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he was destroyed, having been deprived of his head; which the captors, suspending on some pole, carried around the whole city; on which account indeed heavy exactions of money and murders of the most illustrious Romans took place, on suspicion of their association with Nepotianus. Not much later, however, Magnentius, having been driven from the battle line near the city of Mursa by the forces of Constantius, and not far from falling into the hands of the enemy himself, fled, after a great Roman force on both sides had been destroyed in this struggle, which, if it had been brought to bear against foreign and barbarian wars, would have been sufficient, and would have been the cause of many triumphal processions and of safety for their countrymen. And Constantius turned to civil war. After which indeed Magnentius, having been defeated in frequent battles, took his own life by his own hand near the city of Lugdunum, after first killing his mother, in the fourth year and seventh month of his reign. His brother shared his death, having been appointed Caesar for the defense of Gaul. At about this time, moreover, Gallus Caesar was put to death by the emperor Constantius for many and wicked deeds, being a man savage in nature, and one who would have established his rule as a tyranny, if indeed it had been possible for him to assume command with autocratic power. And a certain Silvanus, attempting a revolution in Gaul, was removed from the way before the thirtieth day. 175 Exc. De virt.: That Constantius, the son of Constantine the Great, having become sole master of the entire Roman empire, was harsh to those not willing to hold the opinions of Arius, torturing both men and women with various punishments. And strange punishments, beyond those of the Greeks, were inflicted by those who claimed to be Christians. 2. That Constantius was a man of mild and calm disposition, and most faithful to his friends and relatives; and from the gentleness of his character, he was also excessively obliging to the women of his household. 176 Exc. Salm.: Julian, having been proclaimed Caesar, said, "Purple death and mighty fate have seized me;" as his brother also had perished in this office. Constantine, a few days before his death, seemed to be holding a sphere, and a certain boy came up and snatched it from his hands.

t177- 180 JULIAN.

177Exc. De ins.: That Julian the Apostate for a certain time second place in reputation

to the emperor. But when Constantius, moved by envy of his deeds, forced the so-called German legions, which from ancient times had been stationed for the defense of Gaul, to depart from their usual post, so that Julian, being isolated, might be an easy target for him and for the barbarians, by the approval of the soldiers, who perceived Constantius's intention, he was proclaimed emperor; and remaining there for a year, he settled Gaul. And taking up his army, he neither made his way towards Italy, nor was it clear that he was setting out for civil war; but he went again against the barbarians. And having come to the river, and having turned his course, he proceeded towards the so-called Hercynian forests; and there, having built river boats, and having taken up the best part of his army, he was carried along the river bank, so that he might go unnoticed. And he accomplished many things. But when Constantius perceived this, he turned in anger towards civil war; however, it was not granted to him to come to battle with Julian, as God arbitrated the war, and his death occurred in the middle of his march near the city of Mopsuestia, situated on the borders of the Cilicians and the Syrians, in the 45th year of his age, and the 38th of his reign. 178 Exc. Salm.: Adarnases, being a child, was asked by

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διεφθάρη, τῆς κεφαλῆς ἀφαιρεθείς· ἣν ἐπὶ κοντοῦ τινὸς αἰωρήσαντες, περὶ πᾶσαν τὴν πόλιν οἱ ἁλόντες ἤγαγον· ἐφ' ᾧ δὴ χρημάτων τε ἀπαγωγαὶ βαρεῖαι καὶ φόνοι τῶν ἐπιφανεστάτων Ῥωμαίων ὑπονοίᾳ τῆς πρὸς Νεπωτιανὸν κοινωνίας ἐγένοντο. Οὐ πολλῷ γε μὴν ὕστερον Μαγνέντιος Μορσῆς πόλεως πλησίον ἐξεωσθεὶς τῆς παρατάξεως πρὸς τῶν περὶ τὸν Κωνστάντιον, καὶ οὐ πολὺ ἀποσχὼν καὶ αὐτὸς ὑπὸ χεῖρα τοῖς πολεμίοις πεσεῖν, φεύγει, πολλῆς ἑκατέρωθεν Ῥωμαϊκῆς ἐν τούτῳ τῷ ἀγῶνι διεφθαρμένης, ἣ πρὸς ὀθνείους τε καὶ βαρβαρικοὺς ἀχθεῖσα πολέμους, ἀξιόχρεως ἂν ἐγένετο, καὶ πολλῶν ἐπινικίων πομπῶν ἀσφαλείας τε τοῖς ὁμοφύλοις κατέστη πρόξενος. Κωνστάντιος δὲ πρὸς τὸν ἐμφύλιον τρέπεται πόλεμον. Μεθ' ὃ δὴ Μαγνέντιος συχναῖς ἐλαττωθεὶς μάχαις, ἑαυτὸν αὐτοχειρὶ θανάτῳ περὶ Λούγδουνον πόλιν ἐξάγει τοῦ βίου, τὴν μητέρα προανελὼν, τετάρτῳ τῆς βασιλείας ἐνιαυτῷ καὶ μηνὶ ἑβδόμῳ. Ὁ ἀδελφὸς αὐτῷ κοινωνεῖ τοῦ θανάτου, Καῖσαρ ἐπὶ φυλακῇ τῶν Γαλλιῶν ἀποδεδειγμένος. Περὶ τούτους γε μὴν τοὺς χρόνους ὑπὸ Κωνσταντίου τοῦ βασιλέως Γάλλος ὁ Καῖσαρ ἐπὶ πολλαῖς καὶ ἀτόποις ἀναιρεῖται πράξεσιν, ἀνὴρ ἄγριος τὴν φύσιν ὢν, καὶ τυραννίδα τὴν ἀρχὴν καταστησόμενος ἂν, εἴπερ αὐτοκράτορι γνώμῃ προστῆναί οἱ τῆς ἡγεμονίας ἐξεγένετο. Σιλβανός τέ τις κατὰ τὴν Γαλλίαν νεωτέρων ἁπτόμενος, πρὸ τριακοστῆς ἡμέρας ἐκποδὼν κατέστη. 175 Exc. De virt.: Ὅτι Κωνστάντιος ὁ παῖς τοῦ μεγάλου Κωνσταντίνου μόνος τῆς Ῥωμαίων ἀρχῆς ἁπάσης καταστὰς, βαρὺς ἦν τοῖς μὴ βουλομένοις τὰ Ἀρείου φρονεῖν, ποικίλαις τε τιμωρίαις αἰκίζων ἄνδρας τε καὶ γυναῖκας. Καὶ ξέναι παρὰ τὰς Ἑλλήνων κολάσεις ὑπὸ τῶν χριστιανίζειν λεγόντων ἐγίνοντο. 2. Ὅτι Κωνστάντιος ἀνὴρ ἦν ἤπιος καὶ γαληνὸς τὸν τρόπον, καὶ τοῖς φίλοις τε καὶ οἰκείοις ἐς τὰ μάλιστα πιστός· ἀπό τε τῆς τοῦ ἤθους πρᾳότητος καὶ ταῖς οἰκείαις τῶν γυναικῶν πέρα τοῦ μετρίου κεχαρισμένος. 176 Exc. Salm.: Ἰουλιανὸς Καῖσαρ προβληθεὶς εἶπεν, ἔλλαβε πορφύρεος θάνατος καὶ μοῖρα κραταιή· ὡς καὶ τοῦ ἀδελφοῦ αὐτοῦ ἐν τούτῳ τῷ σχήματι ἀπολωλότος. Κωνσταντῖνος πρὸ ὀλίγων ἡμερῶν τῆς αὐτοῦ τελευτῆς ἔδοξε κρατεῖν σφαῖραν, ταύτην δὲ παῖδα τινὰ προσελθόντα ἁρπάζειν ἐκ τῶν χειρῶν αὐτοῦ.

