Origen of Alexandria, Against Celsus

Now the Scripture speaks, respecting the place of the Saviour’s birth—that the Ruler was to come forth from Bethlehem—in the following manner: “And thou Bethlehem, house of Ephrata, art not the least among the thousands of Judah: for out of thee shall He come forth unto Me who is to be Ruler in Israel; and His goings forth have been of old, from everlasting.”94 Cf. Mic. v. 2. and Matt. ii. 6. Now this prophecy could not suit any one of those who, as Celsus’ Jew says, were fanatics and mob-leaders, and who gave out that they had come from heaven, unless it were clearly shown that He had been born in Bethlehem, or, as another might say, had come forth from Bethlehem to be the leader of the people. With respect to the birth of Jesus in Bethlehem, if any one desires, after the prophecy of Micah and after the history recorded in the Gospels by the disciples of Jesus, to have additional evidence from other sources, let him know that, in conformity with the narrative in the Gospel regarding His birth, there is shown at Bethlehem the cave95 [See Dr. Spencer’s The East: Sketches of Travel in Egypt and the Holy Land, pp. 362–365, London, Murray, 1850, an interesting work by my esteemed collaborator.] where He was born, and the manger in the cave where He was wrapped in swaddling-clothes. And this sight is greatly talked of in surrounding places, even among the enemies of the faith, it being said that in this cave was born that Jesus who is worshipped and reverenced by the Christians.96 [Concerning this, besides Dr. Robinson (ii. 159), consult Dean Stanley, Sinai and Palestine, p. 433. But compare Van Lennep, Bible Lands, p. 804; Roberts’ Holy Land, capp. 85, 87, vol. ii., London.] Moreover, I am of opinion that, before the advent of Christ, the chief priests and scribes of the people, on account of the distinctness and clearness of this prophecy, taught that in Bethlehem the Christ was to be born. And this opinion had prevailed also extensively among the Jews; for which reason it is related that Herod, on inquiring at the chief priests and scribes of the people, heard from them that the Christ was to be born in Bethlehem of Judea, “whence David was.” It is stated also in the Gospel according to John, that the Jews declared that the Christ was to be born in Bethlehem, “whence David was.”97 Cf. John vii. 42. But after our Lord’s coming, those who busied themselves with overthrowing the belief that the place of His birth had been the subject of prophecy from the beginning, withheld