Philocalia
they laid down the toils of faith. For them, indeed, nearly their whole life was spent in showing the most holy and sovereign Trinity to be of equal h
to attempt to correct the sayings of scripture for consistency, greatly preserving for those who are able to understand the coherence of the thought.
Free Will. 20. On good and evil things, and that these are in things subject to choice and in things not subject to choice, and according to the teach
rulers spoken of from Judah and leaders [from] his loins, when he for whom it is reserved, that is, the kingdom, shall come, and the expectation of th
And he came who according to Job subdued the great sea monster, and who gave authority to his genuine disciples to tread upon snakes and scorpions, an
that is, of the elementary teaching, to be brought to perfection, so that the wisdom spoken to the perfect may also be spoken to us. For he who posses
of the wives of Abraham, and of two sisters married to Jacob, and of two handmaids who bore children by him, they will say nothing else than that thes
orphans but Clement will send to the cities abroad and you will report to the presbyters of the church. For Grapte, who admonishes the widows and th
of new moons or of sabbaths which are a shadow of things to come. And further, also in the [epistle] to the Hebrews, speaking of those of the circumc
to things that have happened and things to be done, wherever the Word found things that had happened according to history which could be applied to th
Moses commands us to offer but a griffin has never been recorded to have been subject to man, which the lawgiver forbids to be eaten. But even the fa
to his brother, and so on and: But I say to you, do not swear at all. and in the Apostle the saying must be observed: Warn those who are unruly, comf
Isaac, he too having descended from Abraham, with all being traced back to Adam, whom the apostle says is Christ? For every beginning of families that
he came to gather the lost sheep of the house of Israel and when many from Israel did not yield to his teaching, those from the Gentiles are also cal
fleeing the allegory in these things, and thinking that the letter has been written for its own sake, they will stand by the will of the Holy Spirit w
behold, the lion of the tribe of Judah, the root of David, has conquered, to open the book and its seven seals. 2.2 But concerning its being sealed on
holy, for one who perceives the weakness of our race, and that it is impossible for us to grasp the principles of God's art, contemplated with all acc
It is. from the fifth volume of the commentary on the Gospel of John, on the prologue. Since you are not content for us to have undertaken the present
of many theorems, of which each theorem is a part of the whole discourse. But those outside this, promising to contain any kind of discussion and decl
the things before, he has understood the entire scripture as one book, understood as very sweet in the beginning when one chews it, but bitter in the
to the gospel or to himself or to the apostles. But one who has been educated in the music of God, being wise in deeds and words, and for this reason
he might change it, leading it to the singular. For having read: “They wept and entreated me ” and: “In the house of On they found me ” he might say t
of angels in the hand of a mediator and in the passage: So that the law was our schoolmaster to bring us unto Christ, that we might be justified by f
to others. And if we carefully observe this, we are freed from many errors and misinterpretations. It is necessary, therefore, to know that the word
in unbelief, confusion, outside. From the 20th book on Ezekiel. Thus says the Lord Lord: behold, I will judge between sheep and sheep, between rams a
For there are certain powers in us, of which the better ones are nourished by these, as it were, incantations, being kindred to them, and though we do
so that having despoiled the Egyptians, they might find material for the construction of the things received for the worship of God. For from the thin
His Christ would also know, and he who partakes of the spirit of God and the spirit of Christ. May you partake, and may you always increase your parti
of a spotted robe and of countless other things, one who takes the pains can find not a few examples. But we have made this digression, in order that
arising in those who speak effectively. For the prophet says in the sixty-seventh psalm, that the Lord will give a word to those who preach the gospel
knowing the first good, wrote indeed, as of God manifesting himself to the worthy and suitable, that God appeared, so to speak, to Abraham, or to Isaa
