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and behold, one ram standing by the Ulai, and it had high horns, and the one was higher than the other, and the higher one came up last." He sees the Persian kingdom resembling a ram, inasmuch as it boasted in wealth and had a great abundance of possessions. He sees two horns on the ram, because Cyrus was the first of them to reign, but he passed on the kingdom only as far as his children; for when his son Cambyses died, the magi held the kingdom for a few months; but a little later Darius the son of Hystaspes took it, who passed on the kingdom to his descendants and their descendants, down to Darius the last, whom Alexander the Macedonian killed and took over the kingdom. Therefore, the two dynasties of the kings are signified by the two horns; and he sees both as high, but the second as higher than the first. For as we have already said, the kingdom became greater under Darius and Xerxes. For Cyrus conquered both the Euxine Sea and Asia; but Darius also added the nomadic Scythians to his subjects; and Xerxes also attempted to place the yoke of the kingdom upon Europe. For this reason he sees two horns on the ram, but one first, and the other second, and the second higher than the first. δʹ. "And I saw," he says, "the ram butting towards the sea, and the north, and the south." For he held all the northern and the southern regions as subject, and likewise also the western regions up to the sea itself; and he forced most of the islands to serve him. For instance, therefore, the Cypriots, and Rhodians, and Samians, and Lesbians, and Chians, and all the Cyclades were allied with Xerxes when he was making his campaign against Greece. For this reason, "He saw the ram butting towards the sea, and the north, and the south. And all," he says, "the beasts could not stand before him, and there was no one to rescue from his hand, and he did according to his will, and became great." And again, he calls the other, partial kingdoms "beasts": that of the Syrians, of the Cilicians, of the Arabs, of the Egyptians; and he names them beasts, because they were fearsome to their subjects. Therefore, he says, no kingdom was able to stand against that kingdom butting towards the south, and the north, and the sea, nor was any man able to declare anyone free from that power, but it brought to completion everything it decided. εʹ. "And I," he says, "was considering." Beholding these things, he says, I reasoned with myself, desiring to find what was signified by them; 81.1441 and as I was inquiring: "Behold, a he-goat came from