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Clement of Alexandria, The Stromata, or Miscellanies
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Book I Chapter I.—Preface—The Author’s Object—The Utility of Written Compositions.
Chapter III.—Against the Sophists.
Chapter IV.—Human Arts as Well as Divine Knowledge Proceed from God.
Chapter V.—Philosophy the Handmaid of Theology.
Chapter VI.—The Benefit of Culture.
Chapter VII.—The Eclectic Philosophy Paves the Way for Divine Virtue.
Chapter VIII.—The Sophistical Arts Useless.
Chapter IX.—Human Knowledge Necessary for the Understanding of the Scriptures.
Chapter X.—To Act Well of Greater Consequence Than to Speak Well.
Chapter XI.—What is the Philosophy Which the Apostle Bids Us Shun?
Chapter XII.—The Mysteries of the Faith Not to Be Divulged to All.
Chapter XIII.—All Sects of Philosophy Contain a Germ of Truth.
Chapter XIV.—Succession of Philosophers in Greece.
Chapter XV.—The Greek Philosophy in Great Part Derived from the Barbarians.
Chapter XVI.—That the Inventors of Other Arts Were Mostly Barbarians.
Chapter XVII.—On the Saying of the Saviour, “All that Came Before Me Were Thieves and Robbers.”
Chapter XVIII.—He Illustrates the Apostle’s Saying, “I Will Destroy the Wisdom of the Wise.”
Chapter XIX.—That the Philosophers Have Attained to Some Portion of Truth.
Chapter XX.—In What Respect Philosophy Contributes to the Comprehension of Divine Truth.
Chapter XXII.—On the Greek Translation of the Old Testament.
Chapter XXIII.—The Age, Birth, and Life of Moses.
Chapter XXIV.—How Moses Discharged the Part of a Military Leader.
Chapter XXV.—Plato an Imitator of Moses in Framing Laws.
Chapter XXVII.—The Law, Even in Correcting and Punishing, Aims at the Good of Men.
Chapter XXVIII.—The Fourfold Division of the Mosaic Law.
Chapter XXIX.—The Greeks But Children Compared with the Hebrews.
Book II. Chapter I.—Introductory.
Chapter II.—The Knowledge of God Can Be Attained Only Through Faith.
Chapter III.—Faith Not a Product of Nature.
Chapter IV.—Faith the Foundation of All Knowledge.
Chapter V.—He Proves by Several Examples that the Greeks Drew from the Sacred Writers.
Chapter VI.—The Excellence and Utility of Faith.
Chapter VII.—The Utility of Fear. Objections Answered.
Chapter VIII.—The Vagaries of Basilides and Valentinus as to Fear Being the Cause of Things.
Chapter IX.—The Connection of the Christian Virtues.
Chapter X.—To What the Philosopher Applies Himself.
Chapter XI.—The Knowledge Which Comes Through Faith the Surest of All.
Chapter XIII.—On First and Second Repentance.
Chapter XIV.—How a Thing May Be Involuntary.
Chapter XV.—On the Different Kinds of Voluntary Actions, and the Sins Thence Proceeding.
Chapter XVI.—How We are to Explain the Passages of Scripture Which Ascribe to God Human Affections.
Chapter XVII.—On the Various Kinds of Knowledge.
Chapter XIX.—The True Gnostic is an Imitator of God, Especially in Beneficence.
Chapter XX.—The True Gnostic Exercises Patience and Self-Restraint.
Chapter XXI.—Opinions of Various Philosophers on the Chief Good.
Book III. Caput I.—Basilidis Sententiam de Continentia Et Nuptiis Refutat.
Caput II.—Carpocratis Et Epiphanis Sententiam de Feminarum Communitate Refutat.
Caput IV.—Quibus Prætextibus Utantur Hæretici ad Omnis Genetis Licentiam Et Libidinem Exercendam.
Caput VII.—Qua in Re Christianorum Continentia Eam Quam Sibi Vindicant Philosophi Antecellat.
Caput X.—Verba Christi Matt. xviii. 20, Mystice Exponit.
Caput XI.—Legis Et Christi Mandatum de Non Concupiscendo Exponit.
Caput XIV.—2 Cor. xi. 3, Et Eph. iv. 24, Exponit.
Caput XV.—1 Cor. vii. 1 Luc. xiv. 26 Isa. lvi. 2, 3, Explicat.
Caput XVI.—Jer. xx. 14 Job xiv. 3 Ps. l. 5 1 Cor. ix. 27, Exponit.
Book IV. Chapter I.—Order of Contents.
Chapter II.—The Meaning of the Name Stromata or Miscellanies.
Chapter III.—The True Excellence of Man.
Chapter IV.—The Praises of Martyrdom.
Chapter V.—On Contempt for Pain, Poverty, and Other External Things.
Chapter VI.—Some Points in the Beatitudes.
Chapter VII.—The Blessedness of the Martyr.
Chapter VIII.—Women as Well as Men, Slaves as Well as Freemen, Candidates for the Martyr’s Crown.
Chapter IX.—Christ’s Sayings Respecting Martyrdom.
Chapter X.—Those Who Offered Themselves for Martyrdom Reproved.
Chapter XI.—The Objection, Why Do You Suffer If God Cares for You, Answered.
Chapter XII.—Basilides’ Idea of Martyrdom Refuted.
