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of those who make bad use of them. Say then: Let there be no drunkenness, let there be no luxury. But if you say, Let there be no wine, you will say, advancing bit by bit, Let there be no iron, because of the murderers; Let there be no night, because of the thieves; Let there be no light, because of the slanderers; Let there be no woman, because of fornications; and you will simply abolish all things. Therefore do not slander wine, but drunkenness, and the one who made bad use of a good thing; and taking this one himself when he is sober, describe his shameful behavior to him, and say to him: Wine was given that we might be glad, not that we might be disgraced; that we might laugh, not that we might be laughed at; that we might be healthy, not that we might be sick; that we might correct a weakness of the body, 63.650 not that we might cast down the strength of the soul. God honored you with the gift; why do you insult yourself by your immoderation? For if that saint Timothy, though possessed by sickness and enduring successive infirmities, did not partake of wine until the teacher permitted it, what pardon could we have, who get drunk in good health? For to him he said, Use a little wine for your stomach’s sake and your frequent infirmities; but to each of us he will say: Use a little wine on account of fornications, on account of your frequent shameful speeches, and the other wicked desires which drunkenness is accustomed to bear. Wine was given for gladness; For wine, he says, makes glad the heart of man; but you ruin this very virtue of it. For what gladness is it not to be in one's right mind, and to have countless pains, and to see all things spinning around, and to be held in a dreadful darkness, and like those with a fever to need those who anoint their heads with oil, and to make days into nights, and light into darkness, and with one's eyes open to see not even what is at one's feet, and to involve oneself in so many and such evils? For to those who live in drunkenness and licentiousness, the day turns into the darkness of night, not because the sun is extinguished, but because their mind is darkened by drunkenness. Those who give themselves over to drunkenness, the more unmixed wine they pour for themselves, the more they are inflamed with thirst, and the partaking always becomes kindling for the thirst; and the things of pleasure are then obscured, but the thirst, having become unceasing, leads down those who have been made captives by it to the very precipice of drunkenness. From this one might especially be amazed at the folly of those attached to drunkenness, that they are not willing to show as much care for