αὐτὰ ἐπιτελεῖν κελεύει, ἃ καὶ τῷ ἑβδόμῳ, προσαποδιδοὺς ἑκάστῳ τὸ ἴδιον εἴ τις ἐν τῷ μεταξὺ διά τινα περίστασιν ἀφῃρέθη χωρίον, τήν τε ἐπιθυμίαν τῶν κτᾶσθαι ποθούντων περιορίζων χρόνῳ μεμετρημένῳ καρπώσεως τούς τε πενίᾳ μακρᾷ ὑποσχόντας δίκην μὴ διὰ βίου κολάζεσθαι ἐθέλων. ἐλεημοσύναι δὲ καὶ πίστεις φυλακαὶ βασιλικαί, εὐλογία δὲ εἰς κεφαλὴν τοῦ μεταδιδόντος καὶ ὁ ἐλεῶν πτωχοὺς μακαρισθήσεται, ὅτι τὴν ἀγάπην ἐνδείκνυται εἰς τὸν ὅμοιον διὰ τὴν ἀγάπην τὴν πρὸς τὸν δημιουργὸν τοῦ τῶν ἀνθρώπων γένους. Ἔχει μὲν οὖν καὶ ἄλλας ἐκδόσεις τὰ προειρημένα φυσικωτέρας περί τε ἀναπαύσεως καὶ τῆς ἀπολήψεως τῆς κληρονομίας, ἀλλ' οὐκ ἐν τῷ παρόντι λεκτέαι. ἀγάπη δὲ πολλαχῶς νοεῖται διὰ πραότητος, διὰ χρηστότητος, δι' ὑπομονῆς, δι' ἀφθονίας καὶ ἀζηλίας, δι' ἀμισίας, δι' ἀμνησικακίας· ἀμέριστός ἐστιν ἐν πᾶσιν, ἀδιάκριτος, κοινωνική. πάλιν ἐὰν ἴδῃς φησὶ τῶν οἰκείων ἢ φίλων ἢ καθόλου ὧν γνωρίζεις ἀνθρώπων ἐν ἐρημίᾳ πλανώμενον ὑποζύγιον, ἀπαγαγὼν ἀπόδος. κἂν οὖν τύχῃ μακρὰν ἀφεστὼς ὁ δεσπότης, μετὰ τῶν σαυτοῦ διαφυλάξας ἄχρις ἂν κομίσηται ἀπόδος. φυσικὴν κοινωνίαν διδάσκει τὸ εὕρημα παρακαταθήκην λογίζεσθαι μηδὲ μνησικακεῖν τῷ ἐχθρῷ. πρόσταγμα κυρίου πηγὴ ζωῆς, ὡς ἀληθῶς, ποιεῖ ἐκκλίνειν ἐκ παγίδος θανάτου. τί δέ; οὐχὶ τοὺς ἐπήλυδας ἀγαπᾶν κελεύει, οὐ μόνον ὡς φίλους καὶ συγγενεῖς, ἀλλ' ὡς ἑαυτούς, κατά τε σῶμα καὶ ψυχήν; ναὶ μὴν καὶ τὰ ἔθνη τετίμηκεν καὶ τοῖς γε κακῶς πεποιηκόσιν οὐ μνησιπονηρεῖ. ἄντικρυς γοῦν φησιν· οὐ βδελύξῃ Αἰγύπτιον, ὅτι πάροικος ἐγένου κατ' Αἴγυπτον, ἤτοι τὸν ἐθνικὸν ἢ καὶ πάντα τὸν κοσμικὸν Αἰγύπτιον προσειπών· τούς τε πολεμίους, κἂν ἤδη τοῖς τείχεσιν ἐφεστῶτες ὦσιν ἑλεῖν τὴν πόλιν πειρώμενοι, μήπω νομίζεσθαι πολεμίους, ἄχρις ἂν αὐτοὺς ἐπικηρυκευσάμενοι προσκαλέσωνται πρὸς εἰρήνην. ναὶ μὴν καὶ τῇ αἰχμαλώτῳ οὐ πρὸς ὕβριν ὁμιλεῖν κελεύει, ἀλλὰ τὰς λʹ ἡμέρας