Chapter XIII.—Valentinian’s Vagaries About the Abolition of Death Refuted.
Chapter XIV.—The Love of All, Even of Our Enemies.
Chapter XV.—On Avoiding Offence.
Chapter XVI.—Passages of Scripture Respecting the Constancy, Patience, and Love of the Martyrs.
Chapter XVII.—Passages from Clement’s Epistle to the Corinthians on Martyrdom.
Chapter XVIII.—On Love, and the Repressing of Our Desires.
Chap. XIX.—Women as well as Men Capable of Perfection.
Chapter XXI.—Description of the Perfect Man, or Gnostic.
Chapter XXIII.—The Same Subject Continued.
Chapter XXIV.—The Reason and End of Divine Punishments.
Chapter XXV.—True Perfection Consists in the Knowledge and Love of God.
Chapter XXVI.—How the Perfect Man Treats the Body and the Things of the World.
Chapter III.—The Objects of Faith and Hope Perceived by the Mind Alone.
Chapter IV.—Divine Things Wrapped Up in Figures Both in the Sacred and in Heathen Writers.
Chapter V.—On the Symbols of Pythagoras.
Chapter VI.—The Mystic Meaning of the Tabernacle and Its Furniture.
Chapter VII.—The Egyptian Symbols and Enigmas of Sacred Things.
Chapter VIII.—The Use of the Symbolic Style by Poets and Philosophers.
Chapter IX.—Reasons for Veiling the Truth in Symbols.
Chapter X.—The Opinion of the Apostles on Veiling the Mysteries of the Faith.
Chapter XII.—God Cannot Be Embraced in Words or by the Mind.
Chapter XIII.—The Knowledge of God a Divine Gift, According to the Philosophers.
Chapter XIV.—Greek Plagiarism from the Hebrews.
Chapter II.—The Subject of Plagiarisms Resumed. The Greeks Plagiarized from One Another.
Chapter III.—Plagiarism by the Greeks of the Miracles Related in the Sacred Books of the Hebrews.
Chapter V.—The Greeks Had Some Knowledge of the True God.
Chapter VI.—The Gospel Was Preached to Jews and Gentiles in Hades.
Chapter VII.—What True Philosophy Is, and Whence So Called.
Chapter VIII.—Philosophy is Knowledge Given by God.
Chapter IX.—The Gnostic Free of All Perturbations of the Soul.
Chapter X.—The Gnostic Avails Himself of the Help of All Human Knowledge.
Chapter XI.—The Mystical Meanings in the Proportions of Numbers, Geometrical Ratios, and Music.
Chapter XII.—Human Nature Possesses an Adaptation for Perfection The Gnostic Alone Attains It.
Chapter XIII.—Degrees of Glory in Heaven Corresponding with the Dignities of the Church Below.
Chapter XIV.—Degrees of Glory in Heaven.
Chapter XV.—Different Degrees of Knowledge.
Chapter XVI.—Gnostic Exposition of the Decalogue.
Chapter XVII.—Philosophy Conveys Only an Imperfect Knowledge of God.
Chapter XVIII.—The Use of Philosophy to the Gnostic.
Chapter II.—The Son the Ruler and Saviour of All.
Chapter III.—The Gnostic Aims at the Nearest Likeness Possible to God and His Son.
Chapter IV.—The Heathens Made Gods Like Themselves, Whence Springs All Superstition.
Chapter V.—The Holy Soul a More Excellent Temple Than Any Edifice Built by Man.
Chapter VI.—Prayers and Praise from a Pure Mind, Ceaselessly Offered, Far Better Than Sacrifices.
Chapter VII.—What Sort of Prayer the Gnostic Employs, and How It is Heard by God.
Chapter VIII.—The Gnostic So Addicted to Truth as Not to Need to Use an Oath.
Chapter IX.—Those Who Teach Others, Ought to Excel in Virtues.
Chapter X.—Steps to Perfection.
Chapter XI.—Description of the Gnostic’s Life.
Chapter XII.—The True Gnostic is Beneficent, Continent, and Despises Worldly Things.
Chapter XIII.—Description of the Gnostic Continued.
Chapter XIV.—Description of the Gnostic Furnished by an Exposition of 1 Cor. vi. 1, Etc.
Chapter XV.—The Objection to Join the Church on Account of the Diversity of Heresies Answered.
Chapter XVI.—Scripture the Criterion by Which Truth and Heresy are Distinguished.
Chapter XVII.—The Tradition of the Church Prior to that of the Heresies.
Book VIII. Chapter I.—The Object of Philosophical and Theological Inquiry—The Discovery of Truth.
Chapter II.—The Necessity of Perspicuous Definition.
Chapter III.—Demonstration Defined.
Chapter IV.—To Prevent Ambiguity, We Must Begin with Clear Definition.
Chapter V.—Application of Demonstration to Sceptical Suspense of Judgment.
Chapter VI.—Definitions, Genera, and Species.
Chapter VII.—On the Causes of Doubt or Assent.