to the prophets of the Jews or to the oracles of the Christians the argument must be constructed in this way, from a certain example concerning foods
the concept of forbearance is corrupted by the meanness of the words, but in this too Celsus slanders the Word, saying: “But concerning these and othe
three apostles. But he will say that these things are fabrications and in no way different from myths, just as are the other wonderful things about Je
who are in no way lacking intelligible thunder. 15.19 And his garments below are different, they are not white, they are not as the light if you go u
admittedly more numerous but I think also among barbarians, as many as profess to practice medicine. And again, since philosophy, professing truth an
to think and to speak and to do, when reviled, we bless when persecuted, we endure when defamed, we entreat and we would not say things that may an
brother of Artemis, and paternal brother of Hermes and as many other things as the wise fathers of Celsus's doctrines and the ancient theologians of
of the name of Isaac, and something is revealed from the voice of Jacob and if indeed the one who calls or the one who adjures names the God of Abrah
as they wish, so he says it also happens among Christians. And he says that some, not even wishing to give or receive a reason for what they believe,
to seek proofs. And how is it not more reasonable, since all human affairs depend on faith, to trust God rather than them? For who sails, or marries,
I know the Stoic, or all the Peripatetic doctrines? unless perhaps, having heard the phrase for I know all things from some insensitive laymen who w
a profession was apparent since the word and the preaching were in the persuasive wisdom of phrasing and composition of words and faith would have b
to remove from such great evils those who were preoccupied in them. And among the Greeks a certain Phaedo, and I know not if a second, and one Polemon
We will say that the story about Aristotle is also a slander against Jesus and his disciples for when he saw that a court was about to be assembled a
And indeed one of the prophets, Hosea, says at the end of his words: Who is wise, and will understand these things? Or prudent, and will know them? Bu
that he might bring to nothing things that are, that no flesh should glory in his presence some have been moved to suppose that no one educated or wi
inviting them. which certain of the Cynics especially have done, discoursing in public to those who happen to be present. Will they then say that thes
a gathering of prudent men would never be addressed, but where they see boys and a crowd of household slaves and a throng of foolish men, there to bri
of the riddles and of the things said with concealment in the law and prophets and gospels, which you have despised as containing nothing of value, no
of stone as being worthy of worship but the common conception demands we understand that God is in no way corruptible matter, nor is he honored in in
to say to those who, through hatred for the hated, accuse them of things for which their dearest friends are praised. For just as in their case hatred
for food, and others for shelter. For it was better for those not intending to seek divine things and to philosophize to be in want, so as to use thei
to be captured by them? For if indeed the world came to be by providence, and God presides over all things it was necessary that the first sparks of
among them their succession, because men have need of honey for many things, for the healing of suffering bodies and as a purifying food. But what is
Indeed, when they meet, they converse with each other, which is why they do not miss their paths therefore, there is among them a fulfillment of disc
to have granted aids, because neither wisdom nor reason is in them, but a certain natural constitution for such things for the sake of the animals' pr
divination and after this to set forth the defense more clearly and demonstratively to reject the arguments of those who do away with such kinds of
mantic birds and the other irrational animals and conceptions of the divine and foreknowledge concerning future things, would have revealed such thing
taken as an example of the worst things, and never is a wolf or a fox named in connection with a good thing. It seems, then, that there is a certain f
For none of the irrational animals has a conception of God. And it is a falsehood that irrational animals are nearer to divine communion since even
to act, he would not have said that storks are more pious than men. Furthermore, as if standing up for the piety of the irrational animals, Celsus int
has the cause of movement, animals and plants and simply all things that are held together by nature and soul, among which they say are also minerals.
