Chapter XX.—The True Gnostic Exercises Patience and Self-Restraint.

Endurance also itself forces its way to the divine likeness, reaping as its fruit impassibility through patience, if what is related of Ananias be kept in mind; who belonged to a number, of whom Daniel the prophet, filled with divine faith, was one. Daniel dwelt at Babylon, as Lot at Sodom, and Abraham, who a little after became the friend of God, in the land of Chaldea. The king of the Babylonians let Daniel down into a pit full of wild beasts; the King of all, the faithful Lord, took him up unharmed. Such patience will the Gnostic, as a Gnostic, possess. He will bless when under trial, like the noble Job; like Jonas, when swallowed up by the whale, he will pray, and faith will restore him to prophesy to the Ninevites; and though shut up with lions, he will tame the wild beasts; though cast into the fire, he will be besprinkled with dew, but not consumed. He will give his testimony by night; he will testify by day; by word, by life, by conduct, he will testify. Dwelling with the Lord579    Substituting ὤν for ἐν τῷ Κυρίῳ after σύνοικος. he will continue his familiar friend, sharing the same hearth according to the Spirit; pure in the flesh, pure in heart, sanctified in word. “The world,” it is said, “is crucified to him, and he to the world.”580    [Gal vi. 14. S.] He, bearing about the cross of the Saviour, will follow the Lord’s footsteps, as God, having become holy of holies.

The divine law, then, while keeping in mind all virtue, trains man especially to self-restraint, laying this as the foundation of the virtues; and disciplines us beforehand to the attainment of self-restraint by forbidding us to partake of such things as are by nature fat, as the breed of swine, which is full-fleshed. For such a use is assigned to epicures. It is accordingly said that one of the philosophers, giving the etymology of ὗς (sow), said that it was θύς, as being fit only for slaughter (θύσιν) and killing; for life was given to this animal for no other purpose than that it might swell in flesh. Similarly, repressing our desires, it forbade partaking of fishes which have neither fins nor scales; for these surpass other fishes in fleshiness and fatness. From this it was, in my opinion, that the mysteries not only prohibited touching certain animals, but also withdrew certain parts of those slain in sacrifice, for reasons which are known to the initiated. If, then, we are to exercise control over the belly, and what is below the belly, it is clear that we have of old heard from the Lord that we are to check lust by the law.

And this will be completely effected, if we unfeignedly condemn what is the fuel of lust: I mean pleasure. Now they say that the idea of it is a gentle and bland excitement, accompanied with some sensation. Enthralled by this, Menelaus, they say, after the capture of Troy, having rushed to put Helen to death, as having been the cause of such calamities, was nevertheless not able to effect it, being subdued by her beauty, which made him think of pleasure. Whence the tragedians, jeering, exclaimed insultingly against him:—

And again:—

And I agree with Antisthenes when he says, “Could I catch Aphrodite, I would shoot her; for she has destroyed many of our beautiful and good women.” And he says that “Love582    Ἐρως, Cupid. is a vice of nature, and the wretches who fall under its power call the disease a deity.” For in these words it is shown that stupid people are overcome from ignorance of pleasure, to which we ought to give no admittance, even though it be called a god, that is, though it be given by God for the necessity of procreation. And Xenophon, expressly calling pleasure a vice, says: “Wretch, what good dost thou know, or what honourable aim hast thou? which does not even wait for the appetite for sweet things, eating before being hungry, drinking before being thirsty; and that thou mayest eat pleasantly, seeking out fine cooks; and that thou mayest drink pleasantly, procuring costly wines; and in summer runnest about seeking snow; and that thou mayest sleep pleasantly, not only providest soft beds, but also supports583    Or, “carpets.” Xenoph., Memorabilia, II. i. 30; The Words of Virtue to Vice. to the couches.” Whence, as Aristo said, “against the whole tetrachord of pleasure, pain, fear, and lust, there is need of much exercise and struggle.”

“For the minds of those even who are deemed grave, pleasure makes waxen,” according to Plato; since “each pleasure and pain nails to the body the soul” of the man, that does not sever and crucify himself from the passions. “He that loses his life,” says the Lord, “shall save it;” either giving it up by exposing it to danger for the Lord’s sake, as He did for us, or loosing it from fellowship with its habitual life. For if you would loose, and withdraw, and separate (for this is what the cross means) your soul from the delight and pleasure that is in this life, you will possess it, found and resting in the looked-for hope. And this would be the exercise of death, if we would be content with those desires which are measured according to nature alone, which do not pass the limit of those which are in accordance with nature—by going to excess, or going against nature—in which the possibility of sinning arises. “We must therefore put on the panoply of God, that we may be able to stand against the wiles of the devil; since the weapons of our warfare are not carnal, but mighty through God to the pulling down of strongholds, casting down reasonings, and every lofty thing which exalteth itself against the knowledge of God, and bringing every thought into captivity unto the obedience of Christ,”584    Eph. vi. 11. says the divine apostle. There is need of a man who shall use in a praiseworthy and discriminating manner the things from which passions take their rise, as riches and poverty, honour and dishonour, health and sickness, life and death, toil and pleasure. For, in order that we may treat things, that are different, indifferently, there is need of a great difference in us, as having been previously afflicted with much feebleness, and in the distortion of a bad training and nurture ignorantly indulged ourselves. The simple word, then, of our philosophy declares the passions to be impressions on the soul that is soft and yielding, and, as it were, the signatures of the spiritual powers with whom we have to struggle. For it is the business, in my opinion, of the malificent powers to endeavour to produce somewhat of their own constitution in everything, so as to overcome and make their own those who have renounced them. And it follows, as might be expected, that some are worsted; but in the case of those who engage in the contest with more athletic energy, the powers mentioned above, after carrying on the conflict in all forms, and advancing even as far as the crown wading in gore, decline the battle, and admire the victors.

For of objects that are moved, some are moved by impulse and appearance, as animals; and some by transposition, as inanimate objects. And of things without life, plants, they say, are moved by transposition in order to growth, if we will concede to them that plants are without life. To stones, then, belongs a permanent state. Plants have a nature; and the irrational animals possess impulse and perception, and likewise the two characteristics already specified.585    i.e., Permanent state and nature. But the reasoning faculty, being peculiar to the human soul, ought not to be impelled similarly with the irrational animals, but ought to discriminate appearances, and not to be carried away by them. The powers, then, of which we have spoken hold out beautiful sights, and honours, and adulteries, and pleasures, and such like alluring phantasies before facile spirits;586    [See Epiphan., Opp., ii. 391, ed. Oehler.] as those who drive away cattle hold out branches to them. Then, having beguiled those incapable of distinguishing the true from the false pleasure, and the fading and meretricious from the holy beauty, they lead them into slavery. And each deceit, by pressing constantly on the spirit, impresses its image on it; and the soul unwittingly carries about the image of the passion, which takes its rise from the bait and our consent.

The adherents of Basilides are in the habit of calling the passions appendages: saying that these are in essence certain spirits attached to the rational soul, through some original perturbation and confusion; and that, again, other bastard and heterogeneous natures of spirits grow on to them, like that of the wolf, the ape, the lion, the goat, whose properties showing themselves around the soul, they say, assimilate the lusts of the soul to the likeness of the animals. For they imitate the actions of those whose properties they bear. And not only are they associated with the impulses and perceptions of the irrational animals, but they affect587    Or, vie with. the motions and the beauties of plants, on account of their bearing also the properties of plants attached to them. They have also the properties of a particular state, as the hardness of steel. But against this dogma we shall argue subsequently, when we treat of the soul. At present this only needs to be pointed out, that man, according to Basilides, preserves the appearance of a wooden horse, according to the poetic myth, embracing as he does in one body a host of such different spirits. Accordingly, Basilides’ son himself, Isidorus, in his book, About the Soul attached to us, while agreeing in the dogma, as if condemning himself, writes in these words: “For if I persuade any one that the soul is undivided, and that the passions of the wicked are occasioned by the violence of the appendages, the worthless among men will have no slight pretence for saying, ‘I was compelled, I was carried away, I did it against my will, I acted unwillingly;’ though he himself led the desire of evil things, and did not fight against the assaults of the appendages. But we must, by acquiring superiority in the rational part, show ourselves masters of the inferior creation in us.” For he too lays down the hypothesis of two souls in us, like the Pythagoreans, at whom we shall glance afterwards.