Jam vero si et ipse Plato et Pythagorei, sicut etiam postea Marcionitæ, malam existimarunt esse generationem, longe abfuit, ut communes ipse poneret uxores. Sed Marcionitæ643 [Elucidation III.] quidem dicunt malam esse naturam, ex mala materia, et a justo factam opifice ac Creatore. Qua quidera ratione nolentes implere mundum, qui factus est a Creatore, volunt abstinere a nuptiis, resistentes suo Creatori, et contendentes ad bonum, qui vocavit: sed non ad eum, qui, ut dicunt, Deus est diversis moribus præditus. Unde cum nihil hic velint relinquere proprium, non sunt ex destinato animi proposito continentes, sed propter odium conceptum adversum eum, qui creavit, nolentes iis uti, quæ ab ipso sunt creata. Sed hi quidem, qui propter impium, quod cum Deo gerunt, bellum, emoti sunt ab iis cogitationibus, quæ sunt secundum naturam, Dei longanimitatem contemnentes et benignitatem, etsi nolunt uxorem ducere, cibis tamen utuntur creatis, et ærem respirant Creatoris, ut quiet ejus sint opera, et in iis, quæ sunt ejus, permaneant, et inauditam ac novam quamdam, ut aiunt, annuntiatam audiunt cognitionem, etiamsi hoc quoque nomine mundi Domino deberent agere gratias, quod hic acceperint Evangelium. Sed adversus eos quidera, cure de principiis tractabimus, accuratissime disseremus. Philosophi autem, quorum mentionera fecimus, a quibus cure malam esse generationem irapie didicissent Marcionitæ, tanquam suo dogmate gloriantur, non eam volunt esse natura malam, sed anima, quæ veritatem divulgavit. Artimam enim, quam esse divinam fatentur, in hunc mundum deducunt, tanquam in locum supplicii. Oportet autem animas in corpus immissas expiari ex eorum sententia. Non convenit autem plius hoc dogma Marcionistis, sed iis, qui censent in corpora intrudi, et iis alligari, et quasi ex vase in vas aliud transfundi animas. Adversus quos fuerit aliud dicendi tempus, quando de anima tractabimus. Videtur itaque Heraclitus maledictis insequi generationem: “Quoniam autem,” inquit, “nati volunt vivere, et mortes habere, vel potius quiescere; filios quoque relinquunt, ut mortes fiant.” Clarum est autem cum eo conyenire Empedoclem quoque dicentem:—
Deflevi et luxi, insolitum cernens miser orbem. |
Et amplius:—
Mortua nam ex vivis fecit, species commutans. |
Et rursus:—
Hei mihi! quam infelix horninure genus atque misellum Litibus ex quantis prognati et planctibus estis? |
Dicit autem Sibylla quoque:—
Mortales homines, caro qui tantum, et nihil estis; |
Similiter atque pœta, qui scribit:—
Haud homine infelix tellus mage quldquam alit alma. |
Quin etiam Theognis malam ostendit esse generationera, dicens hoc modo:—
Optima non nasci res est mortalibus ægris, Nec nitidi soils luce micante frui, Extemplo aut natum portas invadere Ditis. |
His autem consequenria scribit quoque Euripides, pœta tragicus:—
Nam nos decebat convenire publice, et Deflere natum, quod tot ingreditur mala: Ast mortuum, cuique jam quies data est, Efferre lætis gratulationibus. |
Et rursus similia sic dicit:—
Quis novit, an vivere quidera siet mori, Siet mori autem vivere? |
Idem quod hi, videtur Herodotus quoque inducere dicentem Solonera: “O Crœse, quivis homo nihil est aliud quam calamitas.” Jam vero ejus de Cleobide et Bitone fabula plane nihil aliud vult, quam vituperare generationera, laudare autern morterm.
Et qualis folii, est heminum generatia talis, ait Homerus. Plato autem in Cratylo, Orpheo tribuit eum sermonem, quo anima puniri in corpore dicitur: “Nempe corpus hoc animæ σῆμα,” monumentum, “quidam esse tradunt: quasi ipsa præsenti in tempore sit sepulta; atque etiam quia anima per corpus σημαίνει,“ significat, “quæcunclue significare potest: iedo σῆμα jure vocari. Videatur mihi præterea Orpheus nomen hoc ob id potissimum imposuisse, quod anima in corpore hoc delictorum luat pœnas.” Operæ pretium est autem meminisse etiam eorum, quæ dicit Philolaus. Sic enim dicit hic Pythagoreus: “Testantur autem veteres quoque theologi et vates, ad luenda supplicia animam conjunctam esse corpori, et in eo tanquam in monumento esse sepultam.” Quin etiam Pindarus de iis, quæ sunt in Eleusine, mysteriis loquens, infert: “Beatus, qui cum ilia sub terra videtit communia, novit quidem vitæ finem, novit autem datum Jovis imperium.” Et Plato similiter in Pædonene non veretur hoc modo scribere: “Porto autem hi, qui nobishæc constituerunt mysteria, non aliquid aliud,” usque ad: “Et cure diis habitatlone.” Quid vero, cum dieit: “Quandiu corpus habuefimus, et anima nostra cum ejusmodi malo admista fuerit, illud, quod desideramus, nunquam satis assequemur?” annon significat generationem esse causam maximorum malorum? Jam vero in Phædone quoque testatur: “Evenit enim, ut qui recte philosophantur, non animadvertantur ab aliis in nullam rem aliam suum studium conferre, quam ut emoriantur, et sint mortui.” Et runus: “Ergo hic quoque philosophi anima corpus maxime vilipendit, et ab eo fugit, ipsa autem secum seorsim esse quærit.” Nunquid autem consentit cum divino Apostolo, qui dicit: “Infelix ego homo, quis me liberabit a corpore mortis hujus?”644 Rom. vii. 24. nisi forte eorum consensionem, qui trahuntur in vitium, “corpus morris” dicit tropice. Atque coitum quoque, qui est principium generationis, vel ante Marcionem vietur Plato aversari in primo De republica: ubi cum laudasset senectutem, subjungit: “Velim scias, quod quo magis me deficiunt alise,” nempe corporis, “voluptates, eo magis confabulandi cupiditas, et voluptas, quam ex ea re capio, augetur.” rei veneree injecta esset menrio: “Bona verba quæso,” inquit: “ego vero lubenter isthinc, tanquam ad insano aliquo et agresti domino, effugi?’ Rursus in Phædone, vituperans generationem, dicit: “Quæ ergo de his in arcanis dicitur, hæc est oratio, quod nos homines sumus in custodia allqua.” Et rursus: “Qui autem pie præcæ teris vixisse inveniuntur, hi sunt, qui ex his terrenis locis, tanquam e carcere, soluti atque liberati, ad puram in altioribus locis habitationem transcendunt.” Sed tamen quamvis ita se habeat, recte a Deo mundum administrari existimat; unde dicit: “Non oportet autem seipsum solvere, nec effugere.” Et ut paucis dicam, non dedit Marcioni occasionem, ut malam existimaret materiam, cum ipse pie de mundohæc dixerit: “Ab eœnim, qui ipsum construxit, habet omnia bona: a priori autem deformirate incommoda et injusta omnia, quæ intra cœlum nascuntur, mundus ipse sustinet, et animantibus inserit.” Adhuc autem subjungit manifestius: “Cujus quidem defectus est coporea temperatura, priscæ naturge comes; ham quiddam valde deforme erat, et ordinis expert, priusquampræsenti ornatu decoraretur.” Nihilominus autem in Legibus quoque deflet humanum genus, sic dicens: “Dii autem hominum genus laboribus naturæ pressum miserati, remissiones ipsis statuerunt laborum, solemnium videlicit festorum vicissitudines.” Et in Epinomide persequitur etiam causas, cur sint horninure miserti, et sic dicit: “Ab initio ipsum esse genitum, est grave cuilibet animanti: primum quidem, quod eorum constitutionis sint participes, quæ in utero gestantur; deinde ipsum nasci, et præterea nutriri et erudiri, per irmumerabiles labores universa fiunt, ut omnes dicimus.” Quid vero? annon Heraclitus generationera quoque dicit esse mortem? Pythagoras autem similiter atque Socrates in Gorgia, cum dicit: “Mors est, quæ unque experrecti videmus: quæ cunque autem dormientes, somnus.” Sed de his quidem satis. Quando autem tractabimus de principiis, tune et has repugnantias, quas et innuunt philosophi, et suis dogmatibus decernunt Marcionistæ, considerabimus. Cæterum satis dilucide ostensas esse existimo, externorum alienorumque dogmaturn occasiones Marcionem ingrate et indocte accepisse a Platone. Nobis autem procedar sermo de continentia. Dicebamus autem” Græcos adversus liberorum generationem multa dixisse, incommoda, quæ comitari eam solent, respicientes: quæ cum impie excepissent Marcionitæ, impie fuisse ingratos in Creatorem. Dicit enim tragœdia:—
Non nascier præstat homines, quam nastier. Dein filios acerbis cum coloribus Enitor, ast enixa, si stolidi scient, Afflictor, intuendo quod servo malos, Bonosque perdo. Si bonos servo, tamen |
Mihi miscellum cor timore liquitur. Quid hic boni ergo est? unicam annon sufficit Effundere animam, nisi crucieris amplius? |
Et adhuc similiter:—
Vetus stat mihi persuasio, Plantare filios nunquam hominem oportuit, Dum cernit ad quot gignimus natos mala. |
In his autem, quæ deinceps sequuntur, malorum quoque causam evidenter reducit ad principia, sic dicens:—
O! miser natus, malisque obnoxius Editus, homo, es, vitæ tuæque miserriam Hinc inchoasti: cœpit æther omnibus Spiramen unde alens tradere mortalibus; Mortalis ægre ne feras mortalia. |
Rursus autem his similia tradit:—
Mortalium omnium beatus non fuit Quisquam, molestia et nemo carens fuit. |
Et deinde rursus:—
Heu! quanta, quotque hominibus eveniunt mala, Quam vana, quorum terminus nullus datur. |
Et adhuc similiter:—
Nemo beatus semper est mortalium. |
Hac itaque ratione dicunt etiam Pythagoreos abstinere a rebus venereis. Mihi autem contra videntur uxores quidem ducere, ut liberos suscipiant, velle autem a venerea voluptate se continere post susceptos liberos. Proinde mystice uti fabis prohibent, non quod sit legumen flatum excitens, et concoctu difficile, et somnia efficiat turbulenta; neque quod hominis capiti sit sireills ut vult ille versiculus:—
Idem est namque fabam atque caput corrodere patris; |
sed potius quod fabæ, si comedantur, steriles efficiant mulieres. Theophrastus quidem certe in quinto libro De causis plantarum, fabarum siliquas, si ponantur ad radices arborum quæ nuper sunt plantatæ, refert plantas exsiccare. Quinetiam gallinæ domesticæ, quæ eas assidue comedunt, efficiuntur steriles.
