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it prevailed, as long as there was a law; for sin, he says, cannot exist when there is no law. If, therefore, this sin, he says, which comes from the transgression of the law, begat death, how did all those before the law die? For if death had its root in sin, but where there is no law sin is not imputed, how did death prevail? From which it is clear, that it was not this sin, the transgression of the law, but that one, the disobedience of Adam, that was the ruin of all things. And what is the proof of this? That all died even before the law. For death reigned, he says, from Adam to Moses, even over them that had not sinned. How did it reign? After the similitude of Adam's transgression, who is the figure of him that was to come. For because of this Adam is also a type of Jesus Christ. How a type? he says. Because, just as he became to those who came from him, although they had not eaten from the tree, the cause of the death that was brought in through that eating; so also Christ became to those who are from him, although they had not performed righteous deeds, the author of righteousness, which he has freely given to all of us through the cross. For this reason he holds again and again to the one, and continually brings this forward, saying: As by one man sin entered into the world; and, Through the offence of one many be dead; and, Not as it was by one that sinned, so is the gift; and, The judgment was by one to condemnation; and again, For if by one man’s offence death reigned by one; and, Therefore as by the offence of one; and again, As by one man's disobedience many were made sinners; and he does not depart from the one, so that when the Jew says to you, How, by the single righteous act of Christ, was the world saved? you may be able to say to him, How, by the single disobedience of Adam, was the world condemned? And yet sin and grace are not equal, death and life are not equal, the devil and God are not equal, but the distance between them is infinite. When, therefore, both from the nature of the thing, and from the power of him who accomplished it, and from what is fitting itself (for it is much more fitting for God to save than to punish), the superiority and the victory are on this side, what reason could you have for unbelief, tell me? That what has happened is therefore reasonable, he showed by saying: But not as the offence, so also is the free gift. For if through the offence of one many be dead, much more the grace of God, and the gift by grace, which is by one man, Jesus Christ, hath abounded unto many. For what he says is this: If sin had such strength, and the sin of one man; how will not grace, and the grace of God, and not of the Father only but also of the Son, more exceedingly abound? For this is much more reasonable. For that one should be punished for 60.476 another does not seem very reasonable; but that one should be saved for another is both more fitting and more reasonable. If, therefore, the former happened, much more the latter. 