Valentinus too, in a letter to certain people, writes in these very words respecting the appendages: “There is one good, by whose presence588    παρουσιᾳ substituted by Grabe for παῤῥησίᾳ. is the manifestation, which is by the Son, and by Him alone can the heart become pure, by the expulsion of every evil spirit from the heart: for the multitude of spirits dwelling in it do not suffer it to be pure; but each of them performs his own deeds, insulting it oft with unseemly lusts. And the heart seems to be treated somewhat like a caravanserai. For the latter has holes and ruts made in it, and is often filled with dung; men living filthily in it, and taking no care for the place as belonging to others. So fares it with the heart as long as there is no thought taken for it, being unclean, and the abode of many demons. But when the only good Father visits it, it is sanctified, and gleams with light. And he who possesses such a heart is so blessed, that “he shall see God.”589    Matt. v. 8. [On the Beatitudes, see book iv. cap. 6, infra.]

What, then, let them tell us, is the cause of such a soul not being cared for from the beginning? Either that it is not worthy (and somehow a care for it comes to it as from repentance), or it is a saved nature, as he would have it; and this, of necessity, from the beginning, being cared for by reason of its affinity, afforded no entrance to the impure spirits, unless by being forced and found feeble. For were he to grant that on repentance it preferred what was better, he will say this unwillingly, being what the truth we hold teaches; namely, that salvation is from a change due to obedience, but not from nature. For as the exhalations which arise from the earth, and from marshes, gather into mists and cloudy masses; so the vapours of fleshly lusts bring on the soul an evil condition, scattering about the idols of pleasure before the soul. Accordingly they spread darkness over the light of intelligence, the spirit attracting the exhalations that arise from lust, and thickening the masses of the passions by persistency in pleasures. Gold is not taken from the earth in the lump, but is purified by smelting; then, when made pure, it is called gold, the earth being purified. For “Ask, and it shall be given you,”590    Matt. vii. 7. it is said to those who are able of themselves to choose what is best. And how we say that the powers of the devil, and the unclean spirits, sow into the sinner’s soul, requires no more words from me, on adducing as a witness the apostolic Barnabas (and he was one of the seventy,591    [See note, book ii. cap. 7, p. 352, supra.] and a fellow-worker of Paul), who speaks in these words: “Before we believed in God, the dwelling-place of our heart was unstable, truly a temple built with hands. For it was full of idolatry, and was a house of demons, through doing what was opposed to God.”592    Barnabas, Epist., cap. xvi. vol. i. p. 147.

He says, then, that sinners exercise activities appropriate to demons; but he does not say that the spirits themselves dwell in the soul of the unbeliever. Wherefore he also adds, “See that the temple of the Lord be gloriously built. Learn, having received remission of sins; and having set our hope on the Name, let us become new, created again from the beginning.” For what he says is not that demons are driven out of us, but that the sins which like them we commit before believing are remitted. Rightly thus he puts in opposition what follows: “Wherefore God truly dwells in our home. He dwells in us. How? The word of His faith, the calling of His promise, the wisdom of His statutes, the commandments of His communication, [dwell in us].”

“I know that I have come upon a heresy; and its chief was wont to say that he fought with pleasure by pleasure, this worthy Gnostic advancing on pleasure in feigned combat, for he said he was a Gnostic; since he said it was no great thing for a man that had not tried pleasure to abstain from it, but for one who had mixed in it not to be overcome [was something]; and that therefore by means of it he trained himself in it. The wretched man knew not that he was deceiving himself by the artfulness of voluptuousness. To this opinion, then, manifestly Aristippus the Cyrenian adhered—that of the sophist who boasted of the truth. Accordingly, when reproached for continually cohabiting with the Corinthian courtezan, he said, “I possess Lais, and am not possessed by her.”

Such also are those (who say that they follow Nicolaus, quoting an adage of the man, which they pervert,593    [Clement does not credit the apostasy of the deacon Nicolas (Acts vi. 5), though others of the Fathers surrender him to the Nicolaitans. See book iii. cap. iv. infra.] “that the flesh must be abused.” But the worthy man showed that it was necessary to check pleasures and lusts, and by such training to waste away the impulses and propensities of the flesh. But they, abandoning themselves to pleasure like goats, as if insulting the body, lead a life of self-indulgence; not knowing that the body is wasted, being by nature subject to dissolution; while their soul is buried in the mire of vice; following as they do the teaching of pleasure itself, not of the apostolic man. For in what do they differ from Sardanapalus, whose life is shown in the epigram:—

For the feeling of pleasure is not at all a necessity, but the accompaniment of certain natural needs—hunger, thirst, cold, marriage. If, then, it were possible to drink without it, or take food, or beget children, no other need of it could be shown. For pleasure is neither a function, nor a state, nor any part of us; but has been introduced into life as an auxiliary, as they say salt was to season food. But when it casts off restraint and rules the house, it generates first concupiscence, which is an irrational propension and impulse towards that which gratifies it; and it induced Epicurus to lay down pleasure as the aim of the philosopher. Accordingly he deifies a sound condition of body, and the certain hope respecting it. For what else is luxury than the voluptuous gluttony and the superfluous abundance of those who are abandoned to self-indulgence? Diogenes writes significantly in a tragedy:—

And what follows, expressed indeed in foul language, but in a manner worthy of the voluptuaries.

Wherefore the divine law appears to me necessarily to menace with fear, that, by caution and attention, the philosopher may acquire and retain absence of anxiety, continuing without fall and without sin in all things. For peace and freedom are not otherwise won, than by ceaseless and unyielding struggles with our lusts. For these stout and Olympic antagonists are keener than wasps, so to speak; and Pleasure especially, not by day only, but by night, is in dreams with witchcraft ensnaringly plotting and biting. How, then, can the Greeks any more be right in running down the law, when they themselves teach that Pleasure is the slave of fear? Socrates accordingly bids “people guard against enticements to eat when they are not hungry, and to drink when not thirsty, and the glances and kisses of the fair, as fitted to inject a deadlier poison than that of scorpions and spiders.” And Antisthenes chose rather “to be demented than delighted.” And the Theban Crates says:—

And at length infers:—

He writes expressly, in other words, “that the stop594    κατάπαυσμα (in Theodoret), for which the text reads κατάπλασμα. to the unbridled propensity to amorousness is hunger or a halter.”

And the comic poets attest, while they depreciate the teaching of Zeno the Stoic, to be to the following effect:—

All these, then, are not ashamed clearly to confess the advantage which accrues from caution. And the wisdom which is true and not contrary to reason, trusting not in mere words and oracular utterances, but in invulnerable armour of defence and energetic mysteries, and devoting itself to divine commands, and exercise, and practice, receives a divine power according to its inspiration from the Word.

