71

a putrefaction of worms. Consider then what sort of beauty you love, O man, and at what sort of comeliness you are struck. For what is the excellence of eyes? Is it that they are moist and quick-moving and round and dark, or that they are sharp and discerning? And what is the excellence of a lamp? To shine brightly and illuminate the whole house, or to be finely formed? For beauty is characterized not by shape, but by manners and modesty. For this reason Christ punished the one who looks at a woman licentiously, in order to free us from the greater labor. For the labor is not so great in not looking at beautiful women, as it is in restraining oneself when looking. For he who has not seen the beautiful face will also be pure from the desire that comes from it; but he who desired to see, having first cast down his reason, and defiled it ten thousand times, then casts out the stain from desire, if he casts it out at all. When, therefore, that labor is less for the licentious, and the gain is greater, why are we eager to fall into that sea of ten thousand evils? Therefore, when you see a beautiful woman and feel something toward her, see her no more, and you will be delivered. "And how will I be able to see her no more, being drawn by desire?" he says. If you consider, 63.659 that what is seen is nothing other than phlegm and blood and the juice of decayed food. "But the flower of her face is bright," he says. But nothing is brighter than the flowers of the earth, yet even these decay and wither. Therefore, do not attend to the flower in this case either, but go deeper with your thought, and peeling away that beautiful skin with your reasoning, examine what lies beneath it. Since even the body of those with dropsy shines brightly, and the surface has nothing vile about it, but struck by the thought of the humor stored within, we are not able to love such people. But when a man wishes to cast out a woman, or a woman to leave a man, let her be reminded of this saying, and let her consider Paul to be present, and pursuing her, shouting and saying: A wife is bound by law for as long as her husband lives. At least, making this clear, he did not add, "But if her husband dies, she is free," but, "But if he falls asleep," as if comforting her in widowhood, and persuading her to remain with the former, and not to bring in a second bridegroom. "Your husband has not died," he says, "but he is sleeping; and who does not wait for one who is sleeping?" And saying she becomes free after the death of her husband, he showed that before this she was a slave while he was living; and being a slave and subject to the law, even if she receives a certificate of divorce ten thousand times according to the laws established by outsiders, she is caught by the law of adultery. For God is not going to judge you according to these laws on that day, but according to those which He himself established. And the laws of the outsiders have not simply established this, but they themselves also punish the matter, and have an aversion to this sin. For wherever the pretext for the dissolution may arise, they punish with a loss of substance, casting him out from there naked and bereft of money. It is said that one of the outsider philosophers, having a wicked and babbling and drunken wife, said to those asking why, having such a one, he puts up with her, "So as to have a gymnasium and wrestling-school in my house; for I will be gentler to others," he says, "being trained by her each and every day." The philosopher, then, is said for this reason not to have cast out his wicked wife; and some say that he even married her for this reason. When, therefore, Greeks are more philosophical than we, what defense will we have, when we insult this one, for whose sake God commanded us to leave even those who begot us? And what account will be able to present such shame, when wailings and lamentations are carried through the narrow streets, and a rush to the house of the one acting unseemly, both of neighbors and of passers-by, as if some wild beast were ravaging the things within? It would be better for the earth to open up for the one behaving so drunkenly, than for him to be seen in the marketplace thereafter. Let us then obey the law of God, and neither our own wives