Ἤδη δὲ εἰ αὐτός τε ὁ Πλάτων καὶ οἱ Πυθαγόρειοι καθάπερ οὖν ὕστερον καὶ οἱ ἀπὸ Μαρκίωνος κακὴν τὴν γένεσιν ὑπειλήφεσαν (πολλοῦ γε ἔδει κοινὰς αὐτὸν ὑποτίθεσθαι τὰς γυναῖκας), ἀλλ' οἱ μὲν ἀπὸ Μαρκίωνος φύσιν κακὴν ἔκ τε ὕλης κακῆς καὶ ἐκ δικαίου γενομένην δημιουργοῦ· ᾧ δὴ λόγῳ, μὴ βουλόμενοι τὸν κόσμον τὸν ὑπὸ τοῦ δημιουργοῦ γενόμενον συμπληροῦν, ἀπέχεσθαι γάμου βούλονται, ἀντιτασσόμενοι τῷ ποιητῇ τῷ σφῶν καὶ σπεύδοντες πρὸς τὸν κεκληκότα ἀγαθόν, ἀλλ' οὐ τὸν ὥς φασι θεὸν ἐν ἄλλῳ τρόπῳ, ὅθεν οὐδὲν ἴδιον καταλιπεῖν ἐνταῦθα βουλόμενοι οὐ τῇ προαιρέσει γίνονται ἐγκρατεῖς, τῇ δὲ πρὸς τὸν πεποιηκότα ἔχθρᾳ, μὴ βουλόμενοι χρῆσθαι τοῖς ὑπ' αὐτοῦ κτισθεῖσιν. ἀλλ' οὗτοί γε ἀσεβεῖ θεομαχίᾳ τῶν κατὰ φύσιν ἐκστάντες λογισμῶν, τῆς μακροθυμίας καὶ χρηστότητος τοῦ θεοῦ καταφρονοῦντες, εἰ καὶ μὴ γαμεῖν ἐθέλουσιν, ἀλλὰ τροφαῖς χρῶνται ταῖς κτισταῖς καὶ τὸν ἀέρα τοῦ δημιουργοῦ ἀναπνέουσιν, αὐτοῦ τε ὄντες ἔργα καὶ ἐν τοῖς αὐτοῦ καταμένοντες, τήν τε ξένην, ὥς φασι, γνῶσιν εὐαγγελίζονται, κἂν κατὰ τοῦτο χάριν ἐγνωκέναι τῷ κυρίῳ τοῦ κόσμου ὀφείλοντες καθ' ὃ ἐνταῦθα εὐηγγελίσθησαν. ἀλλὰ πρὸς μὲν τούτους, ὁπόταν τὸν περὶ ἀρχῶν διαλαμβάνωμεν λόγον, ἀκριβέστατα διαλεξόμεθα· οἱ φιλόσοφοι δὲ ὧν ἐμνήσθημεν, παρ' ὧν τὴν γένεσιν κακὴν εἶναι ἀσεβῶς ἐκμαθόντες οἱ ἀπὸ Μαρκίωνος καθάπερ ἰδίῳ δόγματι φρυάττονται, οὐ φύσει κακὴν βούλονται ταύτην εἶναι, ἀλλὰ τῇ ψυχῇ τῇ τὸ ἀληθὲς διιδούσῃ· κατάγουσι γὰρ ἐνταῦθα τὴν ψυχὴν θείαν οὖσαν καθάπερ εἰς κολαστήριον τὸν κόσμον, ἀποκαθαίρεσθαι δὲ ταῖς ἐνσωματουμέναις ψυχαῖς προσήκει κατ' αὐτούς. κἄστιν τὸ δόγμα τοῦτο οὐ τοῖς ἀπὸ Μαρκίωνος ἔτι, τοῖς δὲ ἐνσωματοῦσθαι καὶ μετενδεῖσθαι καὶ μεταγγίζεσθαι τὰς ψυχὰς ἀξιοῦσιν οἰκεῖον, πρὸς οὓς ἄλλος ἂν εἴη καιρὸς λέγειν, ὁπηνίκα ἂν περὶ ψυχῆς διαλαμβάνωμεν. Ἡράκλειτος γοῦν κακίζων φαίνεται τὴν γένεσιν, ἐπειδὰν φῇ· γενόμενοι ζώειν ἐθέλουσι μόρους τ' ἔχειν μᾶλλον δὲ ἀναπαύεσθαι, καὶ παῖδας καταλείπουσι μόρους γενέσθαι. δῆλος δὲ αὐτῷ συμφερόμενος καὶ Ἐμπεδοκλῆς λέγων· κλαῦσά τε καὶ κώκυσα ἰδὼν ἀσυνήθεα χῶρον. καὶ ἔτι· ἐκ μὲν γὰρ ζωῶν ἐτίθει νεκρὰ εἴδε' ἀμείβων. καὶ πάλιν· ὢ πόποι, ὢ δειλὸν θνητῶν γένος, ὢ δυσάνολβον· οἵων ἐξ ἐρίδων ἔκ τε στοναχῶν ἐγένεσθε. λέγει δὲ καὶ ἡ Σίβυλλα· ἄνθρωποι θνητοὶ καὶ σάρκινοι, οὐδὲν ἐόντες, ὁμοίως τῷ γράφοντι ποιητῇ· οὐδὲν ἀκιδνότερον