ἐπιτρέψας φησὶ πενθῆσαι οὓς βούλεται, μεταμφιάσας ὕστερον ὡς γαμετῇ νόμῳ συνέρχου· οὔτε γὰρ ἐφ' ὕβρει τὰς συνουσίας οὐδὲ μὴν διὰ μισθαρνίαν ὡς ἑταίρας, ἀλλ' ἢ διὰ μόνην τῶν τέκνων τὴν γένεσιν γίνεσθαι τὰς ὁμιλίας ἀξιοῖ. ὁρᾷς φιλανθρωπίαν μετ' ἐγκρατείας; τῷ ἐρῶντι κυρίῳ τῆς αἰχμαλώτου γεγονότι οὐκ ἐπιτρέπει χαρίζεσθαι τῇ ἡδονῇ, ἀνακόπτει δὲ τὴν ἐπιθυμίαν διαστήματι μεμετρημένῳ καὶ προσέτι ἀποκείρει τῆς αἰχμαλώτου καὶ τὰς τρίχας, ἵνα τὸν ἐφύβριστον δυσωπήσῃ ἔρωτα· εἰ γὰρ λογισμὸς ἀναπείθει γῆμαι, καὶ γενομένης αἰσχρᾶς ἀνθέξεται. ἔπειτα ἐάν τις τῆς ἐπιθυμίας κατάκορος γενόμενος μηκέτι κοινωνεῖν τῇ αἰχμαλώτῳ καταξιώσῃ, μηδὲ πιπράσκειν ταύτην ἐξεῖναι διατάττεται, ἀλλὰ μηδὲ ἔτι θεράπαιναν ἔχειν, ἐλευθέραν δὲ εἶναι καὶ τῆς οἰκετίας ἀπαλλάττεσθαι βούλεται, ὡς μὴ γυναικὸς ἑτέρας ἐπεισελθούσης πάθῃ τι τῶν κατὰ ζηλοτυπίαν ἀνηκέστων. Τί δέ; καὶ ἐχθρῶν ὑποζύγια ἀχθοφοροῦντα συνεπικουφίζειν καὶ συνεγείρειν προστάσσει πόρρωθεν διδάσκων ἡμᾶς ὁ κύριος ἐπιχαιρεκακίαν μὴ ἀσπάζεσθαι μηδὲ ἐφήδεσθαι τοῖς ἐχθροῖς, ἵνα τούτοις ἐγγυμνασαμένους ὑπὲρ τῶν ἐχθρῶν προσεύχεσθαι διδάξῃ. οὔτε γὰρ φθονεῖν καὶ ἐπὶ τοῖς τοῦ πέλας ἀγαθοῖς λυπεῖσθαι προσῆκεν οὐδὲ μὴν ἐπὶ τοῖς τοῦ πλησίον κακοῖς ἡδονὴν καρποῦσθαι. κἂν πλανώμενον μέντοι, φησίν, ἐχθροῦ τινος ὑποζύγιον εὕρῃς, τὰ τῆς διαφορᾶς παραλιπὼν ὑπεκκαύματα ἀπαγαγὼν ἀπόδος. τῇ γὰρ ἀμνηστίᾳ ἕπεται ἡ καλοκἀγαθία, καὶ ταύτῃ ἡ τῆς ἔχθρας διάλυσις. ἐντεῦθεν εἰς ὁμόνοιαν καταρτιζόμεθα, ἣ δὲ εἰς εὐδαιμονίαν χειραγωγεῖ. κἄν τινα ἐξ ἔθους ἐχθρὸν ὑπολάβῃς, παραλογιζόμενον δὲ τοῦτον ἀλόγως ἤτοι ἐπιθυμίᾳ ἢ καὶ θυμῷ καταλάβῃς, ἐπίστρεψον αὐτὸν εἰς καλοκἀγαθίαν. Ἆρα ἤδη καταφαίνεται φιλάνθρωπος καὶ χρηστὸς ὁ νόμος, ὁ εἰς Χριστὸν παιδαγωγῶν, θεός τε ὁ αὐτὸς ἀγαθὸς μετὰ δικαιοσύνης, ἀπ' ἀρχῆς εἰς τέλος ἑκάστῳ γένει προσφυῶς εἰς σωτηρίαν κεχρημένος; ἐλεᾶτε, φησὶν