Already, then, the ægis of the poetic Jove is described as

But to those, who are able rightly to understand salvation, I know not what will appear dearer than the gravity of the Law, and Reverence, which is its daughter. For when one is said to pitch too high, as also the Lord says, with reference to certain; so that some of those whose desires are towards Him may not sing out of pitch and tune, I do not understand it as pitching too high in reality, but only as spoken with reference to such as will not take up the divine yoke. For to those, who are unstrung and feeble, what is medium seems too high; and to those, who are unrighteous, what befalls them seems severe justice. For those, who, on account of the favour they entertain for sins, are prone to pardon, suppose truth to be harshness, and severity to be savageness, and him who does not sin with them, and is not dragged with them, to be pitiless. Tragedy writes therefore well of Pluto:—

For although you are not yet able to do the things enjoined by the Law, yet, considering that the noblest examples are set before us in it, we are able to nourish and increase the love of liberty; and so we shall profit more eagerly as far as we can, inviting some things, imitating some things, and fearing others. For thus the righteous of the olden time, who lived according to the law, “were not from a storied oak, or from a rock;” because they wish to philosophize truly, took and devoted themselves entirely to God, and were classified under faith. Zeno said well of the Indians, that he would rather have seen one Indian roasted, than have learned the whole of the arguments about bearing pain. But we have exhibited before our eyes every day abundant sources of martyrs that are burnt, impaled, beheaded. All these the fear inspired by the law,—leading as a pædagogue to Christ, trained so as to manifest their piety by their blood. “God stood in the congregation of the gods; He judgeth in the midst of the gods.”597    Ps. lxxxii. 1. Who are they? Those that are superior to Pleasure, who rise above the passions, who know what they do—the Gnostics, who are greater than the world. “I said, Ye are Gods; and all sons of the Highest.”598    Ps. lxxxii. 6. To whom speaks the Lord? To those who reject as far as possible all that is of man. And the apostle says, “For ye are not any longer in the flesh, but in the Spirit.”599    Rom. viii. 9. And again he says, “Though in the flesh, we do not war after the flesh.”600    2 Cor. x. 3. “For flesh and blood cannot inherit the kingdom of God, neither doth corruption inherit incorruption.”601    1 Cor. xv. 50. “Lo, ye shall die like men,” the Spirit has said, confuting us.

We must then exercise ourselves in taking care about those things which fall under the power of the passions, fleeing like those who are truly philosophers such articles of food as excite lust, and dissolute licentiousness in chambering and luxury; and the sensations that tend to luxury, which are a solid reward to others, must no longer be so to us. For God’s greatest gift is self-restraint. For He Himself has said, “I will neyer leave thee, nor forsake thee,”602    Heb. xiii. 5. as having judged thee worthy according to the true election. Thus, then, while we attempt piously to advance, we shall have put on us the mild yoke of the Lord from faith to faith, one charioteer driving each of us onward to salvation, that the meet fruit of beatitude may be won. “Exercise is” according to Hippocrates of Cos, “not only the health of the body, but of the soul—fearlessness of labours—a ravenous appetite for food.”

