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Basil of Caesarea, Letters
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To the Cæsareans . A defence of his withdrawal, and concerning the faith .
Without address. To some friends .
To Arcadius, Imperial Treasurer .
Against Eunomius the heretic .
Without address. On the Perfection of the Life of Solitaries .
To Athanasius, father of Athanasius bishop of Ancyra .
To Athanasius, bishop of Ancyra .
To Cæsarius, brother of Gregory .
To Eusebius, bishop of Samosata .
To the Church of Neocæsarea. Consolatory .
To the Church of Ancyra. Consolatory .
To Eusebius, bishop of Samosata .
To Eusebius, bishop of Samosata .
To his Brother Gregory, concerning the difference between οὐσία and ὑπόστασις.
To Eusebius, Bishop of Samosata .
To Paregorius, the presbyter .
To Meletius, Bishop of Antioch .
To Athanasius, Bishop of Alexandria .
To the Governor of Neocæsarea .
To Athanasius, bishop of Alexandria .
To Athanasius, bishop of Alexandria .
To Meletius, bishop of Antioch .
To Athanasius, bishop of Alexandria .
Without inscription: about Therasius .
Without inscription, on behalf of Elpidius .
To Eustathius bishop of Sebastia .
To Athanasius, bishop of Alexandria .
To Athanasius, bishop of Alexandria .
That the oath ought not to be taken .
Without address on the same subject .
Without address on the subject of the exaction of taxes .
To Meletius, bishop of Antioch .
To the holy brethren the bishops of the West .
To Valerianus, Bishop of Illyricum .
To the Patrician Cæsaria , concerning Communion .
To Elias, Governor of the Province .
To Eusebius, bishop of Samosata .
To Eusebius, bishop of Samosata .
To Eusebius, Bishop of Samosata .
To the deaconesses, the daughters of Count Terentius .
To the guardian of the heirs of Julitta .
To Jovinus, Bishop of Perrha .
To Eustathius, Bishop of Sebasteia .
To Meletius, bishop of Antioch .
To Theodotus, bishop of Nicopolis .
To Pœmenius , bishop of Satala .
To Eusebius, bishop of Samosata .
To Eusebius, bishop of Samosata .
To Meletius Bishop of Antioch .
To Theodotus bishop of Nicopolis .
To Abramius, bishop of Batnæ .
To Diodorus, presbyter of Antioch .
To Eusebius, bishop of Samosata .
To Antipater, on his assuming the governorship of Cappadocia .
To Eusebius, bishop of Samosata .
To Eusebius, bishop of Samosata .
To Eusebius, bishop of Samosata .
To Amphilochius in the name of Heraclidas .
To Ascholius, bishop of Thessalonica .
Without address . In the case of a trainer
To Eupaterius and his daughter .
To Amphilochius on his consecration as Bishop .
To Eusebius, bishop of Samosata .
To Ascholius, bishop of Thessalonica .
To Eusebius, bishop of Samosata .
To Eusebius, bishop of Samosata .
To Amphilochius, Bishop of Iconium .
To the Master Sophronius, on behalf of Eunathius .
To Otreius, bishop of Melitene .
To the presbyters of Samosata .
To Eustathius, bishop of Himmeria .
To Theodotus, bishop of Beræa .
To Amphilochius, bishop of Iconium .
To Amphilochius, bishop of Iconium .
To Euphronius, bishop of Colonia Armeniæ .
To Eusebius, bishop of Samosata .
To Amphilochius, bishop of Iconium .
To Amphilochius, bishop of Iconium .
To Amphilochius, bishop of Iconium .
To the bishops of the sea coast .
To Elpidius the bishop. Consolatory .
To the notables of Neocæsarea .
To Meletius, bishop of Antioch.
To Amphilochius, bishop of Iconium.
Against Eustathius of Sebasteia .
Consolatory, to the clergy of Colonia .
To the magistrates of Colonia.
To the magistrates of Nicopolis.
To Amphilochius, bishop of Iconium.
To Amphilochius, bishop of Iconium.
To Amphilochius, in reply to certain questions.
To the same, in answer to another question.
To the same, in answer to another question.
To Eusebius, bishop of Samosata.
To the presbyters of Nicopolis .
To Eusebius, bishop of Samosata.
To the Presbyters of Nicopolis.
To Eusebius, bishop of Samosata .
To the bishops of Italy and Gaul concerning the condition and confusion of the Churches.
To Patrophilus, bishop of Ægæ .
