Chapter 60

Simultaneous is properly said of things whose beginnings of being were at the same time, as, for instance, when two individuals have been bom at the same instant. This mode is opposed to the first meaning of prior. According to a second meaning, those things are simultaneous which exist together mutually without one being the cause of the other or caused by the other. Such are the double and the half, for these simultaneously exist together and simultaneously introduce each other. This mode is opposed to the second and fifth mode of prior. This is because in the second the things do not mutually introduce and remove each other, while in the fifth they are the cause and the caused. According to the third meaning, things which are logically divided are simultaneous. Logically divided species are those which result from the same division, as, for example, the rational and the irrational, which result from the division of animal. This mode is opposed to the first and the second modes of prior, and, to some extent, to the other three.

[47] {Περὶ τοῦ ἅμα.} Ἅμα λέγεται κυρίως μέν, ὧν ἡ γένεσις ἐν τῷ αὐτῷ χρόνῳ, οἷον δύο τινὲς ἐγεννήθησαν ἐν τῇ αὐτῇ ῥοπῇ. Οὗτος ὁ τρόπος ἀντίκειται τῷ πρώτῳ τρόπῳ τῶν σημαινομένων τοῦ προτέρου. Δεύτερον σημαινόμενον τῶν ἅμα τὰ ἀλλήλοις συνυπάρχοντα καὶ μὴ ὄντα ἕτερον ἑτέρου αἴτιον ἢ αἰτιατὸν ὡς τὸ διπλάσιον καὶ τὸ ἥμισυ: ἅμα γὰρ συνυπάρχουσι καὶ συναναιροῦσιν ἄλληλα καὶ συνεισφέρουσιν. Οὗτος δὲ ὁ τρόπος ἀντίκειται τῷ δευτέρῳ καὶ τῷ πέμπτῳ τρόπῳ τοῦ προτέρου: ἐν μὲν γὰρ τῷ δευτέρῳ οὐ συνεισάγουσιν οὐδὲ συναναιροῦσιν ἄλληλα, ἐν δὲ τῷ πέμπτῳ τὸ μὲν αἴτιον, τὸ δὲ αἰτιατόν. Τρίτον σημαινόμενον τῶν ἅμα τὰ ἀντιδιῃρημένα εἴδη: ἀντιδιῃρημένα δὲ εἴδη λέγεται τὰ ἐκ τῆς αὐτῆς διαιρέσεως κατενεχθέντα οἷον τὸ λογικὸν καὶ τὸ ἄλογον ἐκ τοῦ ζῴου. Οὗτος δὲ ὁ τρόπος ἀντίκειται τῷ πρώτῳ καὶ τῷ δευτέρῳ καὶ σχεδὸν τοῖς ἄλλοις τρισί.