Ἥ γε μὴν καρτερία καὶ αὐτὴ εἰς τὴν θείαν ἐξομοίωσιν βιάζεται δι' ὑπομονῆς ἀπάθειαν καρπουμένη, εἴ τῳ ἔναυλα τὰ ἐπὶ [τῶν περὶ] τὸν Ἀνανίαν ἱστορούμενα, ὧν εἷς καὶ ∆ανιὴλ ὁ προφήτης ἦν, θείας πίστεως πεπληρωμένος. Βαβυλῶνα ᾤκει ∆ανιήλ, καθάπερ ὁ μὲν Λὼτ τὰ Σόδομα, τὴν Χαλδαίων δὲ γῆν ὁ Ἀβραὰμ ὁ μετ' ὀλίγον φίλος τοῦ θεοῦ. κατήγαγεν οὖν εἰς ὄρυγμα θηρίων ἔμπλεων τὸν ∆ανιὴλ ὁ Βαβυλωνίων βασιλεύς, ἀνήγαγε δὲ αὐτὸν ἀβλαβῆ ὁ ἁπάντων βασιλεὺς ὁ πιστὸς κύριος. ταύτην κτήσεται τὴν ὑπομονὴν ὁ γνωστικὸς ᾗ γνωστικός, εὐλογήσει πειραζόμενος ὡς ὁ γενναῖος Ἰώβ, ὡς Ἰωνᾶς εὔξεται καταπινόμενος ὑπὸ κήτους, καὶ ἡ πίστις αὐτὸν ἀποκαταστήσει Νινευίταις προφητεύοντα· κἂν μετὰ λεόντων καθειρχθῇ, ἡμερώσει τὰ θηρία, κἂν εἰς πῦρ ἐμβληθῇ, δροσισθήσεται, ἀλλ' οὐκ ἐκπυρωθήσεται· μαρτυρήσει νύκτωρ, μαρτυρήσει μεθ' ἡμέραν· ἐν λόγῳ, ἐν βίῳ, ἐν τρόπῳ μαρτυρήσει· σύνοικος ὢν τῷ κυρίῳ ὀαριστής τε καὶ συνέστιος κατὰ τὸ πνεῦμα διαμενεῖ, καθαρὸς μὲν τὴν σάρκα, καθαρὸς δὲ τὴν καρδίαν, ἡγιασμένος τὸν λόγον. ὁ κόσμος τούτῳ, φησίν, ἐσταύρωται καὶ αὐτὸς τῷ κόσμῳ. οὗτος τὸν σταυρὸν τοῦ σωτῆρος περιφέρων ἕπεται κυρίῳ μετ' ἴχνιον ὥστε θεοῖο, ἅγιος ἁγίων γενόμενος. Πάσης τοίνυν ἀρετῆς μεμνημένος ὁ θεῖος νόμος ἀλείφει μάλιστα τὸν ἄνθρωπον ἐπὶ τὴν ἐγκράτειαν, θεμέλιον ἀρετῶν κατατιθέμενος ταύτην, καὶ δὴ προπαιδεύει ἡμᾶς εἰς τὴν περιποίησιν τῆς ἐγκρατείας ἀπὸ τῆς τῶν ζῴων χρήσεως, ἀπαγορεύων μεταλαμβάνειν τῶν ὅσα φύσει πίονα καθάπερ τὸ τῶν συῶν γένος εὐσαρκότατον τυγχάνον· τρυφητιῶσι γὰρ ἡ τοιαύτη χρῆσις χορηγεῖται. λέγεται γοῦν τινα τῶν φιλοσοφούντων ἐτυμολογοῦντα τὴν ὗν θῦν εἶναι φάναι, ὡς εἰς θύσιν καὶ σφαγὴν μόνον ἐπιτήδειον· δεδόσθαι γὰρ τῷδε τῷ ζῴῳ ψυχὴν πρὸς οὐδὲν ἕτερον ἢ ἕνεκα τοῦ τὰς σάρκας σφριγᾶν. τῶν τε ἰχθύων ὁμοίως ἀπηγόρευσε μεταλαμβάνειν, στέλλων ἡμῶν τὰς ἐπιθυμίας ἐκείνων οἷς μήτε πτερύγια μήτε λεπίδες εἰσίν· εὐσαρκίᾳ γὰρ καὶ πιότητι τῶν ἄλλων ἰχθύων οὗτοι διαφέρουσιν. ἐντεῦθεν οἶμαι καὶ [τὸν εὑρόντα] τὰς τελετὰς οὐ μόνον τινῶν ζῴων ἀπαγορεύειν ἅπτεσθαι, ἀλλ' ἔστιν ἃ καὶ τῶν καταθυομένων ὑπεξείλετο τῆς χρήσεως μέρη δι' αἰτίας ἃς ἴσασιν οἱ μύσται. Εἰ δὴ γαστρὸς καὶ τῶν ὑπὸ γαστέρα κρατητέον, δῆλον ὡς ἄνωθεν παρειλήφαμεν παρὰ τοῦ κυρίου διὰ τοῦ νόμου τὴν ἐπιθυμίαν ἐκκόπτειν. γένοιτο δ' ἂν τελείως τοῦτο, εἰ τοῦ ὑπεκκαύματος τῆς ἐπιθυμίας, τῆς ἡδονῆς λέγω, ἀνυποκρίτως καταγνοίημεν. φασὶ δὲ αὐτῆς εἶναι τὴν ἔννοιαν κίνησιν λείαν καὶ προσηνῆ μετά τινος αἰσθήσεως. ταύτῃ δουλεύοντα τὸν Μενέλεων μετὰ τὴν Ἰλίου ἅλωσιν φασὶν ὁρμήσαντα τὴν Ἑλένην ἀνελεῖν ὡς κακῶν τοσούτων αἰτίαν γενομένην, ὅμως οὐ κατισχῦσαι πρᾶξαι ἡττηθέντα τῷ κάλλει, δι' οὗ ἐπὶ τὴν ἀνάμνησιν τῆς ἡδονῆς ἀφίκετο. ὅθεν ἐπισκώπτοντες οἱ τραγῳδοποιοὶ ὀνειδιστικῶς ἐπεβόησαν αὐτῷ· σὺ δ', ὡς ἐσεῖδες μαστόν, ἐκβαλὼν ξίφος φίλημ' ἐδέξω, προδότιν αἰκάλλων κύνα. καὶ πάλιν· ἆρ' εἰς τὸ κάλλος ἐκκεκώφηνται ξίφη; ἐγὼ δὲ ἀποδέχομαι τὸν Ἀντισθένη, τὴν Ἀφροδίτην λέγοντα κἂν κατατοξεύσαιμι, εἰ λάβοιμι, ὅτι πολλὰς ἡμῶν καλὰς καὶ ἀγαθὰς γυναῖκας διέφθειρεν. τόν τε ἔρωτα κακίαν φησὶ φύσεως· ἧς ἥττους ὄντες οἱ κακοδαίμονες θεὸν τὴν νόσον καλοῦσιν. δείκνυται γὰρ διὰ τούτων ἡττᾶσθαι τοὺς ἀμαθεστέρους δι' ἄγνοιαν ἡδονῆς, ἣν οὐ χρὴ προσίεσθαι, κἂν θεὸς λέγηται, τουτέστι κἂν θεόθεν ἐπὶ τὴν τῆς παιδοποιίας χρείαν δεδομένη τυγχάνῃ. καὶ ὁ Ξενοφῶν ἄντικρυς κακίαν λέγων τὴν ἡδονήν φησιν· ὦ τλῆμον, τί δὲ σὺ ἀγαθὸν οἶσθα, ἢ τί καλὸν σκοπεῖς; ἥτις οὐδὲ τὴν τῶν ἡδέων ἐπιθυμίαν ἀναμένεις, πρὶν μὲν πεινῆν ἐσθίουσα, πρὶν δὲ διψῆν πίνουσα, καὶ ἵνα μὲν ἡδέως φάγῃς, ὀψοποιοὺς μηχανωμένη· ἵνα δὲ ἡδέως πίνῃς, οἴνους πολυτελεῖς παρασκευάζῃ, καὶ τοῦ θέρους χιόνα περιθέουσα ζητεῖς· ἵνα δὲ κατακοιμηθῇς ἡδέως, οὐ μόνον τὰς κλίνας μαλθακάς, ἀλλὰ καὶ τὰ ὑπόβαθρα ταῖς κλίναις παρασκευάζῃ. ὅθεν ὡς ἔλεγεν Ἀρίστων πρὸς ὅλον τὸ τετράχορδον, ἡδονήν, λύπην, φόβον, ἐπιθυμίαν, πολλῆς δεῖ τῆς ἀσκήσεως καὶ μάχης, οὗτοι γάρ, οὗτοι καὶ διὰ σπλάγχνων ἔσω χωροῦσι καὶ κυκῶσιν ἀνθρώπων κέαρ. καὶ γὰρ τῶν σεμνῶν οἰομένων εἶναι