γαῖα τρέφει ἀνθρώποιο. ναὶ μὴν καὶ Θέογνις τὴν γένεσιν δείκνυσι κακὴν ὧδέ πως λέγων· πάντων μὲν μὴ φῦναι ἐπιχθονίοισιν ἄριστον, μηδ' ἐσορᾶν αὐγὰς ὀξέος ἠελίου· φύντα δ' ὅπως ὤκιστα πύλας Ἀίδαο περῆσαι. ἀκόλουθα δ' αὐτοῖς καὶ ὁ τῆς τραγῳδίας ποιητὴς Εὐριπίδης γράφει· ἔδει γὰρ ἡμᾶς σύλλογον ποιουμένους τὸν φύντα θρηνεῖν εἰς ὅσ' ἔρχεται κακά· τὸν δ' αὖ θανόντα καὶ πόνων πεπαυμένον χαίροντας εὐφημοῦντας ἐκπέμπειν δόμων. καὶ αὖθις τὰ ὅμοια οὕτως ἐρεῖ· τίς δ' οἶδεν εἰ τὸ ζῆν μέν ἐστι κατθανεῖν, τὸ κατθανεῖν δὲ τὸ ζῆν; ταὐτὸν δὴ τούτοις φαίνεται καὶ Ἡρόδοτος ποιῶν λέγοντα τὸν Σόλωνα· ὦ Κροῖσε, πᾶς ἄνθρωπός ἐστι συμφορή. καὶ ὁ μῦθος δὲ αὐτῷ σαφῶς ὁ περὶ τοῦ Κλεόβιδος καὶ Βίτωνος οὐκ ἄλλο τι βούλεται ἀλλ' ἢ ψέγειν μὲν τὴν γένεσιν, τὸν θάνατον δὲ ἐπαινεῖν. οἵη περ φύλλων γενεή, τοίη δὲ καὶ ἀνδρῶν Ὅμηρος λέγει. Πλάτων δὲ ἐν Κρατύλῳ Ὀρφεῖ τὸν λόγον ἀνατίθησι τὸν περὶ τοῦ κολάζεσθαι τὴν ψυχὴν ἐν τῷ σώματι, λέγει δὲ ὧδε· καὶ γὰρ σῆμά τινές φασιν αὐτὸ εἶναι τῆς ψυχῆς, ὡς τεθαμμένης ἐν τῷ νῦν παρόντι· καὶ διότι τούτῳ σημαίνει ἃ ἂν σημαίνῃ ἡ ψυχή, καὶ ταύτῃ σῆμα ὀρθῶς καλεῖσθαι. δοκοῦσι μέντοι μάλιστα θέσθαι οἱ ἀμφὶ Ὀρφέα τοῦτο τὸ ὄνομα, ὡς δίκην διδούσης ὧν δὴ ἕνεκα δίδωσιν. ἄξιον δὲ καὶ τῆς Φιλολάου λέξεως μνημονεῦσαι· λέγει γὰρ ὁ Πυθαγόρειος ὧδε· μαρτυρέονται δὲ καὶ οἱ παλαιοὶ θεολόγοι τε καὶ μάντιες, ὡς διά τινας τιμωρίας ἁ ψυχὰ τῷ σώματι συνέζευκται καὶ καθάπερ ἐν σήματι τούτῳ τέθαπται. ἀλλὰ καὶ Πίνδαρος περὶ τῶν ἐν Ἐλευσῖνι μυστηρίων λέγων ἐπιφέρει· ὄλβιος ὅστις ἰδὼν ἐκεῖνα κοινὰ εἶσ' ὑπὸ χθόνα· οἶδε μὲν βίου τελευτάν, οἶδεν δὲ διόσδοτον ἀρχάν. Πλάτων τε ἀκολούθως ἐν Φαίδωνι οὐκ ὀκνεῖ γράφειν ὧδέ πως· καὶ οἱ τὰς τελετὰς δὲ ἡμῖν οὗτοι καταστήσαντες οὐ φαῦλοί τινες ἕως μετὰ θεῶν τε οἰκήσει. τί δὲ ὅταν λέγῃ· ἕως ἂν τὸ σῶμα ἔχωμεν καὶ συμπεφυρμένη ἡμῶν ἡ ψυχὴ ᾖ μετὰ τοιούτου κακοῦ, οὐ μήποτε κτησώμεθα ἐκεῖνο ἱκανῶς οὗ ἐπιθυμοῦμεν; οὐχὶ αἰτίαν τῶν μεγίστων κακῶν τὴν γένεσιν αἰνίσσεται; κἀν τῷ Φαίδωνι ἐπιμαρτυρεῖ· κινδυνεύουσι γὰρ ὅσοι τυγχάνουσιν ὀρθῶς ἁπτόμενοι φιλοσοφίας λελη θέναι τοὺς ἄλλους, ὅτι οὐδὲν ἄλλο αὐτοὶ ἐπιτηδεύουσιν ἢ ἀποθνῄσκειν τε καὶ τεθνάναι. καὶ πάλιν· οὐκοῦν καὶ ἐνταῦθα ἡ τοῦ φιλοσόφου ψυχὴ μάλιστα ἀτιμάζει τὸ σῶμα καὶ φεύγει ἀπ' αὐτοῦ, ζητεῖ δὲ αὐτὴ καθ' αὑτὴν γίνεσθαι. καὶ μή τι συνᾴδει