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shows "through," the great Basil clearly sets forth writing in the eighth [book] of *To Amphilochius*: "for the Father to create through the Son neither implies that the Father's creation is imperfect, nor signifies that the Son's energy is weak, but it shows the unity of their will."

He, therefore, who says that the Spirit proceeds through the Son and from the Son with respect to the bestowal, has well demonstrated the unanimity of the Father and the Son; for by the good pleasure of the Father and the Son, and with its own concurrence, the Holy Spirit is bestowed upon the worthy. But he who says the Spirit has its existence through the Son and from the Son, impiously represents the Holy Spirit as a work of will (p. 296) and necessarily a creature, and not a fruit of the divine nature. For according to the holy Damascene, creation is a work of the divine will, but not the Godhead, God forbid; for the pre-eternal and everlasting generation and procession are not a work of the will, but, again according to the same [author], of the divine nature.

And how do you yourself, thinking in a Latin way, say that the Spirit is from the Father through the Son and from the Son? For we indeed know the manifestation to be in time, and all things that are in time came to be through the Son; for this reason we say that the Spirit is manifested from him and through him, but not that it proceeds. But how do you say the Spirit is through him? If indeed in a transient and passing way, alas for the impiety! For you think the Spirit passes through the Son as through a channel, and so He who fills all things and is always full will have a void space in between; and the Spirit will be contained in the Son as in a place, and there will be a boundary of the Son, at which the Spirit will be contained (for place is the boundary of that which contains), and it will not be of the same nature as the Spirit; for the nature of a place and of that which is in it is not the same. And how is the Son himself in the Spirit that is passing transiently through him?

But if as through an instrument, this too is impious; for the nature of an instrument is one thing, and that which is through it is another; and again, that which accomplishes the thing accomplished through it is different. Therefore it yet remains for you to say this, that just as all things are from the Father through him, not in a transient but in a creative manner, not as through an instrument but as with a co-creator, so also the Spirit is through him. Do you see, O man, to what you bring down the most high Spirit and with what you number God who is over all? "But I do not say as co-creating," he says, "but as co-processing." Therefore, co-processing, the Spirit will also perfect (p. 298) itself, just as there, co-creating, it accomplishes all things; or rather, not itself, but another exactly like it, considered in its own hypostasis; for as when the Father creates through the Son in the Holy Spirit, that which subsists is entirely other, so also when the Father before the ages begets and sends forth, although those from him are of one substance, yet each is other than him and than each other in hypostasis.

Therefore, since, according to them, procession is common to the Father and the Son, it is necessary for the Spirit also to possess this, and the Trinity will be a Tetrad. For what is there common to the Son and the Father, which is not also common to the Spirit? And how is the Son not also a cause of divinity equally with the Father, and he himself a fount of divinity? And yet this has been demonstrated and testified above through many arguments, that in every way and altogether the Father is the one fount of divinity, and he alone is principle, alone unbegotten, alone cause, alone Father, alone processor, alone source of divinity, and alone God the begetter of God; and that the Father is greater by being the cause of the Son, as the Son is only caused, but not also a cause of divinity.

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δείκνυσι "διά", παρίστησι σαφῶς ὁ μέγας Βασίλειος γράφων ἐν ὀγδόῳ τῶν Πρός Ἀμφιλόχιον˙ «τό διά τοῦ Υἱοῦ δημιουργεῖν τόν Πατέρα οὔτε ἀτελῆ τοῦ Πατρός τήν δημιουργίαν συνίστησιν, οὔτε ἄτονον τοῦ Υἱοῦ παραδηλοῖ τήν ἐνέργειαν, ἀλλά τό ἡνωμένον τοῦ θελήματος παρίστησιν˙»

Ὁ γοῦν λέγων διά τοῦ Υἱοῦ καί ἐκ τοῦ Υἱοῦ τό Πνεῦμα προϊέναι κατά τήν χορηγίαν, τήν ὁμοβουλίαν τοῦ Πατρός καί τοῦ Υἱοῦ παρέστησε καλῶς˙ εὐδοκίᾳ γάρ τοῦ Πατρός καί τοῦ Υἱοῦ καί αὐτό συνευδοκοῦν, τοῖς ἀξίοις χορηγεῖται τό Πνεῦμα τό ἅγιον. Ὁ δέ λέγων διά τοῦ Υἱοῦ καί ἐκ τοῦ Υἱοῦ τήν ὕπαρξιν τό Πνεῦμα ἔχειν, θελήσεως ἔργον (σελ. 296) καί κτίσμα ἐξ ἀνάγκης, ἀλλ᾿ οὐ θείας φύσεως καρπόν ὑπάρχειν δυσσεβῶς παρίστησι τό Πνεῦμα τό ἅγιον. Κατά γάρ τόν ἱερόν ∆αμασκηνόν, ἔργον θείας θελήσεως ἡ κτίσις, ἀλλ᾿ οὐχ ἡ θεότης, ἄπαγε˙οὐδέ γάρ τῆς θελήσεως, ἀλλά τῆς θείας φύσεως ἔργον, αὖθις κατά τόν αὐτόν, ἡ προαιώνιος καί ἀΐδιος γέννησίς τε καί ἐκπόρευσις.