ὁ κύριος, ἵνα ἐλεηθῆτε· ἀφίετε, ἵνα ἀφεθῇ ὑμῖν· ὡς ποιεῖτε, οὕτως ποιηθήσεται ὑμῖν· ὡς δίδοτε, οὕτως δοθήσεται ὑμῖν· ὡς κρίνετε, οὕτως κριθήσεσθε· ὡς χρηστεύεσθε, οὕτως χρηστευθήσεται ὑμῖν· ᾧ μέτρῳ μετρεῖτε, ἀντιμετρηθήσεται ὑμῖν. Ἔτι τοὺς [ἐπὶ] τροφῇ δουλεύοντας ἀτιμάζεσθαι κωλύει, τοῖς τε ἐκ δανείων καταδουλωθεῖσιν ἐκεχειρίαν τὴν εἰς πᾶν δίδωσιν ἐνιαυτῷ ἑβδόμῳ. ἀλλὰ καὶ ἱκέτας ἐκδιδόναι εἰς κόλασιν κωλύει. παντὸς οὖν μᾶλλον ἀληθὲς τὸ λόγιον ἐκεῖνο· ὥσπερ δοκιμάζεται χρυσὸς καὶ ἄργυρος εἰς κάμινον, οὕτως ἐκλέγεται καρδίας ἀνθρώπων κύριος. καὶ ὁ μὲν ἐλεήμων ἀνὴρ μακροθυμεῖ, ἐν παντί τε μεριμνῶντι ἔνεστι σοφία· ἐμπεσεῖται γὰρ μέριμνα ἀνδρὶ νοήμονι, φροντιστής τε ὢν ζωὴν ζητήσει· καὶ ὁ ζητῶν τὸν θεὸν εὑρήσει γνῶσιν μετὰ δικαιοσύνης, οἱ δὲ ὀρθῶς ζητήσαντες αὐτὸν εἰρήνην εὗρον. Ἐμοὶ δὲ δοκεῖ καὶ Πυθαγόρας τὸ ἥμερον τὸ περὶ τὰ ἄλογα ζῷα παρὰ τοῦ νόμου εἰληφέναι. αὐτίκα τῶν γεννωμένων κατά τε τὰς ποίμνας κατά τε τὰ αἰπόλια καὶ βουκόλια τῆς παραχρῆμα ἀπολαύσεως, μηδὲ ἐπὶ προφάσει θυσιῶν [λαμβάνοντας, ἀπέχεσθαι] διηγόρευσεν, ἐκγόνων τε ἕνεκα καὶ μητέρων, εἰς ἡμερότητα τὸν ἄνθρωπον κάτωθεν ἀπὸ τῶν ἀλόγων ζῴων ἀνατρέφων. χάρισαι γοῦν, φησί, τῇ μητρὶ τὸ ἔκγονον κἂν ἑπτὰ τὰς πρώτας ἡμέρας. εἰ γὰρ μηδὲν ἀναιτίως γίνεται, γάλα δὲ ἐπομβρεῖται ταῖς τετοκυίαις εἰς διατροφὴν τῶν ἐκγόνων, [ὁ] ἀποσπῶν τῆς τοῦ γάλακτος οἰκονομίας τὸ τεχθὲν ἀτιμάζει τὴν φύσιν. δυσωπείσθωσαν οὖν Ἕλληνες καὶ εἴ τις ἕτερός ἐστι τοῦ νόμου κατατρέχων, εἰ ὃ μὲν καὶ ἐπ' ἀλόγων ζῴων χρηστεύεται, οἳ δὲ καὶ τὰ τῶν ἀνθρώπων ἐκτιθέασιν ἔκγονα, καίτοι μακρόθεν καὶ προφητικῶς ἀνακόπτοντος αὐτῶν τὴν ἀγριότητα τοῦ νόμου διὰ τῆς προειρημένης ἐντολῆς. εἰ γὰρ τῶν ἀλόγων τὰ ἔκγονα διαζεύγνυσθαι τῆς τεκούσης πρὸ τῆς γαλακτουχίας ἀπαγορεύει, πολὺ πλέον ἐπ' ἀνθρώπων τὴν ὠμὴν καὶ ἀτιθάσευτον προθεραπεύει