such teaching from the people; acting in a similar manner to those individuals who won over those soldiers of the guard stationed around the tomb who had seen Him arise from the dead, and who instructed these eye-witnesses to report as follows: “Say that His disciples, while we slept, came and stole Him away. And if this come to the governor’s ears, we shall persuade him, and secure you.”98 Cf. Matt. xxviii. 13, 14.

Εἴρηται δὴ περὶ μὲν τοῦ τόπου τῆς γενέσεως αὐτοῦ, ὅτι ἀπὸ "Βηθλεὲμ" "ἐξελεύσεται ὁ ἡγούμενος", τοῦτον τὸν τρόπον· "Καὶ σὺ Βηθλεὲμ οἶκος τοῦ Ἐφραθά, ὀλιγοστὸς εἶ τοῦ εἶναι ἐν χιλιάσιν Ἰούδα· ἐξ οὗ μοι ἐξελεύσεται τοῦ εἶναι εἰς ἄρχοντα ἐν τῷ Ἰσραήλ, καὶ αἱ ἔξοδοι αὐτοῦ ἀπ' ἀρχῆς ἐξ ἡμερῶν αἰῶνος." Αὕτη δ' ἡ προφητεία οὐδενὶ ἁρμόσαι ἂν τῶν, ὥς φησιν ὁ παρὰ τῷ Κέλσῳ Ἰουδαῖος, ἐνθουσιώντων καὶ ἀγειρόντων καὶ λεγόντων ἄνωθεν ἥκειν, ἐὰν μὴ σαφῶς δεικνύηται ἐν Βηθλεὲμ γεγεννημένος ἤ, ὡς ἂν εἴποι τις ἄλλος, ἀπὸ Βηθλεὲμ ἐπὶ τὸ ἡγεῖσθαι τοῦ λαοῦ ἐρχόμενος. Περὶ δὲ τοῦ γεγεννῆσθαι τὸν Ἰησοῦν ἐν Βηθλεὲμ εἰ βούλεταί τις μετὰ τὴν τοῦ Μιχαία προφητείαν καὶ μετὰ τὴν ἀναγεγραμμένην ἐν τοῖς εὐαγγελίοις ὑπὸ τῶν Ἰησοῦ μαθητῶν ἱστορίαν καὶ ἄλλοθεν πεισθῆναι, κατανοησάτω ὅτι ἀκολούθως τῇ ἐν τῷ εὐαγγελίῳ περὶ τῆς γενέσεως αὐτοῦ ἱστορίᾳ δείκνυται τὸ ἐν Βηθλεὲμ σπήλαιον, ἔνθα ἐγεννήθη, καὶ ἡ ἐν τῷ σπηλαίῳ φάτνη, ἔνθα ἐσπαργανώθη. Καὶ τὸ δεικνύμενον τοῦτο διαβόητόν ἐστιν ἐν τοῖς τόποις καὶ παρὰ τοῖς τῆς πίστεως ἀλλοτρίοις, ὡς ἄρα ἐν τῷ σπηλαίῳ τούτῳ ὁ ὑπὸ Χριστιανῶν προσκυνούμενος καὶ θαυμαζόμενος γεγέννηται Ἰησοῦς. Ἐγὼ δ' οἶμαι ὅτι πρὸ μὲν τῆς Χριστοῦ ἐπιδημίας οἱ ἀρχιερεῖς καὶ γραμματεῖς τοῦ λαοῦ διὰ τὸ σαφὲς καὶ ἐναργὲς τῆς προφητείας ἐδίδασκον ὅτι ὁ Χριστὸς ἐν Βηθλεὲμ γεννηθήσεται. Καὶ ἔφθανεν ὁ λόγος οὗτος καὶ ἐπὶ τοὺς πολλοὺς τῶν Ἰουδαίων· ὅθεν καὶ ὁ Ἡρώδης ἀναγέγραπται πυνθανόμενος τῶν ἀρχιερέων καὶ γραμματέων τοῦ λαοῦ ἀκηκοέναι παρ' αὐτῶν ὅτι ὁ Χριστὸς "ἐν Βηθλεὲμ τῆς Ἰουδαίας" γεννηθήσεται, ὅθεν ἦν ὁ ∆αυίδ. Ἔτι δὲ καὶ ἐν τῷ κατὰ Ἰωάννην λέλεκται Ἰουδαίους εἰρηκέναι ὅτι ὁ Χριστὸς "ἐν Βηθλεὲμ" γεννηθήσεται, ὅθεν ὁ ∆αυὶδ ἦν. Μετὰ δὲ τὴν Χριστοῦ ἐπιδημίαν οἱ πραγματευόμενοι καθελεῖν τὴν περὶ αὐτοῦ ὑπόληψιν ὡς προφητευθέντος ἄνωθεν περὶ τῆς γενέσεως, τὴν τοιαύτην διδασκαλίαν περιεῖλον ἀπὸ τοῦ λαοῦ· ἀδελφόν τι ποιοῦντες τοῖς πείσασι τοὺς ἑωρακότας αὐτὸν ἀναστάντα ἀπὸ τῶν νεκρῶν στρα τιώτας τῶν φρουρούντων τὸ μνημεῖον καὶ τοῦτ' ἀπαγγέλλον τας [τῷ] εἰρηκέναι τοῖς ἰδοῦσιν· "Εἴπατε ὅτι οἱ μαθηταὶ αὐτοῦ ἡμῶν κοιμωμένων νυκτὸς ἔκλεψαν αὐτόν. Καὶ ἐὰν ἀκουσθῇ τοῦτο ἐπὶ τοῦ ἡγεμόνος, ἡμεῖς πείσομεν καὶ ὑμᾶς ἀμερίμνους ποιήσομεν."