t177- 180 ἸΟΥΛΙΑΝΟΣ.

177Exc. De ins.: Ὅτι Ἰουλιανὸς ὁ παραβάτης μέχρι μέν τινος δεύτερα λόγων

διετέλει τῷ αὐτοκράτορι. Ἐπεὶ δὲ πρὸς φθόνον τῶν οἱ δρωμένων κινηθεὶς Κωνστάντιος τὰς Γερμανικὰς καλουμένας φάλαγγας, ἐπὶ φυλακῇ τῆς Γαλατίας ἐκ τοῦ παλαιοτάτου καθιδρυμένας, ἀπιέναι τῆς συνήθους ἠνάγκαζε διατριβῆς, ὡς μονωθεὶς Ἰουλιανὸς αὐτῷ τε καὶ τοῖς βαρβάροις εὐεπιχείρητος εἴη, καταινέσει τῶν στρατιωτῶν, αἰσθομένων τῆς τοῦ Κωνσταντίου γνώμης, αὐτοκράτωρ ἀποδείκνυται· ἐνιαυτόν τε καταμείνας αὐτόθι, τὴν Γαλατίαν κατεστήσατο. Ἄρας δὲ τὸν στρατὸν, οὔτε ἐπὶ Ἰταλίας τὴν πορείαν ἐποιεῖτο, οὔτε εὔδηλος ἦν πρὸς τὸν ἐμφύλιον ὡρμημένος πόλεμον· ἀλλ' ἐπὶ τοὺς βαρβάρους αὖθις ἵετο. Γενόμενος δὲ πρὸς τῷ ποταμῷ, καὶ ἐπιστρέψας τὴν πορείαν ἐχώρει ἐπὶ τῶν Ἑρκυνίων καλουμένων δρυμῶν· ἐκεῖ δὲ ναῦς ποταμίας κατασκευασάμενος, καὶ τῆς στρατιᾶς ὅσον ἦν κράτιστον ἀναλαβὼν, παρὰ τὴν ποταμίαν ὄχθην ἐκομίζετο, ὡς ἂν λάθοι. Καὶ πολλὰ εἰργάσατο. Ὁ δὲ Κωνστάντιος ἐπεὶ ᾔσθετο τοῦτο, πρὸς τὸν ἐμφύλιον πόλεμον σὺν ὀργῇ τρέπεται· οὐ μὴν ἐξεγένετό οἱ διὰ μάχης ἐλθεῖν τῷ Ἰουλιανῷ, βραβεύσαντος τοῦ θεοῦ τὸν πόλεμον, καὶ κατὰ μέσην αὐτῷ τὴν πορείαν ἐπιγενομένης τῆς τελευτῆς περὶ Μοψουεστίαν πόλιν, ἐν ὅροις Κιλίκων τε καὶ Σύρων κειμένην, μεʹ τῆς ἡλικίας ἐνιαυτῷ, τῆς δὲ βασιλείας ληʹ. 178 Exc. Salm.: Ἀδαρνάσης παιδίον ὢν ἠρωτήθη ὑπὸ