the west over the face of the whole earth." And in some of the copies this is also added: "And he was not touching the ground, and that goat had one conspicuous horn between its eyes." Here the riddle of the dream signified the Macedonian kingdom; and it called it a goat because of its speed and agility; for the goat is swifter than the ram. And it said that he came from the west; because having first subdued Egypt, he thus came into the land of the Persians. For he defeated Darius in Cilicia, but from there he passed through Syria, and Phoenicia, and Palestine, and taking some of the cities by agreement, and others by force, he hastened to Egypt; then having taken over that kingdom as well, he seizes Persia, and destroys their greatest kingdom. And it calls Alexander himself the one conspicuous horn, that is, remarkable and prominent; and it says the horn grew between the eyes of the goat, because of the sagacity, and intelligence, and shrewdness of Alexander's mind. ʹ, ζʹ. "And the goat came," he says, "up to the ram that had the horns, which I had seen standing by the Ulai, and ran at him in the fury of his power. And I saw him come close to the ram, and he was moved with choler against him, and struck the ram, and broke both his horns, and there was no power in the ram to stand before him; and he cast him down to the ground, and trampled him, and there was no one

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καὶ ἰδοὺ κριὸς εἷς ἑστηκὼς ἐπὶ τοῦ Οὐβὰλ, καὶ αὐτῷ κέ ρατα ὑψηλὰ, καὶ τὸ ἓν ὑψηλότερον τοῦ ἑτέρου, καὶ τὸ ὑψηλότερον ἀνέβαινεν ἐπ' ἐσχάτου." Τὴν Περσικὴν βασιλείαν κριῷ ἐοικυῖαν ὁρᾷ, ἅτε δὴ πλούτῳ κομῶσαν, καὶ πολλὴν περιουσίας ἔχουσαν ἀφθονίαν. ∆ύο κέρατα ἐν τῷ κριῷ θεωρεῖ, ἐπειδὴ πρῶτος μὲν αὐτῶν ἐβασίλευσε Κῦρος, μέχρι δὲ παί δων μόνον τὴν βασιλείαν παρέπεμψε· Καμβύσου γὰρ τοῦ υἱέως αὐτοῦ τελευτήσαντος, ὀλίγους μὲν μῆνας οἱ μάγοι κατέσχον τὴν βασιλείαν· παρέλαβε δὲ αὐτὴν μικρὸν ὕστερον ∆αρεῖος ὁ Ὑστάσπου, ὃς μέχρις ἐκγόνων καὶ ἀπογόνων τὴν βασιλείαν παρ έπεμψεν, ἕως ∆αρείου τοῦ τελευταίου, ὃν Ἀλέξαν δρος ὁ Μακεδὼν ἀνελὼν τὴν βασιλείαν παρέλαβε. Τὰ τοίνυν δύο γένη τῶν βασιλέων διὰ τῶν δύο κεράτων σημαίνεται· καὶ ἄμφω μὲν ὑψηλὰ θεωρεῖ, ὑψηλότερον δὲ τοῦ προτέρου τὸ δεύτερον. Ὡς γὰρ ἤδη προειρήκαμεν, πλείων ἐπὶ ∆αρείου καὶ Ξέρξου ἡ βασιλεία ἐγένετο. Ὁ μὲν γὰρ Κῦρος τόν τε Εὔ ξεινον Πόντον καὶ τὴν Ἀσίαν ἐχειρώσατο· ∆αρεῖος δὲ καὶ Σκύθας τοὺς Νομάδας τοῖς ὑπηκόοις συνέτα ξεν· ὁ δὲ Ξέρξης καὶ τῇ Εὐρώπῃ τῆς βασιλείας ἐπειράθη τὸν ζυγὸν ἐπιθεῖναι. Τούτου χάριν δύο κέρατα ἐν τῷ κριῷ θεωρεῖ, ἀλλὰ τὸ μὲν πρότερον, τὸ δὲ δεύτερον, καὶ τὸ δεύτερον