To Amphilochius, bishop of Iconium.
Without address. Commendatory.
To Patrophilus, bishop of Ægæ.
To the monks harassed by the Arians.
To the monks Palladius and Innocent.
To Eulogius, Alexander, and Harpocration, bishops of Egypt, in exile.
To Barses, bishop of Edessa, in exile.
To the wife of Arinthæus, the General. Consolatory.
Without address. Concerning Hera.
Without address. Concerning Hera.
To the assessor in the case of monks.
Without address. Excommunicatory.
Without address. Concerning an afflicted woman.
To Timotheus the Chorepiscopus .
Letters CCCXVI., CCCXVII., CCCXVIII., CCCXIX.
Letters CCCXVI., CCCXVII., CCCXVIII., CCCXIX.
Letters CCCXVI., CCCXVII., CCCXVIII., CCCXIX.
Letters CCCXVI., CCCXVII., CCCXVIII., CCCXIX.
Letters CCCXXX., CCCXXXI., CCCXXXII., CCCXXXIII.
Letters CCCXXX., CCCXXXI., CCCXXXII., CCCXXXIII.
Letters CCCXXX., CCCXXXI., CCCXXXII., CCCXXXIII.
Letters CCCXXX., CCCXXXI., CCCXXXII., CCCXXXIII.
Of the Holy Trinity, the Incarnation, the invocation of Saints, and their Images.
Letter LV.467 Placed at the beginning of the Episcopate.
To Paregorius, the presbyter.
I have given patient attention to your letter, and I am astonished that when you are perfectly well able to furnish me with a short and easy defence by taking action at once, you should choose to persist in what is my ground of complaint, and endeavour to cure the incurable by writing a long story about it. I am not the first, Paregorius, nor the only man, to lay down the law that women are not to live with men. Read the canon put forth by our holy Fathers at the Council of Nicæa, which distinctly forbids subintroducts. Unmarried life is honourably distinguished by its being cut off from all female society. If, then, any one, who is known by the outward profession, in reality follows the example of those who live with wives, it is obvious that he only affects the distinction of virginity in name, and does not hold aloof from unbecoming indulgence. You ought to have been all the more ready to submit yourself without difficulty to my demands, in that you allege that you are free from all bodily appetite. I do not suppose that a man of three score years and ten lives with a woman from any such feelings, and I have not decided, as I have decided, on the ground of any crime having been committed. But we have learnt from the Apostle, not to put a stumbling block or an occasion to fall in a brother’s way;”468 Rom. xiv. 13. and I know that what is done very properly by some, naturally becomes to others an occasion for sin. I have therefore given my order, in obedience to the injunction of the holy Fathers, that you are to separate from the woman. Why then, do you find fault with the Chorepiscopus? What is the good of mentioning ancient ill-will? Why do you blame me for lending an easy ear to slander? Why do you not rather lay the blame on yourself, for not consenting to break off your connexion with the woman? Expel her from your house, and establish her in a monastery. Let her live with virgins, and do you be served by men, that the name of God be not blasphemed in you. Till you have so done, the innumerable arguments, which you use in your letters, will not do you the slightest service. You will die useless, and you will have to give an account to God for your uselessness. If you persist in clinging to your clerical position without correcting your ways, you will be accursed before all the people, and all, who receive you, will be excommunicate throughout the Church.469 On the subject of the subintroductæ or συνείσακτοι, one of the greatest difficulties and scandals of the early church, vide the article of Can. Venables in D.C.A. ii. 1937. The earliest prohibitive canon against the custom is that of the Council of Elvira, a.d. 305. (Labbe i. 973.) The Canon of Nicæa, to which Basil refers, only allowed the introduction of a mother, sister, or aunt. The still more extraordinary and perilous custom of ladies of professed celibacy entertaining male συνεισακτοι, referred to by Gregory of Nazianzus in his advice to virgins, ἄρσενα πάντ᾽ ἀλέεινε συνείσακτον δὲ μάλιστα, may be traced even so far back as “the Shepherd of Hermas” (iii. Simil. ix. 11). On the charges against Paul of Samosata under this head, vide Eusebius, vii. 30.