τῷ θείῳ ἀποστόλῳ λέγοντι· ταλαίπωρος ἐγὼ ἄνθρωπος, τίς με ῥύσεται ἐκ τοῦ σώματος τοῦ θανάτου τούτου; εἰ μὴ τὴν ὁμοφροσύνην τῶν εἰς κακίαν ὑποσεσυρμένων σῶμα θανάτου τροπικῶς λέγει. τήν τε συνουσίαν γενέσεως οὖσαν ἀρχὴν καὶ πρὸ τοῦ Μαρκίωνος ἀποστρεφόμενος φαίνεται ἐν τῷ πρώτῳ τῆς Πολιτείας ὁ Πλάτων. ἐπαινῶν γὰρ τὸ γῆρας ἐπιφέρει ὅτι εὖ ἴσθι ὅτι ἔμοιγε, ὅσον αἱ ἄλλαι αἱ κατὰ τὸ σῶμα ἡδοναὶ ἀπομαραίνονται, τοσοῦτον αὔξονται αἱ περὶ τοὺς λόγους ἐπιθυμίαι τε καὶ ἡδοναί· τῆς τε τῶν ἀφροδισίων χρήσεως ἐπιμνησθείς· εὐφήμει, ἄνθρωπε, ἀσμενέστατα μέντοι αὐτὸ ἀπέφυγον, ὥσπερ λυττῶντά τινα καὶ ἄγριον δεσπότην ἀποφυγών. πάλιν δ' ἐν τῷ Φαίδωνι τὴν γένεσιν κακίζων γράφει· ὁ μὲν οὖν ἐν ἀπορρήτοις λεγόμενος περὶ αὐτῶν λόγος, ὡς ἔν τινι φρουρᾷ ἐσμεν οἱ ἄνθρωποι. καὶ αὖθις· οἳ δὲ δὴ ἂν δόξωσι διαφερόντως πρὸς τὸ ὁσίως βιῶναι, οὗτοί εἰσιν οἱ τῶνδε μὲν τῶν τόπων ἐν τῇ γῇ ἐλευθερούμενοί τε καὶ ἀπαλλαττόμενοι ὥσπερ δεσμωτηρίων, ἄνω δὲ εἰς τὴν καθαρὰν οἴκησιν ἀφικνούμενοι. ἀλλ' ὅμως οὕτως ἔχων αἴσθεται τῆς διοικήσεως καλῶς ἐχούσης καί φησιν· οὐ δεῖ δὴ ἑαυτὸν ἐκ ταύτης λύειν οὐδὲ ἀποδιδράσκειν. καὶ συνελόντι εἰπεῖν [τοῦ] κακὴν λογίζεσθαι τὴν ὕλην ἀφορμὴν οὐ παρέσχεν τῷ Μαρκίωνι, εὐσεβῶς αὐτὸς εἰπὼν περὶ τοῦ κόσμου τάδε· παρὰ μὲν γὰρ τοῦ συνθέντος πάντα τὰ καλὰ κέκτηται· παρὰ δὲ τῆς ἔμπροσθεν ἕξεως ὅσα χαλεπὰ καὶ ἄδικα ἐν οὐρανῷ γίνεται, ταῦτα ἐξ ἐκείνης αὐτός τε ἔχει καὶ τοῖς ζῴοις ἐναπεργάζεται. ἔτι δὲ σαφέστερον ἐπιφέρει· τούτων δὲ αὐτῷ τὸ σωματοειδὲς τῆς συγκράσεως αἴτιον, τὸ τῆς πάλαι ποτὲ φύσεως σύντροφον, ὅτι πολλῆς ἦν μετέχον ἀταξίας πρὶν εἰς τὸν νῦν κόσμον ἀφικέσθαι. οὐδὲν δὲ ἧττον κἀν τοῖς Νόμοις ὀδύρεται τὸ τῶν ἀν θρώπων γένος λέγων ὧδε· θεοὶ δὲ οἰκτείραντες τὸ τῶν ἀνθρώπων ἐπίπονον πεφυκὸς γένος ἀναπαύλας τε αὐτοῖς τῶν πόνων ἐτάξαντο τὰς τῶν ἑορτῶν ἀμοιβάς. ἔν τε τῇ Ἐπινομίδι καὶ τὰς αἰτίας τοῦ οἴκτου δίεισι καὶ τάδε λέγει· ὡς ἐξ ἀρχῆς τὸ γενέσθαι χαλεπὸν ἅπαντι ζῴῳ, πρῶτον μὲν τὸ μετασχεῖν τῆς τῶν κυουμένων ἕξεως, ἔπειτ' αὖ τὸ γίνεσθαι καὶ ἔτι τρέφεσθαι καὶ παιδεύεσθαι, διὰ πόνων μυρίων γίγνεται ξύμπαντα, ὥς φαμεν ἅπαντες. τί δέ; οὐχὶ καὶ Ἡράκλειτος θάνατον τὴν γένεσιν καλεῖ Πυθαγόρᾳ τε καὶ τῷ ἐν Γοργίᾳ Σωκράτει ἐμφερῶς ἐν οἷς φησι θάνατός ἐστιν ὁκόσα ἐγερθέντες ὁρέομεν, ὁκόσα δὲ εὕδοντες, ὕπνος; Ἀλλὰ τούτων