Chapter XV.

Of liberality. To whom it must chiefly be shown, and how men of slender means may show it by giving their service and counsel.

68. But if it is praiseworthy to have one’s soul free from this failing, how much more glorious is it to gain the love of the people by liberality which is neither too freely shown to those who are unsuitable, nor too sparingly bestowed upon the needy.

69. There are many kinds of liberality.452    Cic. de Off. II. 9, § 32. Not only can we distribute and give away food to those who need it from our own daily supply, so that they may sustain life; but we can also give advice and help to those who are ashamed to show their want openly, so long as the common supplies of the needy are not exhausted. I am now speaking of one set over some office. If he is a priest or almoner, let him inform the bishop of them, and not withhold the name of any he knows to be in any need, or to have lost their wealth and to be now reduced to want; especially if they have not fallen into this trouble owing to wastefulness in youth, but because of another’s theft, or through loss of their inheritance from no fault of their own, so that they cannot now earn their daily bread.

70. The highest kind of liberality is, to redeem captives, to save them from the hands of their enemies, to snatch men from death, and, most of all, women from shame, to restore children to their parents, parents to their children, and, to give back a citizen to his country. This was recognized when Thrace and Illyria were so terribly devastated.453    This was in the year 378. These provinces were invaded by the Goths, who after the defeat and death of Valens at Hadrianople ravaged the whole country, and carried away with them a vast number of captives and afterwards sold them into slavery. St. Ambrose busied himself in redeeming all he could. He tells us himself how his efforts were met by the Arian party. How many captives were then for sale all over the world! Could one but call them together, their number would have surpassed that of a whole province. Yet there were some who would have sent back into slavery those whom the Church had redeemed. They themselves were harder than slavery itself to look askance at another’s mercy. If they themselves (they said) had come to slavery, they would be slaves freely. If they had been sold, they would not refuse the service of slavery. They wished to undo the freedom of others, though they could not undo their own slavery, unless perchance it should please the buyer to receive his price again, whereby, however, slavery would not be simply undone but redeemed.

71. It is then a special quality of liberality to redeem captives,454    Cic. de Off. II. 16. especially from barbarian enemies who are moved by no spark of human feeling to show mercy, except so far as avarice has preserved it with a view to redemption. It is also a great thing to take upon oneself another’s debt, if the debtor cannot pay and is hard pressed to do so, and where the money is due by right and is only left unpaid through want. So, too, it is a sign of great liberality to bring up children, and to take care of orphans.

72. There are others who place in marriage maidens that have lost their parents, so as to preserve their chastity, and who help them not only with good wishes but also by a sum of money. There is also another kind of liberality which the Apostle teaches: “If any that believeth hath widows let him relieve them, that the Church be not burdened by supplying them, that it may have enough for those that are widows indeed.”455    1 Tim. v. 16.

73. Useful, then, is liberality of this sort; but it is not common to all. For there are many good men who have but slender means, and are content with little for their own use, and are not able to give help to lighten the poverty of others. However, another sort of kindness is ready to their hand, whereby they can help those poorer still. For there is a twofold liberality:456    Cic. de Off. II. 15, § 52. one that gives actual assistance, that is, in money; the other, which is busy in offering active help, is often much grander and nobler.

74. How much grander it was for Abraham to have recovered his captured son-in-law by his victorious arms,457    Gen. xiv. 16. than if he had ransomed him! How much more usefully did holy Joseph help King Pharaoh by his counsel to provide for the future, than if he had offered him money! For money would not have bought back the fruitfulness of any one state; whilst he by his foresight kept the famine for five years458    Gen. xli. 53–57. from the whole of Egypt.

75. Money is easily spent; counsels can never be exhausted. They only grow the stronger by constant use. Money grows less and quickly comes to an end, and has failed even kindness itself; so that the more there are to whom one wants to give, the fewer one can help; and often one has not got what one thinks ought to be given to others. But as regards the offer of advice and active help, the more there are to spend it on, the more there seems to be, and the more it returns to its own source. The rich stream of prudence ever flows back upon itself, and the more it has reached out to, so much the more active becomes all that remains.

CAPUT XV.