ΓΡΗΓΟΡΙῼ ΠΡΕΣΒΥΤΕΡῼ
[1] Ἐνέτυχόν σου τοῖς γράμμασι μετὰ πάσης μακροθυμίας, καὶ ἐθαύμασα πῶς, δυνάμενος ἡμῖν συντόμως καὶ εὐκόλως ἀπολογήσασθαι διὰ τῶν πραγμάτων, τοῖς μὲν κατηγορουμένοις ἐπιμένειν καταδέχῃ, λόγοις δὲ μακροῖς θεραπεύειν ἐπιχειρεῖς τὰ ἀνίατα. Οὔτε πρῶτοι οὔτε μόνοι, ὦ Γρηγόριε, ἐνομοθετήσαμεν γυναῖκας ἀνδράσι μὴ συνοικεῖν. Ἀλλ' ἀνάγνωθι τὸν κανόνα τὸν ἐξενεχθέντα παρὰ τῶν ἁγίων Πατέρων ἡμῶν ἐν τῇ συνόδῳ Νικαίας, ὃς φανερῶς ἀπηγόρευσε συνεισακτοὺς μὴ εἶναι. Ἀγαμία δὲ ἐν τούτῳ ἔχει τὸ σεμνόν, ἐν τῷ κεχωρίσθαι τῆς μετὰ γυναικῶν διαγωγῆς. Ὡς, ἐὰν ἐπαγγελλόμενός τις τῷ ὀνόματι ἔργῳ τὰ τῶν ταῖς γυναιξὶ συνοικούντων ποιῇ, δῆλός ἐστι τὸ μὲν τῆς παρθενίας σεμνὸν ἐν τῇ προσηγορίᾳ διώκων, τοῦ δὲ καθ' ἡδονὴν ἀπρεποῦς μὴ ἀφιστάμενος. Τοσούτῳ οὖν μᾶλλον ἐχρῆν σε εὐκόλως εἶξαι ἡμῶν τῇ ἀξιώσει ὅσῳπερ λέγεις ἐλεύθερος εἶναι παντὸς σωματικοῦ πάθους. Οὔτε γὰρ τὸν ἑβδομηκονταετῆ γεγονότα πείθομαι ἐμπαθῶς συνοικεῖν γυναικί, οὔτε ὡς ἐπιγενομένῃ τινὶ ἀτόπῳ πράξει ὡρίσαμεν ἃ καὶ ὡρίσαμεν, ἀλλ' ἐπειδὴ ἐδιδάχθημεν παρὰ τοῦ Ἀποστόλου μὴ τιθέναι πρόσκομμα τῷ ἀδελφῷ ἢ σκάνδαλον. Οἴδαμεν δὲ ὅτι τὸ παρά τινων ὑγιῶς γινόμενον ἄλλοις ἀφορμὴ πρὸς ἁμαρτίαν ὑπάρξει. Τούτου ἕνεκεν προσετάξαμεν, ἑπόμενοι τῇ διαταγῇ τῶν ἁγίων Πατέρων, χωρισθῆναί σε τοῦ γυναίου. Τί οὖν ἐγκαλεῖς τῷ χωρεπισκόπῳ καὶ παλαιᾶς ἔχθρας μέμνησαι; Τί δὲ ἡμᾶς καταμέμφῃ ὡς εὐκόλους ἀκοὰς ἔχοντας εἰς τὸ τὰς διαβολὰς προσίεσθαι, ἀλλ' οὐχὶ σεαυτῷ μὴ ἀνεχομένῳ ἀποστῆναι τῆς πρὸς τὴν γυναῖκα συνηθείας; Ἔκβαλε τοίνυν αὐτὴν ἀπὸ τοῦ οἴκου σου καὶ κατάστησον αὐτὴν ἐν μοναστηρίῳ. Ἔστω ἐκείνη μετὰ παρθένων καὶ σὺ ὑπηρετοῦ ὑπὸ ἀνδρῶν, ἵνα μὴ τὸ ὄνομα τοῦ Θεοῦ δι' ἡμᾶς βλασφημῆται. Ἕως ἂν ταῦτα ποιῇς, αἱ μυριάδες ἅσπερ συγγράφεις διὰ τῶν ἐπιστολῶν οὐδὲν ὠφελήσουσί σε, ἀλλὰ τελευτήσεις ἀργῶν καὶ δώσεις τῷ Κυρίῳ λόγον τῆς σεαυτοῦ ἀργίας. Ἐὰν δὲ τολμήσῃς, μὴ διορθωσάμενος σεαυτόν, ἀντέχεσθαι τῆς ἱερωσύνης, ἀνάθεμα ἔσει παντὶ τῷ λαῷ καὶ οἱ δεχόμενοί σε ἐκκήρυκτοι κατὰ πᾶσαν Ἐκκλησίαν γενήσονται.