Πῶς δέ καί φῄς αὐτός ἐκ τοῦ Πατρός εἶναι τό Πνεῦμα δι᾿ Υἱοῦ καί ἐξ Υἱοῦ λατινικῶς φρονῶν; Ἡμεῖς μέν γάρ τήν φανέρωσιν ὑπό χρόνον οὖσαν ἴσμεν, πάντα δέ τά ὑπό χρόνον ὄντα διά τοῦ Υἱοῦ γενόμενα˙ διό καί φανεροῦσθαι μέν ἐξ αὐτοῦ καί δι᾿ αὐτοῦ φαμεν τό Πνεῦμα, ἀλλ᾿ οὐκ ἐκπορεύεσθαι. Σύ δέ πῶς λέγεις τό Πνεῦμα δι᾿ αὐτοῦ; Εἰ μέν διαβατικῶς τε καί παροδικῶς, βαβαί τῆς ἀσεβείας˙ὡς γάρ διά σωλῆνος οἴει τοῦ Υἱοῦ διέρχεσθαι τό Πνεῦμα καί κενόν ἑαυτοῦ τοίνυν ἕξει μεταξύ ὁ πληρῶν τά πάντα καί πλήρης ὤν ἀεί˙ καί ὡς ἐν τόπῳ τῷ Υἱῷ περιληφθήσεται τό Πνεῦμα καί πέρας ἔσται τοῦ Υἱοῦ, καθ᾿ ὅ τό Πνεῦμα περιλήψεται (πέρας γάρ τοῦ περιέχοντος ὁ τόπος), καί φύσεως δέ οὐκ ἔσται τῆς αὐτῆς τῷ Πνεύματι˙ καί γάρ οὐχ ἡ αὐτή τόπου φύσις καί τοῦ ἐν αὐτῷ. Πῶς δέ καί αὐτός ὁ Υἱός ἐστιν ἐν τῷ παροδικῶς δι᾿ αὐτοῦ διερχομένῳ Πνεύματι;

Εἰ δ᾿ ὡς δι᾿ ὀργάνου, καί τοῦτο ἀσεβές˙ ἄλλη γάρ ὀργάνου φύσις καί τοῦ δι᾿ ἐκείνου ἄλλη˙ καί αὖθις ἑτέρα τοῦ δι᾿ αὐτοῦ τό τελούμενον τελοῦντος. Οὐκοῦν τοῦτό σοι λέγειν ἔτι λείπεται, ὅτι καθάπερ δι᾿ αὐτοῦ τά πάντα ἐκ Πατρός, οὐ διαβατικῶς ἀλλά δημιουργικῶς, οὐχ ὡς δι᾿ ὀργάνου ἀλλ᾿ ὡς συνδημιουργοῦντος, οὕτω καί τό Πνεῦμα δι᾿ αὐτοῦ. Ὁρᾷς ποῦ κατάγεις, ὦ οὗτος, τό ἀνωτάτω Πνεῦμα καί τίσι συντάττεις τόν ἐπί πάντων Θεόν; Ἀλλ᾿ οὐχ ὡς συνδημιουργοῦντος λέγω, φησίν, ἀλλ᾿ ὡς συνεκπορεύοντος. Οὐκοῦν συνεκπορεῦον καί τό Πνεῦμα τελειώσει (σελ. 298) ἑαυτό ὥσπερ κἀκεῖ συνδημιουργοῦν τελεσιουργεῖ τά πάντα˙ μᾶλλον δέ οὐχ ἑαυτό, ἀλλ᾿ ἕτερον ἀπαράλλακτον αὐτοῦ ἐν ἰδίᾳ ὑποστάσει θεωρούμενον˙ καί τοῦ Πατρός γάρ δι᾿ Υἱοῦ ἐν ἁγίῳ Πνεύματι δημιουργοῦντος ἕτερον παντάπασι τό ὑφιστάμενον, καί τοῦ Πατρός πρό τῶν αἰώνων γεννῶντός τε καί ἐκπορεύοντος, εἰ καί ὁμοούσια τά παρ᾿ ἑαυτοῦ, ἀλλ᾿ ἑκάτερον ἕτερον αὐτοῦ τε καί ἀλλήλων καθ᾿ ὑπόστασιν.

Οὐκοῦν ἐπειδήπερ, ὡς κοινόν Πατρί τε καί Υἱῷ τό ἐκπορεύειν κατ᾿ αὐτούς, ἀνάγκη τοῦτ᾿ ἔχειν καί τό Πνεῦμα, τετράς ἔσται ἡ Τριάς. Τί γάρ ποτε κοινόν Υἱῷ τε καί Πατρί, ὅ μή καί τῷ Πνεύματι κοινόν; Πῶς δέ οὐχί καί ὁ Υἱός αἴτιος θεότητος ἐπίσης τῷ πατρί καί πηγαία καί αὐτός θεότης; Καίτοι τοῦτ᾿ ἀνωτέρω διά πλείστων ἀποδέδεικται καί μεμαρτύρηται, ὅτι πάντῃ τε καί πάντως μία πηγαία θεότης ὁ Πατήρ καί μόνος ἀρχή καί μόνος ἀγέννητος καί μόνος αἴτιος καί μόνος Πατήρ καί μόνος προβολεύς καί μόνος πηγή θεότητος καί μόνος θεότης θεογόνος˙ καί ὡς τῷ αἰτίῳ τοῦ Υἱοῦ μείζων ὁ Πατήρ, ὡς αἰτιατοῦ μόνον ὄντος τοῦ Υἱοῦ, ἀλλ᾿ οὐχί καί θεότητος αἰτίου.