τοὺς θυμοὺς ἡ ἡδονὴ κηρίνους ποιεῖ κατὰ Πλάτωνα, ὅτι ἑκάστη ἡδονή τε καὶ λύπη προσπασσαλοῖ τῷ σώματι τὴν ψυχὴν τοῦ γε μὴ ἀφορίζοντος καὶ ἀποσταυροῦντος ἑαυτὸν τῶν παθῶν. ὁ ἀπολέσας τὴν ψυχὴν τὴν ἑαυτοῦ, φησὶν ὁ κύριος, σώσει αὐτήν, ἤτοι ῥιψοκινδύνως ὑπὲρ τοῦ σωτῆρος αὐτὴν ἐπιδιδούς, ὡς αὐτὸς ὑπὲρ ἡμῶν πεποίηκεν, ἢ ἀπολύσας αὐτὴν ἐκ τῆς πρὸς τὸν συνήθη βίον κοινωνίας. ἐὰν γὰρ ἀπολῦσαι καὶ ἀποστῆσαι καὶ ἀφορίσαι (τοῦτο γὰρ ὁ σταυρὸς σημαίνει) τὴν ψυχὴν ἐθελήσῃς τῆς ἐν τούτῳ τῷ ζῆν τέρψεώς τε καὶ ἡδονῆς, ἕξεις αὐτὴν ἐν τῇ ἐλπίδι τῇ προσδοκωμένῃ εὑρημένην καὶ ἀναπεπαυμένην. εἴη δ' ἂν τοῦτο μελέτη θανάτου, εἰ μόναις ταῖς κατὰ φύσιν μεμετρημέναις ὀρέξεσι, μηδὲν ὑπεροριζούσαις τῶν κατὰ φύσιν ἐπὶ τὸ μᾶλλον ἢ παρὰ φύσιν, ἔνθα τὸ ἁμαρτητικὸν φύεται, ἀρκεῖσθαι βουλοίμεθα. ἐνδύσασθαι οὖν δεῖ τὴν πανοπλίαν τοῦ θεοῦ πρὸς τὸ δύνασθαι ἡμᾶς στῆναι πρὸς τὰς μεθοδείας τοῦ διαβόλου, ἐπεὶ τὰ ὅπλα τῆς στρατείας ἡμῶν οὐ σαρκικά, ἀλλὰ δυνατὰ τῷ θεῷ πρὸς καθαίρεσιν ὀχυρωμάτων, λογισμοὺς καθαιροῦντες καὶ πᾶν ὕψωμα ἐπαιρόμενον κατὰ τῆς γνώσεως τοῦ θεοῦ, καὶ αἰχμαλωτίζοντες πᾶν νόημα εἰς τὴν ὑπακοὴν τοῦ Χριστοῦ, ὁ θεῖός φησιν ἀπόστολος. ἀνδρὸς δὴ χρεία ὅστις ἀθαυμάστως καὶ ἀσυγχύτως τοῖς πράγμασι χρήσεται ἀφ' ὧν τὰ πάθη ὁρμᾶται, οἷον πλούτῳ καὶ πενίᾳ καὶ δόξῃ καὶ ἀδοξίᾳ, ὑγείᾳ καὶ νόσῳ, ζωῇ καὶ θανάτῳ, πόνῳ καὶ ἡδονῇ. ἵνα γὰρ ἀδιαφόρως τοῖς ἀδιαφόροις χρησώμεθα, πολλῆς ἡμῖν δεῖ διαφορᾶς, ἅτε προκεκακωμένοις ἀσθενείᾳ πολλῇ καὶ προδιαστροφῇ κακῆς ἀγωγῆς τε καὶ τροφῆς μετὰ ἀμαθίας προαπολελαυκόσιν. ὁ μὲν οὖν ἁπλοῦς λόγος τῆς καθ' ἡμᾶς φιλοσοφίας τὰ πάθη πάντα ἐναπερείσματα τῆς ψυχῆς φησιν εἶναι τῆς μαλθακῆς καὶ εἰκούσης καὶ οἷον ἐναποσφραγίσματα τῶν πνευματικῶν δυνάμεων, πρὸς ἃς ἡ πάλη ἡμῖν. ἔργον γάρ, οἶμαι, ταῖς κακούργοις δυνάμεσιν ἐνεργεῖν τι τῆς ἰδίας ἕξεως παρ' ἕκαστα πειρᾶσθαι εἰς τὸ καταγωνίσασθαι καὶ ἐξιδιοποιήσασθαι τοὺς ἀπειπαμένους αὐτάς. ἕπεται δ' εἰκότως τοὺς μὲν καταπαλαίεσθαι, ὅσοι δὲ ἀθλητικώτερον τὸν ἀγῶνα μεταχειρίζονται πάμμαχον ἀγωνισάμενοι καὶ μέχρι τοῦ στεφάνου χωρήσαντες, αἱ προειρημέναι δυνάμεις ἐν πολλῷ τῷ λύθρῳ τότε δὴ ἀπαυδῶσι θαυμάζουσαι τοὺς νικηφόρους. Τῶν γὰρ κινουμένων τὰ μὲν καθ' ὁρμὴν καὶ φαντασίαν κινεῖται, ὡς τὰ ζῷα, τὰ δὲ κατὰ μετάθεσιν, ὡς τὰ ἄψυχα. κινεῖσθαι δὲ καὶ τῶν ἀψύχων τὰ φυτὰ μεταβατικῶς φασιν εἰς αὔξησιν, εἴ τις αὐτοῖς ἄψυχα εἶναι συγχωρήσει τὰ φυτά. ἕξεως μὲν οὖν οἱ λίθοι, φύσεως δὲ τὰ φυτά, ὁρμῆς δὲ καὶ φαντασίας τῶν τε αὖ δυεῖν τῶν προειρημένων καὶ τὰ ἄλογα μετέχει ζῷα. ἡ λογικὴ δὲ δύναμις, ἰδία οὖσα τῆς ἀνθρωπείας ψυχῆς, οὐχ ὡσαύτως τοῖς ἀλόγοις ζῴοις ὁρμᾶν ὀφείλει, ἀλλὰ καὶ διακρίνειν τὰς φαντασίας καὶ μὴ συναποφέρεσθαι αὐταῖς. Αἱ τοίνυν δυνάμεις, περὶ ὧν εἰρήκαμεν, κάλλη καὶ δόξας καὶ μοιχείας καὶ ἡδονὰς καὶ τοιαύτας τινὰς φαντασίας δελεαστικὰς προτείνουσι ταῖς εὐεπιφόροις ψυχαῖς, καθάπερ οἱ ἀπελαύνοντες τὰ θρέμματα θαλλοὺς προσείοντες, εἶτα, κατασοφισάμεναι τοὺς μὴ διακρίνειν δυνηθέντας τὴν ἀληθῆ ἀπὸ ψεύδους ἡδονὴν καὶ τὸ ἐπίκηρόν τε καὶ ἐφύβριστον ἀπὸ τοῦ ἁγίου κάλλους, ἄγουσιν δουλωσάμεναι. ἑκάστη δὲ ἀπάτη, συνεχῶς ἐναπερειδομένη τῇ ψυχῇ, τὴν φαντασίαν ἐν αὐτῇ τυποῦται. καὶ δὴ τὴν εἰκόνα ἔλαθεν περιφέρουσα τοῦ πάθους ἡ ψυχή, τῆς αἰτίας ἀπό τε τοῦ δελέατος καὶ τῆς ἡμῶν συγκαταθέσεως γινομένης. Οἱ δ' ἀμφὶ τὸν Βασιλείδην προσαρτήματα τὰ πάθη καλεῖν εἰώθασι, πνεύματά [τέ] τινα ταῦτα κατ' οὐσίαν ὑπάρχειν προσηρτημένα τῇ λογικῇ ψυχῇ κατά τινα τάραχον καὶ σύγχυσιν ἀρχικὴν ἄλλας τε αὖ πνευμάτων νόθους καὶ ἑτερογενεῖς φύσεις προσεπιφύεσθαι ταύταις οἷον λύκου, πιθήκου, λέοντος, τράγου, ὧν τὰ ἰδιώματα περὶ τὴν ψυχὴν φανταζόμενα τὰς ἐπιθυμίας τῆς ψυχῆς τοῖς ζῴοις ἐμφερῶς ἐξομοιοῦν λέγουσιν· ὧν γὰρ ἰδιώματα φέρουσι, τούτων τὰ ἔργα μιμοῦνται, καὶ οὐ μόνον ταῖς ὁρμαῖς καὶ φαντασίαις τῶν ἀλόγων ζῴων προσοικειοῦνται, ἀλλὰ καὶ φυτῶν κινήματα καὶ κάλλη ζηλοῦσι διὰ τὸ καὶ φυτῶν ἰδιώματα προσηρτημένα φέρειν, ἔτι δὲ καὶ ἕξεως ἰδιώματα, οἷον ἀδάμαντος σκληρίαν. Ἀλλὰ πρὸς μὲν τὸ δόγμα τοῦτο διαλεξόμεθα ὕστερον, ὁπηνίκα περὶ ψυχῆς διαλαμβάνομεν· νῦν δὲ τοῦτο μόνον παρασημειωτέον, ὡς δουρείου τινὸς ἵππου κατὰ τὸν ποιητικὸν μῦθον εἰκόνα σῴζει ὁ κατὰ Βασιλείδην ἄνθρωπος, ἐν ἑνὶ σώματι τοσούτων πνευμάτων διαφόρων στρατὸν ἐγκεκολπισμένος. αὐτὸς γοῦν ὁ τοῦ Βασιλείδου υἱὸς Ἰσίδωρος ἐν τῷ Περὶ προσφυοῦς ψυχῆς συναισθόμενος τοῦ δόγματος οἷον ἑαυτοῦ κατηγορῶν γράφει κατὰ λέξιν· ἐὰν γάρ τινι πεῖσμα δῷς, ὅτι μὴ ἔστιν ἡ ψυχὴ μονομερής, τῇ δὲ τῶν προσαρτημάτων βίᾳ τὰ τῶν χειρόνων γίνεται πάθη, πρόφασιν οὐ τὴν τυχοῦσαν ἕξουσιν οἱ μοχθηροὶ τῶν ἀνθρώπων λέγειν· "ἐβιάσθην, ἀπηνέχθην, ἄκων ἔδρασα. μὴ βουλόμενος ἐνήργησα," τῆς τῶν κακῶν ἐπιθυμίας αὐτοὶ ἡγησάμενοι καὶ οὐ μαχεσάμενοι ταῖς τῶν προσαρτημάτων βίαις. δεῖ δέ, τῷ λογιστικῷ κρείττονας γενομένους, τῆς ἐλάττονος ἐν ἡμῖν κτίσεως φανῆναι κρατοῦντας. δύο γὰρ δὴ ψυχὰς ὑποτίθεται καὶ οὗτος ἐν ἡμῖν, καθάπερ οἱ Πυθαγόρειοι, περὶ ὧν ὕστερον ἐπισκεψόμεθα. ἀλλὰ καὶ Οὐαλεντῖνος πρός τινας ἐπιστέλλων αὐταῖς λέξεσι γράφει περὶ τῶν προσαρτημάτων· εἷς δέ ἐστιν ἀγαθός, οὗ παρρησία ἡ διὰ τοῦ υἱοῦ φανέρωσις, καὶ δι' αὐτοῦ μόνου δύναιτο ἂν ἡ καρδία καθαρὰ γενέσθαι, παντὸς πονηροῦ πνεύματος ἐξωθουμένου τῆς καρδίας. πολλὰ γὰρ ἐνοικοῦντα αὐτῇ πνεύματα οὐκ ἐᾷ καθαρεύειν, ἕκαστον δὲ αὐτῶν τὰ ἴδια ἐκτελεῖ ἔργα πολλαχῶς ἐνυβριζόντων ἐπιθυμίαις οὐ προσηκούσαις. καί μοι δοκεῖ ὅμοιόν τι πάσχειν τῷ πανδοχείῳ ἡ καρδία· καὶ γὰρ ἐκεῖνο κατατιτρᾶταί τε καὶ ὀρύττεται καὶ πολλάκις κόπρου πίμπλαται ἀνθρώπων ἀσελγῶς ἐμμενόντων καὶ μηδεμίαν πρόνοιαν ποιουμένων τοῦ χωρίου, καθάπερ ἀλλοτρίου καθεστῶτος. τὸν τρόπον τοῦτον καὶ ἡ καρδία, μέχρι μὴ προνοίας τυγχάνει, ἀκάθαρτος οὖσα, πολλῶν οὖσα δαιμόνων οἰκητήριον· ἐπειδὰν δὲ ἐπισκέψηται αὐτὴν ὁ μόνος ἀγαθὸς πατήρ, ἡγίασται καὶ φωτὶ διαλάμπει, καὶ οὕτω μακαρίζεται ὁ ἔχων τὴν τοιαύτην καρδίαν, ὅτι ὄψεται τὸν θεόν. Τίς οὖν ἡ αἰτία τοῦ μὴ προνοεῖσθαι ἐξ ἀρχῆς τὴν τοιαύτην ψυχήν, εἰπάτωσαν ἡμῖν. ἤτοι γὰρ οὐκ ἔστιν ἀξία (καὶ πῶς ὥσπερ ἐκ μετανοίας ἡ πρόνοια πρόσεισιν αὐτῇ;) ἢ φύσις σῳζομένη, ὡς αὐτὸς βούλεται, τυγχάνει καὶ ἀνάγκη ταύτην ἐξ ἀρχῆς διὰ συγγένειαν προνοουμένην μηδεμίαν παρείσδυσιν τοῖς ἀκαθάρτοις παρέχειν πνεύμασιν, ἐκτὸς εἰ μὴ βιασθείη καὶ ἀσθενὴς ἐλεγχθείη. ἐὰν γὰρ δῷ μετανοήσασαν αὐτὴν ἑλέσθαι τὰ κρείττω, τοῦτ' ἐκεῖνος ἄκων ἐρεῖ, ὅπερ ἡ παρ' ἡμῖν ἀλήθεια δογματίζει, ἐκ μεταβολῆς πειθηνίου, ἀλλ' οὐκ ἐκ φύσεως [γίγνεσθαι] τὴν σωτηρίαν. ὥσπερ γὰρ αἱ ἀναθυμιάσεις αἵ τε γῆθεν αἵ τε ἀπὸ τελμάτων εἰς ὁμίχλας συνίστανται καὶ νεφελώδεις συστροφάς, οὕτως αἱ τῶν σαρκικῶν ἐπιθυμιῶν ἀναδόσεις καχεξίαν προστρίβονται ψυχῇ, κατασκεδαννύουσαι τὰ εἴδωλα τῆς ἡδονῆς ἐπίπροσθε τῆς ψυχῆς. ἐπισκοτοῦσι γοῦν τῷ φωτὶ τῷ νοερῷ ἐπισπωμένης τῆς ψυχῆς τὰς ἐκ τῆς ἐπιθυμίας ἀναδόσεις καὶ παχυνούσης τὰς συστροφὰς τῶν παθῶν ἐνδελεχείᾳ ἡδονῶν. χρυσοῦ δὲ ἀπὸ γῆς οὐκ αἴρεται βῶλος, ἀλλ' ἀφε ψόμενος διυλίζεται, ἔπειτα καθαρὸς γενόμενος χρυσὸς ἀκούει, γῆ κεκαθαρμένη. αἰτεῖσθε γὰρ καὶ δοθήσεται ὑμῖν τοῖς ἐξ ἑαυτῶν ἑλέσθαι τὰ κάλλιστα δυναμένοις λέγεται. ὅπως δ' ἡμεῖς τοῦ διαβόλου τὰς ἐνεργείας καὶ τὰ πνεύματα τὰ ἀκάθαρτα εἰς τὴν τοῦ ἁμαρτωλοῦ ψυχὴν ἐπισπείρειν φαμέν, οὔ μοι δεῖ πλειόνων λόγων παραθεμένῳ μάρτυν τὸν ἀποστολικὸν Βαρνάβαν (ὃ δὲ τῶν ἑβδομήκοντα ἦν καὶ συνεργὸς τοῦ Παύλου) κατὰ λέξιν ὧδέ πως λέγοντα· πρὸ τοῦ ἡμᾶς πιστεῦσαι τῷ θεῷ ἦν ἡμῶν τὸ οἰκητήριον τῆς καρδίας φθαρτὸν καὶ ἀσθενές, ἀληθῶς οἰκοδομητὸς ναὸς διὰ χειρός· ὅτι ἦν πλήρης μὲν εἰδωλολατρείας καὶ ἦν οἶκος δαιμόνων, διὰ τὸ ποιεῖν ὅσα ἦν ἐναντία τῷ θεῷ. τὰς ἐνεργείας οὖν τὰς τοῖς δαιμονίοις καταλλήλους ἐπιτελεῖν φησι τοὺς ἁμαρτωλούς, οὐχὶ δὲ αὐτὰ τὰ πνεύματα ἐν τῇ τοῦ ἀπίστου κατοικεῖν ψυχῇ λέγει. διὰ τοῦτο καὶ ἐπιφέρει· προσέχετε, ἵνα ὁ ναὸς τοῦ κυρίου ἐνδόξως οἰκοδομηθῇ. πῶς; μάθετε· λαβόντες τὴν ἄφεσιν τῶν ἁμαρτιῶν καὶ ἐλπίσαντες ἐπὶ τὸ ὄνομα γενώμεθα καινοί, πάλιν ἐξ ἀρχῆς κτιζόμενοι. οὐ γὰρ οἱ δαίμονες ἡμῶν ἀπελαύνονται, ἀλλ' αἱ ἁμαρτίαι, φησίν, ἀφίενται, ἃς ὁμοίως ἐκείνοις