γνώμην, ἵν' εἰ καὶ τῆς φύσεως, μαθήσεως γοῦν μὴ καταφρονῶσιν. ἐρίφων μὲν γὰρ καὶ ἀρνῶν ἐμφορεῖσθαι ἐπιτέτραπται, καί τις ἴσως ἀπολογία τῷ διαζεύξαντι τῆς τεκούσης τὸ ἔκγονον· ἡ δὲ τοῦ παιδίου ἔκθεσις τίνα τὴν αἰτίαν ἔχει; ἐχρῆν γὰρ μηδὲ τὴν ἀρχὴν γῆμαι τῷ μηδὲ παιδοποιεῖσθαι γλιχομένῳ ἢ δι' ἡδονῆς ἀκρασίαν παιδοκτόνον γεγονέναι. πάλιν αὖ ὁ χρηστὸς νόμος ἀπαγορεύει ἡμέρᾳ τῇ αὐτῇ συγκαταθύειν ἔκγονον καὶ μητέρα. ἐντεῦθεν καὶ Ῥωμαῖοι, εἰ καί τις ἔγκυος καταδικασθείη τὴν ἐπὶ θανάτῳ, οὐ πρότερον ἐῶσιν ὑποσχεῖν τὴν τιμωρίαν πρὶν ἢ ἐκτεκεῖν. ἄντικρυς γοῦν καὶ ὅσα τῶν ζῴων κυοφορεῖ, ὁ νόμος οὐκ ἐπιτρέπει ἄχρις ἂν ἀποτέκῃ σφαγιάζεσθαι, μακρόθεν ἐπισχὼν τὴν εὐχέρειαν τῶν εἰς ἄνθρωπον ἀδικούντων. οὕτως ἄχρι καὶ τῶν ἀλόγων ζῴων τὸ ἐπιεικὲς ἀπέτεινεν, ἵνα ἐν τοῖς ἀνομογενέσιν ἀσκήσαντες πολλῇ τινι περιουσίᾳ φιλανθρωπίας ἐν τοῖς ὁμογενέσι χρησώμεθα. οἳ δὲ καὶ περιλακτίζοντες τὰς γαστέρας πρὸ τῆς ἀποτέξεως ζῴων τινῶν, ἵνα δὴ γάλακτι ἀνακεκραμένην σάρκα θοινάζωνται, τάφον τῶν κυοφορουμένων τὴν εἰς γένεσιν κτισθεῖσαν μήτραν πεποιήκασι, διαρρήδην τοῦ νομοθέτου κελεύοντος ἀλλ' οὐδὲ ἑψήσεις ἄρνα ἐν γάλακτι μητρὸς αὐτοῦ· μὴ γὰρ γινέσθω ἡ τοῦ ζῶντος τροφὴ ἥδυσμα τοῦ ἀναιρεθέντος ζῴου, φησίν [ἡ σάρξ], μηδὲ τὸ τῆς ζωῆς αἴτιον συνεργὸν τῇ τοῦ σώματος καταναλώσει γινέσθω. ὁ δὲ αὐτὸς νόμος διαγορεύει βοῦν ἀλοῶντα μὴ φιμοῦν· δεῖ γὰρ καὶ τὸν ἐργάτην τροφῆς ἀξιοῦσθαι. ἀπαγορεύει τε ἐν ταὐτῷ καταζευγνύναι πρὸς ἄροτον γῆς βοῦν καὶ ὄνον, τάχα μὲν καὶ τοῦ περὶ τὰ ζῷα ἀνοικείου στοχασάμενος, δηλῶν δ' ἅμα μηδένα τῶν ἑτεροεθνῶν ἀδικεῖν καὶ ὑπὸ ζυγὸν ἄγειν, οὐδὲν ἔχοντας αἰτιάσασθαι ἢ ὅτι τὸ ἀλλογενές, ὅπερ ἐστὶν ἀναίτιον, μήτε κακία μήτε ἀπὸ κακίας ὁρμώμενον. ἐμοὶ δὲ δοκεῖ καὶ μηνύειν ἡ ἀλληγορία, μὴ δεῖν ἐπ' ἴσης καθαρῷ καὶ ἀκαθάρτῳ, πιστῷ τε καὶ ἀπίστῳ τῆς τοῦ λόγου μεταδιδόναι γεωργίας, διότι