being driven out of what is solemn and stable so that they change to licentiousness, often beginning their licentiousness in the middle of their life
someone that in like manner those who are perishing are not of free will nor will they perish by their own fault. And what is said in Ezekiel: I will
to Pharaoh? For it is necessary for one who believes that the scriptures are true and that God is just, if he is fair-minded, to struggle with how in
narratives are also considered violent, let us see also from prophetic discourse, what those say who have experienced the great goodness of God, and h
One might blame the farmer for not casting the seeds sooner upon the rocky ground, seeing some other rocky ground that has received the seeds and is f
21.15 After this was the passage from the gospel, when the savior said that for this reason he speaks to those outside in parables, that seeing they m
that they would have long ago repented, sitting in sackcloth and ashes, when the savior came near their borders, they do not even hear the things of t
we might stumble, while it is understood that something has happened in a human way, but the good deed is thankfully referred to God the perfecter th
thus? Or does not the potter have authority over the clay, from the same lump to make one vessel for honor, and another for dishonor? For someone will
O man, who are you who answers back to God? 21.22 But to those who introduce natures and use the saying, these things must be said: if they preserve t
those who were allotted to be overseers of the earth established laws for those who were being legislated for, cooperating with the lawgivers. It seem
different relations and laws see if temperance will not consequently be one of the relatives, and courage and prudence and knowledge and the other vi
the voice of his neighbor. And the Lord scattered them from there over the face of all the earth, and they stopped building the city and the tower. Fo
in proportion to the sins of those who had obtained the other lands, first, having been punished to a lesser degree and paid the penalty, as if discip
blessings for none of these things will any longer reasonably come to be. And if one were to look at the consequences for himself of what he teaches,
in a prophetic book which makes clear beforehand the things concerning Judas the traitor, to suppose, having learned what was to be, seeing it being f
king of the Macedonians, and Ptolemy who ruled Egypt, who was surnamed Lagos, it is thus prophesied: And behold, a he-goat came from the west over the
that what is in our power can be preserved. 23.8 To these we must say that when God applies himself to the beginning of the creation of the world, sin
hearing they will turn back or they will persist in their own sins just as it is said in Jeremiah: Perhaps they will hear and repent. For God does no
in the psalm, whose beginning is: O God, do not be silent about my praise for the mouth of the sinner and the mouth of the deceitful has been opened
taking the hour of this man’s birth, they ascertain how each of the wandering stars is perpendicularly aligned, either with this degree of the zodiac
of the father and that of the mother and that of his wife and of his sons and of the servants and of the dearest friends, and perhaps also of the murd
the intelligible dodecatemorion being one thing, and the, as it were, formation another and they say the results are found not from the formation, bu
Pharaoh was for the demonstration of the power of God and the proclamation of his name in all the earth, consider how great a demonstration of God's p