De liberalitate. Quibusnam potissimum impartienda: et qua ratione illam tenuioris census homines opera et consiliis exerceant.

68. Quod si ab his sobrium gerere animum laudabile est, quanto illud praestantius si dilectionem multitudinis liberalitate acquiras, neque superflua circa importunos, neque restricta circa indigentes!

69. Plurima autem genera liberalitatis sunt, non solum quotidiano sumptu egentibus, quo vitam 0121A sustinere suam possint, disponere ac dispensare alimoniam; verum etiam his qui publice egere verecundantur, consulere ac subvenire, quatenus communis egenorum alimonia non exhauriatur. De eo enim loquor qui praeest alicui muneri, ut si officium sacerdotis gerat, aut dispensatoris; ut de his suggerat episcopo, nec reprimat si quem positum in necessitate aliqua cognoverit, aut dejectum opibus ad inopiae necessitatem redactum: maxime si non effusione adolescentiae, sed direptione alicujus et amissione patrimonii in eam reciderit injuriam, ut sumptum exercere diurnum non queat.

70. Summa etiam liberalitas, captos redimere, eripere ex hostium manibus, subtrahere neci homines, et maxime feminas turpitudini, reddere parentibus 0121B liberos, parentes liberis, cives patriae restituere. Nota sunt haec nimis Illyrici vastitate et Thraciae: quanti ubique venales 87 erant toto captivi orbe, quos si revoces, unius provinciae numerum explere non possint! Fuerunt tamen qui et quos Ecclesiae redemerunt, in servitutem revocare vellent, ipsa graviores captivitate, qui inviderent alienam misericordiam. Ipsi si in captivitatem venissent, servirent liberi: si venditi fuissent, servitutis ministerium non recusarent; et volunt alienam libertatem rescindere, qui suam servitutem non possent rescindere, nisi forte pretium recipere emptori placeret: in quo tamen non rescinditur servitus, sed redimitur.

71. Praecipua est igitur liberalitas, redimere 0121C captivos, et maxime ab hoste barbaro, qui nihil deferat humanitatis ad misericordiam, nisi quod 0122A avaritia reservaverit ad redemptionem: aes alienum subire, si debitor solvendo non sit, atque arctetur ad solutionem, quae sit jure debita, et inopia destituta: enutrire parvulos, pupillos tueri.

72. Sunt etiam qui virgines orbatas parentibus tuendae pudicitiae gratia connubio locent, nec solum studio, sed etiam sumptu adjuvent. Est etiam genus illud liberalitatis quod Apostolus docet: Ut si quis fidelis habet viduas, subministret illis, ut earum alimoniis Ecclesia non gravetur, ut his quae vere viduae sunt, sufficiat (I Tim. V, 16).

73. Utilis igitur hujusmodi liberalitas, sed non communis omnibus. Sunt enim plerique etiam viri boni, qui tenues sunt censu, contenti quidem exiguo ad sui usum, sed non idonei ad subsidium levandae 0122B paupertatis alienae; tamen suppetit aliud beneficentiae genus, quo juvare possint inferiorem. Est enim duplex liberalitas: una quae subsidio rei adjuvat, id est, usu pecuniae; altera quae operum collatione impenditur, multo frequenter splendidior, multoque clarior.

74. Quanto illustrius Abraham captum armis victricibus recepit nepotem (Gen. XIV, 16), quam si redemisset! Quanto utilius regem Pharaonem sanctus Joseph consilio providentiae juvit, quam si contulisset pecuniam! Pecunia enim unius civitatis non redemit ubertatem: prospicientia totius Aegypti per quinquennium famem repulit (Gen. XLI, 33 et seq.).

75. Facile autem pecunia consumitur, consilia 0122C exhauriri nesciunt. Haec usu augentur: pecunia minuitur, et cito deficit, atque ipsam destituit benignitatem; 0123A tatem; ut quo pluribus largiri volueris, eo pauciores adjuves, et saepe tibi desit quod aliis conferendum putaveris. Consilii 88 autem operisque collatio, quo in plures diffunditur, eo redundantior manet, et in suum fontem recurrit. In se enim refluit ubertas prudentiae: et quo pluribus fluxerit, eo exercitius fit omne quod remanet.