themselves as others have for wineskins. For the sellers of wines do not allow those to take more than is necessary, so that they do not burst; but these men do not deem their wretched stomach worthy of even this foresight, but when they have filled and burst it, up to the ears, up to the nose, up to the very throat they fill everything, preparing from this great distress for the spirit, for the power that manages the living being. For was your throat made for this, that you might fill it up to the mouth with putrefied wine and other corruption? Not for this, but that you might send up sacred prayers to God, and read the divine laws, and give profitable counsel to your neighbors. For not even so do the strong currents of rivers usually eat away and cause the banks to sink, as luxury and wastefulness easily drag away all the foundations of our health. For the rushing through of foods scrapes away the strength of the body, and drags down and weakens the courage of the soul. And this is not the only terrible thing for the luxurious person, that he is torn apart, and bursts his own stomach, and undermines the health of his body and soul; but that it quickly flows and runs past, and he cannot retain for a single day the supply that comes to him from these things, but when that has been dissipated, he is forced to add other things again. Therefore eating is not bad, far from it, but gluttony, and being filled beyond need and bursting the stomach; just as it is not wicked to partake of wine in moderation, but to give oneself over to drunkenness, and 63.651 the judgment of one's reasonings

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ἀπολαυόντων κακῶς. Εἰπὲ τοίνυν· Μὴ ἔστω μέθη, μὴ ἔστω τρυφή. Εἰ δὲ λέγεις, Μὴ ἔστω οἶνος, ἐρεῖς κατὰ μικρὸν προβαίνων, Μὴ ἔστω σίδηρος, διὰ τοὺς ἀνδροφόνους· Μὴ ἔστω νὺξ, διὰ τοὺς κλέπτας· Μὴ ἔστω φῶς, διὰ τοὺς συκοφάντας Μὴ ἔστω γυνὴ, διὰ τὰς πορνείας· καὶ πάντα ἁπλῶς ἀναιρήσεις τὰ πράγματα. Μὴ τοίνυν τὸν οἶνον διάβαλλε, ἀλλὰ τὴν μέθην, καὶ τὸν κακῶς τῷ καλῷ χρησάμενον· καὶ λαβὼν τοῦτον αὐτὸν νήφοντα, ὑπόγραψον αὐτοῦ τὴν ἀσχημοσύνην, καὶ εἰπὲ πρὸς αὐτόν· Οἶνος ἐδόθη, ἵνα εὐφραινώμεθα, οὐχ ἵνα ἀσχημονῶμεν· ἵνα γελῶμεν, οὐχ ἵνα γελώμεθα· ἵνα ὑγιαίνωμεν, οὐχ ἵνα νοσῶμεν· ἵνα ἀσθένειαν σώματος 63.650 διορθώμεθα, οὐχ ἵνα ψυχῆς ἰσχὺν καταβάλλωμεν. Ἐτίμησέ σε ὁ Θεὸς τῷ δώρῳ· τί σαυτὸν ὑβρίζεις τῇ ἀμετρίᾳ; Εἰ γὰρ ὁ ἅγιος ἐκεῖνος Τιμόθεος καὶ νόσῳ κατεχόμενος, καὶ ἐπαλλήλους ἀῤῥωστίας ὑπομένων οὐ μετέλαβεν οἴνου, ἕως ἂν ἐπέτρεψεν ὁ διδάσκαλος, τίνα ἂν σχοίημεν συγγνώμην ἡμεῖς, ἐν ὑγείᾳ μεθύοντες; Ἐκείνῳ μὲν γὰρ ἔλεγεν, Οἴνῳ ὀλίγῳ χρῶ διὰ τὸν στόμαχόν σου καὶ τὰς πυκνάς σου ἀσθενείας· ἡμῶν δὲ ἑκάστῳ ἐρεῖ· Οἴνῳ ὀλίγῳ χρῶ διὰ τὰς πορνείας, διὰ τὰς πυκνάς σου