of men that not at every hour are some of the stars well-positioned and others ill-positioned for it is an even, varied circle, having infinite prete
a place for withdrawal. But if anyone should say that matter is in God, it is necessary to examine likewise, whether as though he were separating hims
If you have something to say, begin your speech. For if our inquiry were born of contention, I would not have thought it right to define evils a secon
God is the creator. Let this argument, therefore, be well addressed to him but to me it seems a falsehood to say that matter is without quality. For
and to turn that to the better, seems to me to be worthy of incurring blame, having left a part of matter to be evil to the destruction of the part wh
it was opposed to itself. Thus since opposites exist, it is shown that matter does not exist. These things have been drawn from the 7th book of the Ev
of their coming into being and as knowing all things before their coming into being he foreknew and predestined some to be conformed to the image of
he will discipline his body and bring it into subjection, being careful lest, having preached to others, he himself should become disqualified, and th
events teaching that we must choose justice and temperance and prudence and courage and the actions according to them, but shun their opposites. There
accomplishing by the very act of working, they were doing good to men and delivering them from evils. And those who say such things will pass on to th
For the just man did not give his money at interest and did not take bribes against the innocent and: He who does these things will not be shaken for
of providence, according to the good temper of the airs and the bearing of sufficient rain so the good of the rational being is a mixture of both his
for God to effect a hardening of anyone's heart, and to effect a hardening for the purpose of the one being hardened disobeying the will of the one ha
being destroyed. Yet this also must be inquired into, because the apostle, using the words from here, says: Therefore, He has mercy on whom He wills,
to do something alien to the profession of physicians, leading him who should be healed to inflammations and abscesses so I think God also said: But
to punish him for the sins against Abner the son of Ner, and to kill him for his offenses then he adds: And you will bring down his gray head in peac
man shall live by every word that proceeds from the mouth of God. But observe in these things that God afflicts and tests, so that the things in each
from the text that the heart of Pharaoh was hardened how is he just who hardened the heart of the king so that he would not send away his people, and
Indeed, when they meet, they converse with each other, which is why they do not miss their paths; therefore, there is among them a fulfillment of discourse and common conceptions of certain universals, and voice, and objects, and meanings.” For conversing with another happens through a voice indicating some meaning, and often also reporting about what are called objects; to say that these things exist even in ants, how would that not be the most ridiculous thing of all? 20.12 And he is not ashamed to add to these things, so that he may display the indecency of his own doctrines to those who will come after him, saying: “Come now, if someone should look down from heaven upon the earth, what difference would there seem to be between the things done by us and those done by ants and bees?” The one looking down from heaven to earth according to his hypothesis, seeing the things done by men and the things done by ants, does he observe the bodies of men and ants, but does not perceive the rational