τὸ μέν ἐστι καθαρόν, ὁ βοῦς, ὄνος δὲ τῶν ἀκαθάρτων λελόγισται. ∆αψιλευόμενος δὲ τῇ φιλανθρωπίᾳ ὁ χρηστὸς λόγος μηδὲ ὅσα τῆς ἡμέρου ὕλης ἐστί, δενδροτομεῖν ταῦτα προσῆκον εἶναι διδάσκει, μηδὲ μὴν κείρειν ἐπὶ λύμῃ στάχυν πρὸ τοῦ θερισμοῦ, ἀλλὰ μηδὲ συνόλως καρπὸν ἥμερον διαφθείρειν μήτε τὸν γῆς μήτε τὸν τῆς ψυχῆς· οὐδὲ γὰρ τὴν τῶν πολεμίων χώραν τέμνειν ἐᾷ. ναὶ μὴν καὶ γεωργικοὶ παρὰ τοῦ νόμου καὶ ταῦτα ὠφέληνται· κελεύει γὰρ τὰ νεόφυτα τῶν δένδρων ἐπὶ τριετίαν ἑξῆς τιθηνεῖσθαι τάς τε περιττὰς ἐπιφύσεις ἀποτέμνοντας, ὑπὲρ τοῦ μὴ βαρυνόμενα πιέζεσθαι καὶ ὑπὲρ τοῦ μὴ κατακερματιζομένης τῆς τροφῆς δι' ἔνδειαν ἐξασθενεῖν, γυροῦν τε καὶ περισκάπτειν, ὡς μηδὲν παραβλαστάνον κωλύῃ τὴν αὔξησιν. τόν τε καρπὸν οὐκ ἐᾷ δρέπεσθαι ἀτελῆ ἐξ ἀτελῶν, ἀλλὰ μετὰ τριετίαν ἔτει τετάρτῳ καθιερώσοντα τὴν ἀπαρχὴν τῷ θεῷ μετὰ τὸ τελεωθῆναι τὸ δένδρον. εἴη δ' ἂν οὗτος ὁ τῆς γεωργίας τύπος διδασκαλίας τρόπος, διδάσκων δεῖν τὰς παραφύσεις τῶν ἁμαρτιῶν ἐπικόπτειν καὶ τὰς συναναθαλλούσας τῷ γονίμῳ καρπῷ ματαίας τῆς ἐννοίας πόας, ἔστ' ἂν τελειωθῇ καὶ βέβαιον γένηται τὸ ἔρνος τῆς πίστεως. τῷ τε γὰρ τετάρτῳ ἔτει, ἐπεὶ καὶ χρόνου χρεία τῷ κατηχουμένῳ βεβαίως, ἡ τετρὰς τῶν ἀρετῶν καθιεροῦται τῷ θεῷ, τῆς τρίτης ἤδη μονῆς συναπτούσης ἐπὶ τὴν τοῦ κυρίου τετάρτην ὑπόστασιν. Θυσία δὲ αἰνέσεως ὑπὲρ ὁλοκαυτώματα. οὗτος γάρ σοι, φησί, δίδωσιν ἰσχὺν ποιῆσαι δύναμιν. ἐὰν δὲ φωτισθῇ σοι τὰ πράγματα, λαβὼν καὶ κτησάμενος ἰσχὺν ἐν γνώσει ποίει δύναμιν. ἐμφαίνει γὰρ διὰ τούτων τά τε ἀγαθὰ τάς τε δωρεὰς παρὰ τοῦ θεοῦ χορηγεῖσθαι καὶ δεῖν ἡμᾶς, διακόνους γενομένους τῆς θείας χάριτος, σπείρειν τὰς τοῦ θεοῦ εὐποιίας καὶ τοὺς πλησιάζοντας κατασκευάζειν καλούς τε καὶ ἀγαθούς, ἵνα ὡς ὅτι μάλιστα ὁ μὲν σώφρων τοὺς ἐγκρατεῖς, ὁ δὲ ἀνδρεῖος τοὺς γενναίους συνετούς τε ὁ φρόνιμος καὶ δίκαιος τοὺς δικαίους ἐκτελῇ.