ἐπετελοῦμεν πρὶν ἢ πιστεῦσαι. εἰκότως οὖν ἀντέθηκε τὰ ἐπιφερόμενα· διὸ ἐν τῷ κατοικητηρίῳ ἡμῶν ἀληθῶς ὁ θεὸς κατοικεῖ ἐν ἡμῖν. πῶς; ὁ λόγος αὐτοῦ τῆς πίστεως, ἡ κλῆσις αὐτοῦ τῆς ἐπαγγελίας, ἡ σοφία τῶν δικαιωμάτων, αἱ ἐντολαὶ τῆς διδαχῆς. οἶδα ἐγὼ αἱρέσει τινὶ ἐντυχών, καὶ ὁ ταύτης προϊστάμενος διὰ τῆς χρήσεως ἔφασκεν τῆς ἡδονῆς ἡδονῇ μάχεσθαι, αὐτομολῶν πρὸς ἡδονὴν διὰ προσποιητοῦ μάχης ὁ γενναῖος οὗτος γνωστικός (ἔφασκε γὰρ δὴ αὑτὸν καὶ γνωστικὸν εἶναι), ἐπεὶ οὐδὲ μέγα ἔλεγεν τὸ ἀπέχεσθαι ἡδονῆς μὴ πεπειραμένον, ἐν αὐτῇ δὲ γενόμενον μὴ κρατεῖσθαι, ὅθεν γυμνάζεσθαι δι' αὐτῆς ἐν αὐτῇ. ἐλάνθανεν δὲ ἑαυτὸν κατασοφιζόμενος ὁ ἄθλιος τῇ φιληδόνῳ τέχνῃ. ταύτῃ δηλονότι τῇ δόξῃ καὶ Ἀρίστιππος ὁ Κυρηναῖος προσέβαλλεν τοῦ τὴν ἀλήθειαν αὐχοῦντος σοφιστοῦ. ὀνειδιζόμενος γοῦν ἐπὶ τῷ συνεχῶς ὁμιλεῖν τῇ ἑταίρᾳ τῇ Κορινθίᾳ, ἔχω γὰρ ἔλεγεν Λαΐδα καὶ οὐκ ἔχομαι ὑπ' αὐτῆς. τοιοῦτοι δὲ καὶ οἱ φάσκοντες ἑαυτοὺς Νικολάῳ ἕπεσθαι, ἀπομνημόνευμά τι τἀνδρὸς φέροντες ἐκ παρατροπῆς τὸ δεῖν παραχρῆσθαι τῇ σαρκί. ἀλλ' ὁ μὲν γενναῖος κολούειν δεῖν ἐδήλου τάς τε ἡδονὰς τάς τε ἐπιθυμίας καὶ τῇ ἀσκήσει ταύτῃ καταμαραίνειν τὰς τῆς σαρκὸς ὁρμάς τε καὶ ἐπιθέσεις. οἳ δὲ εἰς ἡδονὴν τράγων δίκην ἐκχυθέντες, οἷον ἐφυβρίζοντες τῷ σώματι, καθηδυπαθοῦσιν, οὐκ εἰδότες ὅτι τὸ μὲν ῥακοῦται φύσει ῥευστὸν ὄν, ἡ ψυχὴ δὲ αὐτῶν ἐν βορβόρῳ κακίας κατορώρυκται, δόγμα ἡδονῆς αὐτῆς, οὐχὶ δὲ ἀνδρὸς ἀποστολικοῦ μεταδιωκόντων. τίνι γὰρ οὗτοι Σαρδαναπάλλου διαφέρουσιν; οὗ τὸν βίον δηλοῖ τὸ ἐπίγραμμα· ταῦτ' ἔχω ὅσσ' ἔφαγον καὶ ἐφύβρισα καὶ μετ' ἔρωτος τέρπν' ἔπαθον, τὰ δὲ πολλὰ καὶ ὄλβια κεῖνα λέλειπται. καὶ γὰρ ἐγὼ σποδός εἰμι, Νίνου μεγάλης βασιλεύσας. καθόλου γὰρ οὐκ ἀναγκαῖον τὸ τῆς ἡδονῆς πάθος, ἐπακολούθημα δὲ χρείαις τισὶ φυσικαῖς, πείνῃ, δίψει, ῥίγει, γάμῳ. εἰ γοῦν ταύτης δίχα πιεῖν οἷόν τε ἦν ἢ τροφὴν προσίεσθαι ἢ παιδοποιεῖν, ἐδείχθη ἂν οὐδεμία ἑτέρα χρεία ταύτης. οὔτε γὰρ ἐνέργεια οὔτε διάθεσις οὐδὲ μὴν μέρος τι ἡμέτερον ἡ ἡδονή, ἀλλ' ὑπουργίας ἕνεκα παρῆλθεν εἰς τὸν βίον, ὥσπερ τοὺς ἅλας φασὶ τῆς παραπέψεως τῆς τροφῆς χάριν. ἣ δὲ ἀφηνιάσασα καὶ τοῦ οἴκου κατακρατήσασα πρώτην ἐπιθυμίαν γεννᾷ, ἔφεσιν καὶ ὄρεξιν οὖσαν ἄλογον τοῦ κεχαρισμένου αὐτῇ, [ἣ] καὶ τὸν Ἐπίκουρον τέλος εἶναι τοῦ φιλοσόφου ἀνέπεισε θέσθαι τὴν ἡδονήν. θειάζει γοῦν σαρκὸς εὐσταθὲς κατάστημα καὶ τὸ περὶ ταύτης πιστὸν ἔλπισμα. τί γὰρ ἕτερον ἡ τρυφὴ ἢ φιλήδονος λιχνεία καὶ πλεονασμὸς περίεργος πρὸς ἡδυπάθειαν ἀνειμένων; ἐμφαντικῶς ὁ ∆ιογένης ἔν τινι τραγῳδίᾳ γράφει· οἱ τῆς ἀνάνδρου καὶ διεσκατωμένης τρυφῆς ὑφ' ἡδοναῖσι σαχθέντες κέαρ πονεῖν θέλοντες οὐδὲ βαιά, καὶ τὰ ἐπὶ τούτοις ὅσα αἰσχρῶς μὲν εἴρηται, ἐπαξίως δὲ τῶν φιληδόνων. ∆ιό μοι δοκεῖ ὁ θεῖος νόμος ἀναγκαίως τὸν φόβον ἐπαρτᾶν, ἵν' εὐλαβείᾳ καὶ προσοχῇ τὴν ἀμεριμνίαν ὁ φιλόσοφος κτήσηταί τε καὶ τηρήσῃ, ἀδιάπτωτός τε καὶ ἀναμάρτητος ἐν πᾶσι διαμένων. οὐ γὰρ ἄλλως. εἰρήνη καὶ ἐλευθερία περιγίνεται ἢ διὰ τῆς ἀπαύστου καὶ ἀναπαυδήτου πρὸς τὰς τῶν παθῶν ἡμῶν ἀντιμαχήσεις *. οὗτοι γὰρ οἱ ἀνταγωνισταὶ παχεῖς καὶ Ὀλυμπικοὶ σφηκῶν ὡς εἰπεῖν εἰσι δριμύτεροι, καὶ μάλιστα ἡ ἡδονή, οὐ μόνον μεθ' ἡμέραν, ἀλλὰ καὶ νύκτωρ ἐν αὐτοῖς τοῖς ἐνυπνίοις μετὰ γοητείας δελεαστικῶς ἐπιβουλεύουσα καὶ δάκνουσα. πῶς οὖν ἔτι δίκαιοι κατατρέχειν τοῦ νόμου Ἕλληνες, φόβῳ καὶ αὐτοὶ τὴν ἡδονὴν δουλοῦσθαι διδάσκοντες; ὁ γοῦν Σωκράτης φυλάσσεσθαι κελεύει τὰ ἀναπείθοντα μὴ πεινῶντας ἐσθίειν καὶ μὴ διψῶντας πίνειν καὶ τὰ βλέμματα καὶ τὰ φιλήματα τῶν καλῶν ὡς χαλεπώτερον σκορπίων καὶ φαλαγγίων ἰὸν ἐνιέναι πεφυκότα. καὶ Ἀντισθένης δὲ μανῆναι μᾶλλον ἢ ἡσθῆναι αἱρεῖται, ὅ τε Θηβαῖος Κράτης τῶν δὲ (φησὶ) κράτει ψυχῆς ἤθει ἀγαλλομένη· οὔθ' ὑπὸ χρυσείων δουλουμένη οὔθ' ὑπ' ἐρώτων τηξιπόθων, οὐδ' εἴ τι συνέμπορόν ἐστι φίλυβρι. καὶ τὸ ὅλον ἐπιλέγει· ἡδονῇ ἀνδραποδώδει ἀδούλωτοι καὶ ἄκναπτοι ἀθάνατον βασιλείαν ἐλευθερίαν τ' ἀγαπῶσιν. οὗτος ἐν ἄλλοις εὐθυρρημόνως γράφει τῆς εἰς τὰ ἀφροδίσια ἀκατασχέτου ὁρμῆς κατάπλασμα εἶναι λιμόν, εἰ δὲ μή, βρόχον. Ζήνωνι