2. That it is then probable and reasonable, he has shown from these things; for with the former established, the latter was going to be easily received; but that it is also necessary, he establishes from what follows. How then does he establish this? Not as it was by one that sinned, so is the gift, he says: for the judgment was by one to condemnation, but the free gift is of many offences unto justification. And what is it that is being said? That one sin had the strength to bring in death and condemnation; but grace not only did away with that one sin, but also those that came in after it. For so that the placing of "as" and "so" may not introduce an equal measure of the good things to the bad, and lest you think, on hearing of Adam, that only that sin which he brought in has been done away with, he says that the removal of many offences has occurred. How is this clear? Because after the countless sins after that one in paradise, the matter issued in justification. And where there is righteousness, life and countless good things must necessarily follow, just as, where there is sin, death. For righteousness is more than life, since it is also the root of life. That therefore more has been brought in

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ἐκράτει, ἕως καὶ νόμος ἦν· οὐδὲ γὰρ δύναται συστῆναι, φησὶν, ἁμαρτία, μὴ ὄντος νόμου. Εἰ τοίνυν αὕτη ἡ ἁμαρτία, φησὶν, ἐκ τῆς τοῦ νόμου παραβάσεως τὸν θάνατον ἔτικτε, πῶς οἱ πρὸ τοῦ νόμου πάντες ἀπέθνησκον; Εἰ γὰρ ἐξ ἁμαρτίας ὁ θάνατος τὴν ῥίζαν ἔσχε, νόμου δὲ οὐκ ὄντος ἡ ἁμαρτία οὐκ ἐλλογεῖται, πῶς ὁ θάνατος ἐκράτει; Ὅθεν δῆλον, ὅτι οὐχ αὕτη ἡ ἁμαρτία ἡ τῆς τοῦ νόμου παραβάσεως, ἀλλ' ἐκείνη ἡ τῆς τοῦ Ἀδὰμ παρακοῆς, αὕτη ἦν ἡ πάντα λυμαινομένη. Καὶ τίς ἡ τούτου ἀπόδειξις; Τὸ καὶ πρὸ τοῦ νόμου πάντας ἀποθνήσκειν. Ἐβασίλευσε γὰρ ὁ θάνατος, φησὶν, ἀπὸ Ἀδὰμ μέχρι Μωϋσέως, καὶ ἐπὶ τοὺς μὴ ἁμαρτήσαντας. Πῶς ἐβασίλευσεν; Ἐν τῷ ὁμοιώματι τῆς παραβάσεως Ἀδὰμ, ὅς ἐστι τύπος τοῦ μέλλοντος. ∆ιὰ γὰρ τοῦτο καὶ τύπος ἐστὶν Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ ὁ Ἀδάμ. Πῶς τύπος; φησίν. Ὅτι, ὥσπερ ἐκεῖνος τοῖς ἐξ αὐτοῦ, καίτοι γε μὴ φαγοῦσιν ἀπὸ τοῦ ξύλου, γέγονεν αἴτιος θανάτου τοῦ διὰ τὴν βρῶσιν εἰσαχθέντος· οὕτω καὶ ὁ Χριστὸς τοῖς ἐξ αὐτοῦ, καίτοι γε οὐ δικαιοπραγήσασι, γέγονε πρόξενος δικαιοσύνης, ἣν διὰ τοῦ σταυροῦ πᾶσιν ἡμῖν ἐχαρίσατο. ∆ιὰ τοῦτο ἄνω καὶ κάτω τοῦ ἑνὸς ἔχεται, καὶ συνεχῶς τοῦτο εἰς μέσον φέρει, λέγων· Ὥσπερ δι' ἑνὸς ἀνθρώπου ἡ ἁμαρτία εἰς τὸν κόσμον εἰσῆλθε· καὶ, Ἐν τῷ τοῦ ἑνὸς παραπτώματι οἱ πολλοὶ ἀπέθανον· καὶ, Οὐχ ὡς δι' ἑνὸς ἁμαρτήσαντος, τὸ δώρημα· καὶ, Τὸ κρῖμα ἐξ ἑνὸς εἰς κατάκριμα· καὶ πάλιν, Εἰ γὰρ τῷ τοῦ ἑνὸς παραπτώματι ὁ θάνατος ἐβασίλευσε διὰ τοῦ ἑνός· καὶ, Ἆρα οὖν ὡς δι' ἑνὸς παραπτώματος· καὶ πάλιν, Ὥσπερ διὰ τῆς παρακοῆς τοῦ ἑνὸς ἀνθρώπου ἁμαρτωλοὶ κατεστάθησαν οἱ πολλοί· καὶ οὐκ ἀφίσταται τοῦ ἑνὸς, ἵν' ὅταν λέγῃ σοι ὁ Ἰουδαῖος, Πῶς, ἑνὸς κατορθώσαντος τοῦ Χριστοῦ, ἡ οἰκουμένη ἐσώθη; δυνηθῇς αὐτῷ λέγειν, Πῶς, ἑνὸς παρακούσαντος τοῦ Ἀδὰμ, ἡ οἰκουμένη κατεκρίθη; Καίτοι γε οὐκ ἴσον ἁμαρτία καὶ χάρις, οὐκ ἴσον θάνατος καὶ ζωὴ, οὐκ ἴσον διάβολος καὶ Θεὸς, ἀλλ' ἄπειρον τὸ μέσον. Ὅταν οὖν καὶ ἀπὸ τῆς τοῦ πράγματος φύσεως, καὶ ἀπὸ τῆς τοῦ μετελθόντος δυνάμεως, καὶ ἀπ' αὐτοῦ τοῦ πρέποντος (πολὺ γὰρ τῷ Θεῷ τοῦτο πρεπωδέστερον, τὸ σώζειν, ἢ τὸ κολάζειν), ἐνταῦθα ἡ ὑπεροχὴ καὶ τὰ νικητήρια, τίνα ἂν ἔχοις λόγον εἰς ἀπιστίαν, εἰπέ μοι; Ὅτι μὲν οὖν κατὰ λόγον τὸ γεγενημένον, ἔδειξεν εἰπών· Ἀλλ' οὐχ ὡς τὸ παράπτωμα, οὕτω καὶ τὸ χάρισμα. Εἰ γὰρ τῷ τοῦ ἑνὸς παραπτώματι οἱ πολλοὶ ἀπέθανον, πολλῷ μᾶλλον ἡ χάρις τοῦ Θεοῦ καὶ ἡ δωρεὰ ἐν χάριτι τῇ τοῦ ἑνὸς ἀνθρώπου Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ, εἰς τοὺς πολλοὺς ἐπερίσσευσεν. Ὃ γὰρ λέγει, τοιοῦτόν ἐστιν· Εἰ ἡ ἁμαρτία τοσοῦτον ἴσχυσε, καὶ ἀνθρώπου ἁμαρτία ἑνός· χάρις, καὶ Θεοῦ χάρις, καὶ οὐ Πατρὸς μόνου, ἀλλὰ καὶ Υἱοῦ, πῶς οὐ περιέσται μειζόνως; πολλῷ γὰρ τοῦτο εὐλογώτερον. Τὸ μὲν γὰρ ἕτερον δι' 60.476 ἕτερον κολάζεσθαι, οὐ σφόδρα δοκεῖ λόγον ἔχειν· τὸ δὲ ἕτερον δι' ἕτερον σώζεσθαι, καὶ πρεπωδέστερον μᾶλλον καὶ εὐλογώτερον. Εἰ τοίνυν ἐκεῖνο γέγονε, πολλῷ μᾶλλον τοῦτο. βʹ. Ὅτι μὲν οὖν εἰκὸς καὶ εὔλογον, ἐκ τούτων ἔδειξε· καὶ γὰρ ἐκείνου κατασκευασθέντος, εὐπαράδεκτον τοῦτο λοιπὸν ἔμελλεν εἶναι· ὅτι δὲ καὶ ἀναγκαῖον, ἐκ τῶν ἑξῆς κατασκευάζει. Πῶς οὖν τοῦτο κατασκευάζει; Οὐχ ὡς δι' ἑνὸς ἁμαρτήσαντος τὸ δώρημα, φησί· τὸ μὲν γὰρ κρῖμα ἐξ ἑνὸς εἰς κατάκριμα· τὸ δὲ χάρισμα ἐκ πολλῶν παραπτωμάτων εἰς δικαίωμα. Καὶ τί ποτέ ἐστι τοῦτο τὸ λεγόμενον; Ὅτι τὸν μὲν θάνατον καὶ τὸ κατάκριμα ἴσχυσεν ἁμαρτία μία εἰσενεγκεῖν· ἡ δὲ χάρις οὐ τὴν μίαν ἐκείνην ἁμαρτίαν ἀνεῖλε μόνον, ἀλλὰ καὶ τὰς μετ' ἐκείνην ἐπεισελθούσας. Ἵνα γὰρ τὸ, ὡς, καὶ τὸ, οὕτω, τιθέμενον, μὴ ἴσον εἰσάγῃ μέτρον τῶν ἀγαθῶν πρὸς τὰ κακὰ, μηδὲ νομίσῃς ἀκούων τὸν Ἀδὰμ, ἐκείνην ἀνῃρῆσθαι μόνην τὴν ἁμαρτίαν, ἣν ἐκεῖνος εἰσήνεγκε, λέγει ὅτι πολλῶν παραπτωμάτων ἡ ἀναίρεσις γέγονε. Πόθεν δῆλον; Ὅτι μετὰ τὰς ἀπείρους ἁμαρτίας τὰς μετ' ἐκείνην τὴν ἐν τῷ παραδείσῳ εἰς δικαίωμα τὸ πρᾶγμα ἐξέβη. Ὅπου δὲ δικαιοσύνη, ἐξ ἀνάγκης καὶ ζωὴ πάντως ἕπεται, καὶ τὰ μυρία ἀγαθὰ, ὥσπερ οὖν, ὅπου ἁμαρτία, θάνατος. Πλέον γὰρ τῆς ζωῆς ἡ δικαιοσύνη, ἐπειδὴ καὶ ῥίζα ἐστὶ ζωῆς. Ὅτι μὲν οὖν πλείονα εἰσῆκται τὰ