αἰσχρολογίας, καὶ τὰς ἑτέρας ἐπιθυμίας τὰς πονηρὰς, ἃς ἡ μέθη τίκτειν εἴωθεν. Οἶνος εἰς εὐφροσύνην ἐδόθη· Οἶνος, γὰρ, φησὶν, εὐφραίνει καρδίαν ἀνθρώπου· ὑμεῖς δὲ καὶ ταύτην αὐτοῦ λυμαίνεσθε τὴν ἀρετήν. Ποία γὰρ εὐφροσύνη τὸ μὴ εἶναι ἐν ἑαυτοῖς, καὶ ἀλγηδόνας μυρίας ἔχειν, καὶ πάντα ὁρᾷν περιφερόμενα, καὶ σκότῳ δεινῷ κατέχεσθαι, καὶ κατὰ τοὺς πυρέττοντας δεῖσθαι τῶν ἐλαίῳ καταβρεχόντων τὰς κεφαλὰς, καὶ τὰς ἡμέρας νύκτας ἐργάζεσθαι, καὶ τὸ φῶς σκότος, καὶ τῶν ὀφθαλμῶν ἀνεῳγμένων μηδὲ τὰ ἐν ποσὶ βλέπειν, καὶ τοῖς τοσούτοις καὶ τοιούτοις ἑαυτοὺς περιπείρειν κακοῖς; Τοῖς γὰρ ἐν μέθῃ καὶ ἀκολασίᾳ βιοῦσιν ἡ ἡμέρα πρὸς τὸ τῆς νυκτὸς μεταστρέφεται σκότος, οὐ τοῦ ἡλίου σβεννυμένου, ἀλλὰ τῆς ἐκείνων διανοίας σκοτιζομένης τῇ μέθῃ. Οἱ τῇ μέθῃ ἑαυτοὺς ἐκδιδόντες, ὅσῳ ἂν ἐκχέωσιν ἑαυτοῖς τὸν ἄκρατον, τοσούτῳ μᾶλλον πρὸς τὸ δίψος ἐκκαίονται, καὶ ἡ μετάληψις ἀεὶ ὑπέκκαυμα τῆς δίψης γίνεται· καὶ τὰ μὲν τῆς ἡδονῆς ἠμαύρωται λοιπὸν, τὸ δὲ δίψος ἀκατάπαυστον γεγονὸς, εἰς αὐτὸν τὸν κρημνὸν τῆς μέθης κατάγει τοὺς ὑπ' αὐτῆς αἰχμαλώτους γεγενημένους. Ἐντεῦθεν μάλιστα ἄν τις ἐκπλαγείη τῆς ἀνοίας τοὺς τῇ μέθῃ προσηλωμένους, ὅτι οὐδὲ ὅσην ἐπὶ τῶν ἀσκῶν ἔχουσιν ἕτεροι τὴν φειδὼ, τοσαύτην ἐφ' ἑαυτῶν ἐπιδείκνυσθαι θέλουσιν οὗτοι. Ἐκείνους μὲν γὰρ οἱ τῶν οἴνων πρᾶται οὐκ ἐῶσι πλέον τοῦ δέοντος λαβεῖν, ὥστε μὴ διαῤῥαγῆναι· τὴν δὲ ἀθλίαν οὗτοι γαστέρα οὐδὲ ταύτης ἀξιοῦσι τῆς προνοίας, ἀλλ' ἐπειδὰν αὐτὴν ἐμπλήσωσι καὶ διαῤῥήξωσι, μέχρι τῶν ὤτων, μέχρι τῆς ῥινὸς, μέχρι τῆς φάρυγγος αὐτῆς πληροῦσιν ἅπαντα, πολλὴν ἐντεῦθεν τῷ πνεύματι, τῇ τὸ ζῶον οἰκονομούσῃ δυνάμει, κατασκευάζοντες τὴν στενοχωρίαν. Μὴ γὰρ διὰ τοῦτό σοι γέγονε φάρυγξ, ἵνα μέχρι τοῦ στόματος ἄνω σεσηπότος οἴνου καὶ τῆς ἄλλης αὐτὸν ἀποπληρώσῃς διαφθορᾶς; Οὐ διὰ τοῦτο, ἀλλ' ἵνα τὰς ἱερὰς ἀναπέμπῃς εὐχὰς τῷ Θεῷ, καὶ τοὺς θείους ἀναγινώσκῃς νόμους, καὶ τοῖς πλησίον τὰ συμφέροντα συμβουλεύῃς. Οὐδὲ γὰρ οὕτω τὰ σφοδρὰ τῶν ποταμίων ῥευμάτων τὰς ὄχθας εἴωθεν διατρώγειν καὶ ποιεῖν ὑφιζάνειν, ὡς τρυφὴ καὶ σπατάλη τὰ τῆς ὑγείας ἡμῶν ἐρείσματα πάντα ὑποσύρει ῥᾳδίως. Τὸ γὰρ παριέναι μετὰ ῥύμης τὰ βρώματα τό τε ἰσχυρὸν ἀποξέει τοῦ σώματος, καὶ τὸ τῆς ψυχῆς ἀνδρεῖον κατασύρει καὶ χαυνοῖ. Καὶ οὐ τοῦτο μόνον ἐστὶ τῷ τρυφῶντι τὸ δεινὸν, ὅτι διασπᾶται, καὶ τὴν γαστέρα τὴν ἑαυτοῦ διαῤῥήγνυσι, καὶ τὴν τοῦ σώματος καὶ τῆς ψυχῆς ὑγίειαν ὑποτέμνεται· ἀλλ' ὅτι τάχιον παραῤῥεῖ καὶ παρατρέχει, καὶ μέχρι μιᾶς ἡμέρας τὴν ἐκ τούτων ἐγγινομένην αὐτῷ χορηγίαν κατασχεῖν οὐ δύναται, ἀλλὰ διαπνευσθείσης ἐκείνης, ἕτερα ἐπεμβάλλειν ἀναγκάζεται πάλιν. Οὐ τοίνυν τὸ φαγεῖν κακὸν, μὴ γένοιτο, ἀλλ' ἡ ἀδηφαγία, καὶ τὸ ὑπὲρ τὴν χρείαν ἐμπίμπλασθαι καὶ διαῤῥήγνυσθαι τὴν γαστέρα· ὥσπερ οὖν οὐδὲ τὸ οἴνου συμμέτρου μετασχεῖν πονηρὸν, ἀλλὰ τὸ μέθῃ ἑαυτὸν ἐκδοῦναι, καὶ 63.651 τῶν λογισμῶν τὸ κριτήριον