δὲ τῷ Στωϊκῷ τὴν διδασκαλίαν μαρτυροῦσι καίτοι διασύροντες οἱ κωμικοὶ ὧδέ πως· φιλοσοφίαν καινὴν γὰρ οὗτος φιλοσοφεῖ· πεινῆν διδάσκει καὶ μαθητὰς λαμβάνει· εἷς ἄρτος, ὄψον ἰσχάς, ἐπιπιεῖν ὕδωρ. Πάντες δὴ οὗτοι οὐκ αἰσχύνονται σαφῶς ὁμολογεῖν τὴν ἐκ τῆς εὐλαβείας ὠφέλειαν· ἡ δὲ ἀληθὴς καὶ οὐκ ἄλογος σοφία οὐ λόγοις ψιλοῖς καὶ θεσπίσμασι πεποιθυῖα, ἀλλὰ σκεπαστηρίοις ἀτρώτοις καὶ ἀμυντηρίοις δραστικοῖς, ταῖς θείαις ἐντολαῖς, ** συγγυμνασίᾳ τε καὶ συνασκήσει μελετῶσα, δύναμιν θείαν κατὰ τὸ ἐμπνεόμενον μέρος αὐτῆς ὑπὸ τοῦ λόγου λαμβάνει. ἤδη γοῦν καὶ τοῦ ποιητικοῦ ∆ιὸς τὴν αἰγίδα γράφουσι δεινήν, ἣν πέρι μὲν πάντῃ φόβος ἐστεφάνωται, ἐν δ' Ἔρις, ἐν δ' Ἀλκή, ἐν δὲ κρυόεσσα Ἰωκή· ἐν δέ τε Γοργείη κεφαλὴ δεινοῖο πελώρου, δεινή τε σμερδνή τε, ∆ιὸς τέρας αἰγιόχοιο. τοῖς δὲ τὸ σωτήριον διορᾶν ὀρθῶς δυναμένοις οὐκ οἶδα εἴ τι φίλτερον φανήσεται τῆς τε σεμνότητος τοῦ νόμου καὶ τῆς θυγατρὸς αὐτοῦ εὐλαβείας. ἀλλὰ γὰρ ὅταν ὑπέρτονον ᾄδειν λέγηται, ὥσπερ καὶ ὁ κύριος ἐπί τινας, ἵνα μή τινες τῶν ζηλούντων αὐτὸν ἔκτονον καὶ ἀπόχορδον ᾄσωσιν, οὕτως ἀκούω, οὐχ ὡς ὑπέρτονον, ἀλλὰ τοῖς μὴ βουλομένοις ἀναλαβεῖν τὸν θεῖον ζυγόν, τούτοις ὑπέρτονον· τοῖς γὰρ ἀτόνοις καὶ ἀσθενικοῖς τὸ μέτριον ὑπέρτονον δοκεῖ, καὶ τοῖς ἀδίκοις ἀκροδίκαιον τὸ ἐπιβάλλον. ὅσους γὰρ διὰ τὸ φιλικῶς πρὸς ἁμαρτίας ἔχειν ἡ συγγνώμη παρεισέρχεται, οὗτοι τὴν ἀλήθειαν ἀπήνειαν ὑπολαμβάνουσιν καὶ τὴν αὐστηρίαν ἀποτομίαν, καὶ ἀνηλεῆ τὸν μὴ συναμαρτάνοντα μηδὲ συγκατασπώμενον. εὖ γοῦν ἡ τραχῳδία ἐπὶ τοῦ Ἅιδου γράφει· πρὸς δ' οἷον ἥξεις δαίμονα ὡς ἔρωτα, † ὃς οὔτε τοὐπιεικὲς οὔτε τὴν χάριν ᾔδει, μόνον δ' ἔστεργε τὴν ἁπλῶς δίκην. καὶ γὰρ εἰ μηδέπω ποιεῖν τὰ ἡμῖν προσταττόμενα ὑπὸ τοῦ νόμου οἷοί τέ ἐσμεν, ἀλλά τοι συνορῶντες, ὡς ὑποδείγματα ἡμῖν ἔκκειται κάλλιστα ἐν αὐτῷ, τρέφειν καὶ αὔξειν τὸν ἔρωτα τῆς ἐλευθερίας δυνάμεθα· καὶ τῇδε ὠφελοίμεθ' ἄν, κατὰ δύναμιν προθυμότερον τὰ μὲν προκαλούμενοι, τὰ δὲ μιμούμενοι, τὰ δὲ καὶ δυσωπούμενοι. οὐδὲ γὰρ οἱ παλαιοὶ δίκαιοι κατὰ νόμον βιώσαντες ἀπὸ δρυὸς ἦσαν παλαιφάτου οὐδ' ἀπὸ πέτρης. τῷ γοῦν βουληθῆναι γνησίως φιλοσοφεῖν ὅλους αὑτοὺς φέροντες ἀνέθεσαν τῷ θεῷ καὶ εἰς πίστιν ἐλογίσθησαν. Καλῶς ὁ Ζήνων ἐπὶ τῶν Ἰνδῶν ἔλεγεν ἕνα Ἰνδὸν παροπτώμενον ἐθέλειν [ἂν] ἰδεῖν ἢ πάσας τὰς περὶ πόνου ἀποδείξεις μαθεῖν. ἡμῖν δὲ ἄφθονοι μαρτύρων πηγαὶ ἑκάστης ἡμέρας ἐν ὀφθαλμοῖς ἡμῶν θεωρούμεναι παροπτωμένων ἀνασκινδυλευομένων τὰς κεφαλὰς ἀποτεμνομένων. τούτους πάντας ὁ παρὰ τοῦ νόμου φόβος εἰς Χριστὸν παιδαγωγήσας συνήσκησε τὸ εὐλαβὲς καὶ δι' αἱμάτων ἐνδείκνυσθαι. ὁ θεὸς ἔστη ἐν συναγωγῇ θεῶν, ἐν μέσῳ δὲ θεοὺς διακρινεῖ. τίνας τούτους; τοὺς ἡδονῆς κρείττονας, τοὺς τῶν παθῶν διαφέροντας, τοὺς ἕκαστον ὧν πράσσουσιν ἐπισταμένους, τοὺς γνωστικούς, τοὺς τοῦ κόσμου μείζονας. καὶ πάλιν ἐγὼ εἶπα, θεοί ἐστε καὶ υἱοὶ ὑψίστου πάντες τίσι λέγει ὁ κύριος; τοῖς παραιτουμένοις ὡς οἷόν τε πᾶν τὸ ἀνθρώπινον. καὶ ὁ ἀπόστολος λέγει· ὑμεῖς γὰρ οὐκέτι ἐστὲ ἐν σαρκί, ἀλλ' ἐν πνεύματι. καὶ πάλιν λέγει· ἐν σαρκὶ ὄντες οὐ κατὰ σάρκα στρατευόμεθα· σὰρξ γὰρ καὶ αἷμα βασιλείαν θεοῦ κληρονομῆσαι οὐ δύνανται, οὐδὲ ἡ φθορὰ τὴν ἀφθαρσίαν κληρονομεῖ· ἰδοὺ δὲ ὡς ἄνθρωποι ἀποθνῄσκετε διελέγχον ἡμᾶς τὸ πνεῦμα εἴρηκεν. χρὴ τοίνυν συνασκεῖν αὑτοὺς εἰς εὐλάβειαν τῶν ὑποπιπτόντων τοῖς πάθεσι, φυγαδεύοντας κατὰ τοὺς ὄντως φιλοσόφους τὰ πασχητιῶντα τῶν βρωμάτων καὶ τὴν παρὰ τὴν κοίτην ἔκλυτον ἄνεσιν καὶ τὴν τρυφὴν καὶ τὰ εἰς τρυφὴν πάθη, ** ἄλλοις εἶναι ἆθλον βαρύ, ἡμῖν δὲ οὐκέτι· δῶρον γὰρ τοῦ θεοῦ σωφροσύνη τὸ μέγιστον. αὐτὸς γὰρ εἴρηκεν, οὐ μή σε ἀνῶ οὐδ' οὐ μή σε ἐγκαταλείπω, ἄξιον κρίνας διὰ τὴν γνησίαν αἵρεσιν. οὕτω τοίνυν ἡμᾶς εὐλαβῶς προσιέναι πειρωμένους ἐκδέξεται ὁ χρηστὸς τοῦ κυρίου ζυγός, ἐκ πίστεως εἰς πίστιν ἑνὸς ἡνιόχου κατὰ προκοπὴν ἐλαύνοντος ἕκαστον ἡμῶν εἰς σωτηρίαν, ὅπως ὁ προσήκων τῆς εὐδαιμονίας περιγένηται καρπός. γίνεται δὲ ἡ ἄσκησις κατὰ τὸν Κῷον Ἱπποκράτην οὐ μόνον τοῦ σώματος, ἀλλὰ καὶ τῆς ψυχῆς ὑγιείης ἀοκνίη πόνων, ἀκορίη τροφῆς.