governing principle moved by reason, and again, on the other hand, the irrational governing principle moved irrationally by impulse and imagination with a certain natural disposition? But it is absurd for the one looking from heaven at the things on earth to wish to observe the bodies of men and ants from such a great distance, but not to see far more the natures of the governing principles and the source of impulses, whether rational or irrational. But if he once sees the source of all impulses, clearly he would also see the difference and the superiority of man, not only over ants but also over elephants. For the one looking from heaven will see in the irrational creatures, even if their bodies are large, no other principle than, so to speak, irrationality; but in the rational, reason, which is common to men in relation to divine and heavenly things, and perhaps even to the God who is over all, on account of whom he is said to have been made in the image of God; for his reason is an image of the God who is over all. 20.13 Next to these things, as if striving to bring down the human race on many more points and to make it like the irrational creatures, and wishing to leave nothing that is related about the irrational creatures which might show their superiority, he says that the arts of sorcery exist also in some of the irrational creatures; so that not even on this account should men be especially proud, nor should they wish to have superiority over the irrational creatures. And he says these things: “But if men also pride themselves on sorcery, then on this count, snakes and eagles are already wiser; for they know many antidotes and counter-charms, and indeed also the powers of certain stones for the salvation of their young; which if men happen upon, they consider that they have a wonderful possession.” And first, I do not know how he has called sorcery what is the animals' experience, or natural apprehension, concerning natural antidotes; for the name of sorcery is commonly applied to something else; unless perhaps, being an Epicurean, he secretly wishes to slander all use of such things, as lying within the profession of sorcerers. Nevertheless, let it be granted to him that men are proud of the knowledge of these things, whether they are sorcerers or not; how is it that snakes are wiser than men in this, using fennel for keenness of sight and swiftness of movement, apprehending this one natural thing not from reasoning but from their constitution? But men do not come to such a thing from mere nature in the same way as snakes; but partly from experience, partly from reason, and sometimes from reasoning and according to knowledge. So that if eagles, for the salvation of the young in their nest, find the so-called eagle-stone and bring it to it, how is it that eagles are wise and wiser than men, who from experience have found the natural aid given to eagles through reason and have used it with intelligence? But let it be granted that other antidotes are also known by animals; what bearing, then, does this have on the discoverer of these things in the animals being not nature, but reason? For if it were reason that was the discoverer, not just one particular thing would be discovered in a specific way in snakes, let it be even a second and a third, and something else in an eagle, and so on in the other animals; but as many things as are also in men. But now it is clear from the fact that it is specifically assigned to the nature of each animal
μὲν δὴ καὶ ἀπαντῶντες ἀλλήλοις διαλέγονται, ὅθεν οὐδὲ τῶν ὁδῶν ἁμαρτάνουσιν· οὐκοῦν καὶ λόγου συμπλήρωσίς ἐστι παρ' αὐτοῖς
