Chap. XX.—Socrates Had More Knowledge in Philosophy Than Other Men, Although in Many Things He Acted Foolishly.

Let us now see what there was so great in Socrates himself, that a wise man deservedly gave thanks that he was born in his times. I do not deny that he was a little more sagacious than the others who thought that the nature of things could be comprehended by the mind. And in this I judge that they were not only senseless, but also impious; because they wished to send their inquisitive eyes into the secrets of that heavenly providence. We know that there are at Rome, and in many cities, certain sacred things which it is considered impious for men to look upon. Therefore they who are not permitted to pollute those objects abstain from looking upon them; and if by error or some accident a man has happened to see them, his guilt is expiated first by his punishment, and afterwards by a repetition of sacrifice. What can you do in the case of those who wish to pry into unpermitted things? Truly they are much more wicked who seek to profane the secrets of the world and this heavenly temple with impious disputations, than those who entered the temple of Vesta, or the Good Goddess, or Ceres. And these shrines, though it is not lawful for men to approach them, were yet constructed by men. But these men not only escape the charge of impiety, but, that which is much more unbecoming, they gain the fame of eloquence and the glory of talent. What if they were able to investigate anything? For they are as foolish in asserting as they are wicked in searching out; since they are neither able to find out anything, nor, even if they had found out anything, to defend it. For if even by chance they have seen the truth—a thing which often happens—they so act that it is refuted by others as false. For no one descends from heaven to pass sentence on the opinions of individuals; wherefore no one can doubt that those who seek after these things are foolish, senseless, and insane.  

Socrates therefore had something of human wisdom,436    Lactantius here uses cor, “the heart,” for wisdom, regarding the heart as the seat of wisdom.   who, when he understood that these things could not possibly be ascertained, removed himself from questions of this kind; but I fear that he so acted in this alone. For many of his actions are not only undeserving of praise, but also most deserving of censure, in which things he most resembled those of his own class. Out of these I will select one which may be judged of by all. Socrates used this well-known proverb: “That which is above us is nothing to us.” Let us therefore fall down upon the earth, and use as feet those hands which have been given us for the production of excellent works. The heaven is nothing to us, to the contemplation of which we have been raised;437    The allusion is to the upright figure of man, as opposed to the other animals, which look down upon the earth, whereas man looks upward. [Our author is partial to this idea. See p. 41, supra.]   in fine, the light itself can have no reference to us; undoubtedly the cause of our sustenance is from heaven. But if he perceived this, that we ought not to discuss the nature of heavenly things, he was unable even to comprehend the nature of those things which he had beneath his feet. What then? did he err in his words? It is not probable; but he undoubtedly meant that which he said, that we are not to devote ourselves to religion; but if he were openly to say this, no one would suffer it.  

For who cannot perceive that this world, completed with such wonderful method, is governed by some providence, since there is nothing which can exist without some one to direct it? Thus, a house deserted by its inhabitant fails to decay; a ship without a pilot goes to the bottom; and a body abandoned by the soul wastes away. Much less can we suppose that so great a fabric could either have been constructed without an Artificer, or have existed so long without a Ruler. But if he wished to overthrow those public superstitions, I do not disapprove of this; yea, I shall rather praise it, if he shall have found anything better to take their place. But the same man swore438    This oath is mentioned by Athenæus. Tertullian makes an excuse for it, as though it were done in mockery of the gods. Socrates was called the Athenian buffoon, because he taught many things in a jesting manner.   by a dog and a goose. Oh buffoon (as Zeno the Epicurean439    To be distinguished from Zeno of Citium, the Stoic, and also from Zeno of Elea.   says), senseless, abandoned, desperate man, if he wished to scoff at religion; madman, if he did this seriously, so as to esteem a most base animal as God! For who can dare to find fault with the superstitions of the Egyptians, when Socrates confirmed them at Athens by his authority? But was it not a mark of consummate vanity, that before his death he asked his friends to sacrifice for him a cock which he had vowed to Æsculapius? He evidently feared lest he should be put upon his trial before Rhadamanthus, the judge, by Æsculapius on account of the vow. I should consider him most mad if he had died under the influence of disease. But since he did this in his sound mind, he who thinks that he was wise is himself of unsound mind. Behold one in whose times the wise man congratulates himself as having been born!  

CAPUT XX. Socrates aliis prudentior fuit in philosophia, quamvis 0414Bin multis desipuerit.

Videamus nunc, quid in Socrate ipso tam magnum fuerit, ut homo sapiens merito gratias ageret, illius se temporibus esse natum. Non inficior fuisse illum paulo cordatiorem, quam caeteros, qui naturam rerum putaverunt ingenio posse comprehendi. In quo illos non excordes tantum fuisse arbitror, sed etiam impios; quod in secreta coelestis illius providentiae curiosos oculos voluerint immittere. Romae, et in plerisque urbibus scimus esse quaedam sacra, quae 0415A aspici a viris nefas habeatur. 0415A Abstinent igitur aspectu, quibus contaminare illa non licet: et si forte, vel errore, vel casu quopiam vir aspexerit, primo poena ejus, deinde instauratione sacrificii, scelus expiatur. Quid his facias, qui inconcessa scrutari volunt? Nimirum multo sceleratiores, qui arcana mundi, et hoc coeleste templum profanare impiis disputationibus quaerunt, quam qui aedem Vestae, aut Bonae Deae, aut Cereris intraverint. Quae penetralia quamvis adire viris non liceat, tamen a viris fabricata sunt. Hi vero non tantum impietatis crimen effugiunt: sed, quod est multo indignius, eloquentiae famam, et ingenii gloriam consequuntur. Quid, si aliquid investigare possent? Sunt enim tam stulti in asseverando. quam improbi in quaerendo; cum neque invenire quidquam possint, nec defendere, etiamsi 0415B invenerint. Nam si verum vel fortuito viderint, quod saepius contingit, committunt, ut ab aliis id pro falso refellatur. Non enim descendit aliquis de coelo, qui sententiam de singulorum opinionibus ferat: quapropter nemo dubitaverit, eos, qui ista conquirant, stultos, ineptos, insanos esse.

Aliquid ergo Socrates habuit cordis humani, qui cum intelligeret haec non posse inveniri, ab ejusmodi quaestionibus se removit; vereorque ne in eo solo. Multa enim sunt ejus non modo laude indigna, sed etiam reprehensione dignissima, in quibus fuit suorum 0416A simillimus. Ex his unum eligam, quod ab omnibus sit probatum. Celebre hoc proverbium Socrates habuit: «Quod supra nos, nihil ad nos.» Procumbamus igitur in terram, et manus nobis ad praeclara opera datas convertamus in pedes. Nihil ad nos coelum, ad cujus contemplationem sumus excitati; nihil denique lux ipsa pertineat: certe victus nostri causa de coelo est. Quod si hoc sensit, non esse de rebus coelestibus disputandum, ne illorum quidem rationem poterat comprehendere, quae sub pedibus habebat. Quid ergo? num erravit in verbis? Verisimile non est: sed nimirum id sensit, quod locutus est, religioni minime serviendum: quod si aperte diceret, nemo pateretur.

Quis enim non sentiat, hunc mundum tam mirabili ratione perfectum, aliqua providentia gubernari? 0416B quandoquidem nihil est, quod possit sine ullo moderatore consistere. Sic domus ab habitatore deserta dilabitur; navis sine gubernatore abit pessum; et corpus, relictum ab anima, diffluit: nedum putemus, tantam illam molem aut construi sine artifice, aut stare tamdiu sine rectore potuisse. Quod si publicas illas religiones voluit evertere, non improbo, quin etiam laudabo, si ipse quod est melius invenerit. Verum idem per canem et anserem dejerabat. O hominem scurram (ut ait Zeno epicureus) ineptum, perditum, desperatum, si cavillari voluit religionem; dementem, 0417A si hoc serio fecit, ut animal turpissimum pro Deo haberet! Quis jam superstitiones Aegyptiorum audeat reprehendere, quas Socrates Athenis auctoritate confirmavit sua? Illud vero nonne summae vanitatis, quod ante mortem familiares suos rogavit, ut Aesculapio gallum, 0417A quem voverat, pro se sacrarent? Timuit videlicet, ne apud Rhadamanthum reciperatorem voti reus fieret ab Aesculapio. Dementissimum hominem putarem, si morbo affectus periisset. Cum vero hoc sanus fecerit, est ipse insanus, qui eum putat fuisse sapientem. En, cujus temporibus natum esse se homo sapiens gratulatur.