μὲν ἅλις· ἐπειδὰν δὲ περὶ τῶν ἀρχῶν διαλαμβάνωμεν, τότε καὶ τὰς ἐναντιότητας ταύτας ἃς οἵ τε φιλόσοφοι αἰνίσσονται οἵ τε περὶ Μαρκίωνα δογματίζουσιν, ἐπισκεψόμεθα· πλὴν οὐκ ἀσαφῶς δεδεῖχθαι ἡμῖν νομίζω τὰς ἀφορμὰς τῶν ξένων δογμάτων τὸν Μαρκίωνα παρὰ Πλάτωνος ἀχαρίστως τε καὶ ἀμαθῶς εἰληφέναι. Ὁ δὲ περὶ ἐγκρατείας ἡμῖν προβαινέτω λόγος. ἐφάσκομεν δὲ τὴν δυσχρηστίαν ὑφορωμένους Ἕλληνας πολλὰ εἰς τὴν γένεσιν τῶν παίδων ἀποφθέγξασθαι, ἀθέως δὲ ἐκδεξαμένους ταῦτα τοὺς περὶ Μαρκίωνα ἀχαριστεῖν τῷ δημιουργῷ. λέγει γὰρ ἡ τραγῳδία· τὸ μὴ γενέσθαι κρεῖττον ἢ φῦναι βροτούς. ἔπειτα παῖδας σὺν πικραῖς ἀλγηδόσι τίκτω· τεκοῦσα δ' ἢν μὲν ἄφρονας τέκω, στένω ματαίως, εἰσορῶσα [μὲν] κακούς, χρηστοὺς δ' ἀπολλῦσ' ἢν δὲ καὶ σεσωσμένους, τήκω τάλαιναν καρδίαν ὀρρωδίᾳ. τί τοῦτο δὴ τὸ χρηστόν; οὐκ ἀρκεῖ μίαν ψυχὴν ἀλύειν κἀπὶ τῇδ' ἔχειν πόνους; καὶ ἔθ' ὁμοίως· ἔμοιγε νυν τε καὶ πάλαι δοκεῖν, παῖδας φυτεύειν οὔποτ' ἀνθρώπους ἐχρῆν πόνους ὁρῶντας εἰς ὅσους φυτεύομεν. ἐν δὲ τοῖς αὖθις λεγομένοις καὶ τὴν αἰτίαν τῶν κακῶν ἐναργῶς ἐπὶ τὰς ἀρχὰς ἐπανάγει λέγων ὧδε· ὢ δυστυχεῖν φὺς καὶ κακῶς πεπραγέναι, ἄνθρωπος ἐγένου καὶ τὸ δυστυχὲς βίου ἐκεῖθεν ἔλαβες, ὅθεν ἅπασιν ἤρξατο τρέφειν ὅδ' αἰθὴρ ἐνδιδοὺς θνητοῖς πνοάς· μή τοι νυν τὰ θνητὰ θνητὸς ὢν ἀγνωμόνει. πάλιν δ' αὖ τὰ ὅμοια τούτοις ὧδε ἀποδίδωσι· θνητῶν δὲ ὄλβιος οὐδεὶς οὐδὲ εὐδαίμων· οὔπω γὰρ ἔφυ τις ἄλυπος. καὶ εἶτ' αὖθις· φεῦ φεῦ, βροτείων πημάτων ὅσαι τύχαι, ὅσαι δὲ μορφαί, τέρμα δ' οὐκ εἴποι τις ἄν. καὶ ἔθ' ὁμοίως· τῶν γὰρ ἐν βροτοῖς οὐκ ἔστιν [οὐδὲν] διὰ τέλους εὐδαιμονοῦν. Ταύτῃ οὖν φασι καὶ τοὺς Πυθαγορείους ἀπέχεσθαι ἀφροδισίων. ἐμοὶ δὲ ἔμπαλιν δοκοῦσι γαμεῖν μὲν παιδοποιίας ἕνεκα, τῆς δὲ ἐξ ἀφροδισίων ἡδονῆς ἐθέλειν κρατεῖν μετὰ τὴν παιδοποιίαν. ταύτῃ μυστικῶς ἀπαγορεύουσι κυάμοις χρῆσθαι, οὐχ ὅτι πνευματοποιὸν καὶ δύσπεπτον καὶ τοὺς ὀνείρους τεταραγμένους ποιεῖ τὸ ὄσπριον, οὐδὲ μὴν ὅτι ἀνθρώπου κεφαλῇ ἀπείκασται κύαμος κατὰ τὸ ἐπύλλιον ἐκεῖνο, ἶσόν τοι κυάμους τρώγειν κεφαλάς τε τοκήων, μᾶλλον δὲ ὅτι κύαμοι ἐσθιόμενοι ἀτόκους ἐργάζονται τὰς γυναῖκας. Θεόφραστος γοῦν ἐν τῷ πέμπτῳ τῶν Φυτικῶν αἰτίων τὰ κελύφη τῶν κυάμων περὶ τὰς ῥίζας τῶν νεοφύτων δένδρων περιτιθέμενα ξηραίνειν τὰ φυόμενα ἱστορεῖ, καὶ αἱ κατοικίδιοι δὲ ὄρνιθες συνεχῶς ταῦτα σιτούμεναι ἄτοκοι γίνονται.