ὑψηλότερον τοῦ προ τέρου. δʹ. "Καὶ εἶδον, φησὶ, τὸν κριὸν κερατίζοντα κατὰ θάλασσαν, καὶ βοῤῥᾶν, καὶ νότον." Τά τε γὰρ βόρεια, τά τε νότια, ὑπήκοα εἶχεν ἅπαντα, ὡσαύτως δὲ καὶ τὰ ἑσπέρια μέχρις αὐτῆς τῆς θαλάσσης· καὶ τῶν νήσων δὲ τὰς πλείστας δουλεύειν ἠνάγκασεν. Αὐτίκα τοίνυν τῷ Ξέρξῃ καὶ Κύπριοι, καὶ Ῥόδιοι, Σάμιοί τε καὶ Λέσβιοι, καὶ Χῖοι, καὶ αἱ Κυκλάδες ἅπασαι συνεμάχουν τὴν κατὰ τῆς Ἑλλάδος στρα τείαν ποιουμένῳ. Τούτου ἕνεκεν "Εἶδεν τὸν κριὸν κερατίζοντα κατὰ θάλασσαν, καὶ βοῤῥᾶν, καὶ νότον. Καὶ πάντα, φησὶ, τὰ θηρία οὐ στήσεται ἐνώπιον αὐτοῦ, καὶ οὐκ ἦν ὁ ἐξαιρούμενος ἐκ τῆς χειρὸς αὐτοῦ, καὶ ἐποίησε κατὰ τὸ θέλημα αὑτοῦ, καὶ ἐμε γαλύνθη." Θηρία δὲ πάλιν τὰς ἄλλας βασιλείας καλεῖ τὰς μερικὰς, τὴν Σύρων, τὴν Κιλίκων, τὴν Ἀράβων, τὴν Αἰγυπτίων· θηρία δὲ αὐτὰς ὀνομά ζει, διὰ τὸ φοβερὰς εἶναι τοῖς ἀρχομένοις. Οὐδεμία τοίνυν, φησὶ, βασιλεία ἀντιστῆναι ἠδύνατο ἐκείνῃ τῇ βασιλείᾳ κερατιζούσῃ κατὰ νότον, καὶ βοῤῥᾶν, καὶ θάλασσαν, οὔτε οἷός τε ἦν τις ἀνθρώπων ἐκείνης τῆς δυναστείας ἐλεύθερον ἀποφῆναί τινα, ἀλλ' ἅπαν τὸ δοκοῦν εἰς πέρας ἦγε. εʹ. "Καὶ ἐγὼ, φησὶν, ἤμην συνιών." Ταῦτα, φησὶ, θεωρῶν ἐλογιζόμην παρ' ἐμαυτῷ, τὰ διὰ τού 81.1441 των σημαινόμενα εὑρεῖν ἐφιέμενος· ἐμοῦ δὲ πυνθα νομένου· "Ἰδοὺ τράγος αἰγῶν ἤρχετο ἀπὸ Λιβὸς ἐπὶ πρόσωπον πάσης τῆς γῆς." Τισὶ δὲ τῶν ἀντι γράφων πρόσκειται καὶ τοῦτο· "Καὶ οὐκ ἦν ἁπτό μενος τῆς γῆς, καὶ τῷ τράγῳ ἐκείνῳ κέρας ἓν θεωρητὸν ἀναμέσον τῶν ὀφθαλμῶν αὐτοῦ." Τὴν Μακεδονικὴν ἐνταῦθα βασιλείαν ἐσήμανεν τοῦ ἐν υπνίου τὸ αἴνιγμα· τράγον δὲ αὐτὴν ὠνόμασε διὰ τὸ ταχὺ καὶ εὐκίνητον· τοῦ κριοῦ γὰρ ὀξύτερος ὁ τράγος. Ἀπὸ Λιβὸς δὲ αὐτὸν ἐληλυθέναι ἔφη· ἐπειδὴ πρότερον Αἴγυπτον χειρωσάμενος, οὕτως εἰς τὴν Περσῶν ἐλήλυθε χώραν. Ἐνίκησε μὲν γὰρ τὸν ∆αρεῖον ἐν τῇ Κιλικίᾳ, ἀλλ' ἐκεῖθεν τὴν Συρίαν, καὶ Φοινίκην, καὶ Παλαιστίνην διαδραμὼν, καὶ τὰς μὲν τῶν πόλεων ὁμολογίᾳ λαβὼν, τὰς δὲ βίᾳ ἑλὼν, εἰς τὴν Αἴγυπτον ὥρμησεν· εἶτα κἀκείνην τὴν βασι λείαν παραλαβὼν, τὴν Περσίδα καταλαμβάνει, καὶ τὴν μεγίστην αὐτῶν καταλύει βασιλείαν. Ἓν δὲ κέρας θεωρητὸν, τουτέστιν, ἐπίσημον καὶ περί βλεπτον, αὐτὸν καλεῖ τὸν Ἀλέξανδρον· ἀναμέσον δὲ τῶν ὀφθαλμῶν τοῦ τράγου φῦναι λέγει τὸ κέρας, διὰ τὸ ἀγχίνουν, καὶ συνετὸν, καὶ πυκνὸν τῶν τοῦ Ἀλεξάνδρου φρενῶν. ʹ, ζʹ. "Καὶ ἦλθε, φησὶν, ὁ τράγος ἕως τοῦ κριοῦ τοῦ τὰ κέρατα ἔχοντος, ὃν εἶδον ἑστῶτα ἐπὶ τοῦ Οὐβὰλ, καὶ ἔδραμε πρὸς αὐτὸν ἐν ὁρμῇ τῆς ἰσχύος αὐτοῦ. Καὶ εἶδον αὐτὸν φθάσαντα ἕως τοῦ κριοῦ, καὶ ἐξηγριώθη πρὸς αὐτὸν, καὶ ἔπαισε τὸν κριὸν, καὶ συνέτριψεν ἀμφότερα τὰ κέρατα αὐτοῦ, καὶ οὐκ ἦν ἰσχὺς τῷ κριῷ τοῦ στῆναι ἐνώπιον αὐτοῦ· καὶ ἔῤῥιψεν αὐτὸν ἐπὶ τὴν γῆν, καὶ συνεπάτησεν αὐτὸν, καὶ οὐκ ἦν ὁ