καὶ κοιναὶ ἔννοιαι καθολικῶν τινῶν καὶ φωνὴ καὶ τυγχάνοντα καὶ σημαινόμενα.» τὸ γὰρ διαλέγεσθαί τινα πρὸς ἕτερον ἐν φωνῇ γίνεται
δηλούσῃ τι σημαινόμενον, πολλάκις δὲ καὶ περὶ τῶν καλουμένων τυγχανόντων ἀπαγ γελλούσῃ· ἅπερ καὶ ἐν μύρμηξι λέγειν εἶναι,
πῶς οὐ πάντων ἂν εἴη καταγελαστότατον; 20.12 Καὶ οὐκ αἰδεῖταί γε ἐπιφέρων τούτοις, ἵνα καὶ τοῖς μετ' αὐτὸν ἐσομένοις ἐπιδεικνύηται
τὴν τῶν δογμάτων ἑαυτοῦ ἀσχημοσύνην, λέγων· «Φέρ' οὖν, εἴ τις ἀπ' οὐρανοῦ ἐπὶ τὴν γῆν ἐπιβλέποι, τί ἂν δόξαι διαφέρειν τὰ
ὑφ' ἡμῶν ἢ τὰ ὑπὸ μυρμήκων καὶ μελισσῶν δρώμενα;» ὁ ἀπ' οὐρανοῦ δὴ ἐπὶ γῆν κατὰ τὴν ὑπόθεσιν αὐτοῦ βλέπων τὰ δρώμενα ὑπὸ τῶν
ἀνθρώπων καὶ τὰ ὑπὸ τῶν μυρμήκων γινόμενα, πότερον ἐνορᾷ μὲν ἀνθρώπων καὶ μυρμήκων σώμασιν, οὐ κατανοεῖ δὲ τὸ λογικὸν ἡγεμονικὸν
καὶ λογισμῷ κινούμενον, πάλιν τε αὖ τὸ ἄλογον ἡγεμονικὸν καὶ ὑπὸ ὁρμῆς καὶ φαντασίας ἀλόγως κινούμενον μετά τινος φυσικῆς
ὑποκατασκευῆς; ἀλλ' ἄτοπον τὸν ἀπ' οὐρανοῦ βλέποντα τὰ ἐπὶ γῆς ἐνορᾷν μὲν θέλειν σώμασιν ἀνθρώπων καὶ μυρμήκων ἀπὸ τοσούτου
διαστήματος, μὴ πολὺ δὲ μᾶλλον βλέπειν ἡγεμονικῶν φύσεις καὶ πηγὴν ὁρμῶν λογικὴν ἢ ἄλογον. εἰ δ' ἅπαξ βλέπει τὴν πασῶν ὁρμῶν
πηγήν, δηλονότι καὶ τὴν διαφορὰν ἴδοι ἂν καὶ τὴν ὑπεροχὴν τοῦ ἀνθρώπου οὐ μόνον παρὰ τοὺς μύρμηκας ἀλλὰ καὶ παρὰ τοὺς ἐλέφαντας.
ὁ γὰρ βλέπων ἀπ' οὐρανοῦ ἐν μὲν τοῖς ἀλόγοις, κἂν μεγάλα ᾖ αὐτῶν τὰ σώματα, οὐκ ἄλλην ὄψεται ἀρχὴν ἢ τὴν, ἵν' οὕτως ὀνομάσω,
ἀλογίαν· ἐν δὲ τοῖς λογικοῖς, λόγον τὸν κοινὸν ἀνθρώπων πρὸς τὰ θεῖα καὶ ἐπουράνια τάχα δὲ καὶ αὐτὸν τὸν ἐπὶ πᾶσι θεὸν, δι'
ὃν κατ' εἰκόνα γεγονέναι ὠνόμασται τοῦ θεοῦ· εἰκὼν γὰρ τοῦ ἐπὶ πᾶσι θεοῦ ὁ λόγος ἐστὶν αὐτοῦ. 20.13 Ἑξῆς δὲ τούτοις, ὡσπερεὶ
ἐπὶ πλειόνων καταβι βάσαι ἀγωνιζόμενος τὸ τῶν ἀνθρώπων γένος καὶ ἐξομοιῶσαι τοῖς ἀλόγοις, καὶ μηδὲν ὅ τι καταλιπεῖν θέλων
τῶν ἐν τοῖς ἀλόγοις ἱστορουμένων ἐμφαινόντων τὸ μεῖζον, καὶ τὰ τῆς γοητείας φησὶν εἶναι καὶ ἔν τισι τῶν ἀλόγων· ὡς μηδ' ἐπὶ
τούτῳ τοὺς ἀνθρώπους ἐξαιρέτως σεμνύνεσθαι, μηδὲ θέλειν ἔχειν τὴν πρὸς τὰ ἄλογα ὑπεροχήν. καί φησι ταῦτα· «Εἰ δέ τι καὶ ἐπὶ
γοητείᾳ φρονοῦσιν ἄνθρωποι, ἤδη καὶ κατὰ τοῦτο σοφώτεροι ὄφεις καὶ ἀετοί· πολλὰ γοῦν ἴσασιν ἀλεξιφάρμακα καὶ ἀλεξίκακα, καὶ
δὴ καὶ λίθων τινῶν δυνάμεις ἐπὶ σωτηρίᾳ τῶν νεοσσῶν· οἷς ἂν ἐπιτύχωσιν ἄνθρωποι, θαυμαστόν τι κτῆμα ἔχειν νομίζουσι.» καὶ
πρῶ τόν γε οὐκ οἶδ' ὅπως τὴν τῶν ζώων περὶ τὰ φυσικὰ ἀλεξι φάρμακα εἴτε ἐμπειρίαν εἴτε φυσικήν τινα κατάληψιν γοητείαν ὠνόμασεν·
ἐπ' ἄλλου γὰρ τέτριπται τὸ τῆς γοη τείας τάσσεσθαι ὄνομα· εἰ μὴ ἄρα λεληθότως διαβάλλειν βούλεται ὡς Ἐπικούρειος πᾶσαν τὴν
τῶν τοιούτων χρῆσιν, ὡς ἐν ἐπαγγελίᾳ γοήτων κειμένην. πλὴν ἀλλὰ δεδόσθω αὐτῷ τὸ τοὺς ἀνθρώπους φρονεῖν ἐπὶ τῇ τούτων γνώσει
μέγα, εἴτε γόητας ὄντας εἴτε καὶ μή· πῶς ὅτι σοφώτεροι κατὰ τοῦτο ἀνθρώπων εἰσὶν ὄφεις τῷ μαράθῳ εἰς ὀξυωπίαν καὶ ταχύτητα
κινήσεως χρώμενοι, μόνον τοῦτο φυσικὸν οὐκ ἐξ ἐπιλογισμοῦ καταλαμβάνοντες ἀλλ' ἐκ κατασκευῆς; ἄνθρωποι δὲ οὐκ ἀπὸ ψιλῆς φύσεως
ἐπὶ τὸ τοιοῦτον ὁμοίως ὄφεσιν ἔρχονται· ἀλλὰ πῆ μὲν ἐκ πείρας πῆ δὲ καὶ ἐκ λόγου, ἔσθ' ὅτε δ' ἐξ ἐπιλογισμοῦ καὶ κατ' ἐπιστήμην.
ὡς εἰ καὶ ἀετοὶ πρὸς σωτηρίαν τῶν ἐν τῇ καλιᾷ νεοσσῶν τὸν λεγόμενον ἀετίτην λίθον εὑρόντες φέρουσιν ἐπ' αὐτὴν, πόθεν ὅτι σοφοὶ
ἀετοὶ καὶ τῶν ἀνθρώπων σοφώτεροι, τῶν ἐκ πείρας τὸ τοῖς ἀετοῖς δοθὲν φυσικὸν βοήθημα εὑρόντων διὰ τὸν λογισμὸν καὶ μετὰ νοῦ
χρησαμένων; ἔστω δὲ καὶ ἄλλα ὑπὸ τῶν ζώων γιγνώσκεσθαι ἀλεξιφάρμακα, τί οὖν τοῦτο πρὸς τὸ μὴ φύσιν ἀλλὰ λόγον εἶναι τὸν εὑρίσκοντα
ταῦτα ἐν τοῖς ζώοις; εἰ μὲν γὰρ λόγος ἦν ὁ εὑρίσκων, οὐκ ἂν ἀποτεταγμένως τόδε τι μόνον εὑρίσκετο ἐν ὄφεσιν, ἔστω καὶ δεύτερον
καὶ τρίτον, καὶ ἄλλο τι ἐν ἀετῷ καὶ οὕτως ἐν τοῖς λοιποῖς ζώοις· ἀλλὰ τοσαῦτα ἂν, ὅσα καὶ ἐν ἀνθρώποις. νυνὶ δὲ φανερὸν ἐκ
τοῦ ἀποτεταγμένως πρός τινα ἑκάστου φύσιν ζώου