71

σηπεδόνα σκωλήκων. Ἐννόησον τοίνυν οἷον κάλλος φιλεῖς, ἄνθρωπε, καὶ πρὸς ποίαν εὐμορφίαν ἐπτόησαι. Τίς γὰρ ἀρετὴ ὀφθαλμῶν; ἆρα τὸ ὑγροὺς εἶναι καὶ εὐστρόφους καὶ στρογγύλους καὶ κυανοὺς, ἢ τὸ ὀξεῖς καὶ διορατικούς; Καὶ τίς ἀρετὴ λύχνου; τὸ λαμπρῶς φαίνειν καὶ πᾶσαν καταυγάζειν τὴν οἰκίαν, ἢ τὸ καλῶς πεπλάσθαι; Οὐ γὰρ ἀπὸ τῆς διαπλάσεως, ἀλλ' ἀπὸ τῶν τρόπων καὶ τῆς κοσμιότητος τὸ κάλλος χαρακτηρίζεται. ∆ιὰ γὰρ τοῦτο τὸν ἀκολάστως εἰς γυναῖκα ὁρῶντα ἐκόλασεν ὁ Χριστὸς, ἵνα τοῦ πλείονος ἡμᾶς ἀπαλλάξειε πόνου. Οὐ γὰρ τοσοῦτος πόνος τὸ μὴ ὁρᾷν γυναῖκας ὡραίας, ὅσος ὁρῶντας κατέχειν. Ὁ μὲν γὰρ μὴ ἰδὼν τὴν εὔμορφον ὄψιν, καὶ τῆς ἐπιθυμίας ἔσται τῆς ἐντεῦθεν καθαρός· ὁ δὲ ἐπιθυμήσας ἰδεῖν, πρότερον καταβαλὼν τὸν λογισμὸν, καὶ μολύνας αὐτὸν μυριάκις, τότε τὴν ἀπὸ τῆς ἐπιθυμίας ἐκβάλλει κηλῖδα, ἐὰν ἐκβάλλῃ ἄρα. Ὅταν οὖν καὶ ὁ πόνος ἐκεῖνος τοῖς ἀκολάστοις ἐλάττων ᾖ, καὶ τὸ κέρδος μεῖζον, τί σπουδάζομεν εἰς τὸ πέλαγος τῶν μυρίων ἐκείνων κακῶν ἐμπεσεῖν; Ὅταν οὖν ἴδῃς γυναῖκα καλὴν, καὶ πάθῃς τι πρὸς αὐτὴν, μηκέτι ἴδῃς, καὶ ἀπηλλάγης. Καὶ πῶς δυνήσομαι μηκέτι ἰδεῖν ὑπὸ τῆς ἐπιθυμίας ἑλκόμενος, φησίν; Ἂν ἐννοήσῃς, 63.659 ὅτι οὐδὲν ἕτερόν ἐστι τὸ ὁρώμενον, ἢ φλέγμα καὶ αἷμα καὶ τροφῆς διασεσηπυίας χυλός. Ἀλλὰ φαιδρὸν τὸ ἄνθος τῆς ὄψεως, φησίν. Ἀλλ' οὐδὲν τῶν ἀνθέων τῶν ἐπὶ τῆς γῆς φαιδρότερον, ἀλλὰ καὶ ταῦτα σήπεται καὶ μαραίνεται. Μὴ τοίνυν μηδὲ ἐνταῦθα τῷ ἄνθει πρόσεχε, ἀλλ' ἐνδοτέρω διάβηθι τῇ διανοίᾳ, καὶ τὸ δέρμα τὸ καλὸν ἐκεῖνο περιελὼν τῷ λογισμῷ, περιεργάζου τὰ ὑπὸ τοῦτο κείμενα. Ἐπεὶ καὶ τὸ τῶν ὑδεριώντων σῶμα ἀποστίλβει λαμπρὸν, καὶ οὐδὲν ἡ ἐπιφάνεια φαῦλον ἔχει, ἀλλὰ τῇ ἐννοίᾳ τοῦ ἔνδον ἀποκειμένου χυμοῦ πληττόμενοι φιλεῖν τοὺς τοιούτους οὐ δυνάμεθα. Ὅταν δὲ ἀνὴρ ἐκβαλεῖν βούληται γυναῖκα, ἢ ἡ γυνὴ τὸν ἄνδρα ἀφεῖναι, ταύτης ἀναμιμνησκέσθω τῆς ῥήσεως, καὶ τὸν Παῦλον νομιζέτω παρεῖναι, καὶ καταδιώκειν αὐτὴν βοῶντα καὶ λέγοντα· Γυνὴ δέδεται νόμῳ, ἐφ' ὅσον χρόνον ζῇ ὁ ἀνὴρ αὐτῆς. Τοῦτο γοῦν δηλῶν, οὐ προσέθηκεν, ὅτι Ἐὰν δὲ τελευτήσῃ ὁ ἀνὴρ αὐτῆς, ἐλευθέρα ἐστὶν, ἀλλ', Ἐὰν δὲ κοιμηθῇ, μονονουχὶ παραμυθούμενος τὴν ἐν χηρείᾳ, καὶ πείθων μένειν ἐπὶ τῷ προτέρῳ, καὶ μὴ δεύτερον εἰσαγαγεῖν νυμφίον. Οὐκ ἐτελεύτησέ σου, φησὶν, ὁ ἀνὴρ, ἀλλὰ καθεύδει· τίς δὲ τὸν καθεύδοντα οὐκ ἀναμένει; Ἐλευθέραν δὲ αὐτὴν μετὰ τὴν τοῦ ἀνδρὸς τελευτὴν γεγενῆσθαι λέγων, ἔδειξεν ὅτι πρὸ τούτου δούλη ἦν ζῶντος ἐκείνου· δούλη δὲ οὖσα καὶ ὑποκειμένη τῷ νόμῳ, κἂν μυριάκις βιβλίον ἀποστασίου λάβῃ κατὰ τοὺς παρὰ τοὺς ἔξωθεν κειμένους νόμους, τῷ τῆς μοιχείας ἁλίσκεται νόμῳ. Οὐ γὰρ δὴ κατὰ τούτους σε μέλλει κρίνειν τοὺς νόμους ὁ Θεὸς ἐν τῇ ἡμέρᾳ ἐκείνῃ, ἀλλὰ καθ' οὓς αὐτὸς ἔθηκε. Καὶ οἱ τῶν ἔξωθεν δὲ νόμοι οὐχ ἁπλῶς τοῦτο τεθείκασιν, ἀλλὰ καὶ αὐτοὶ κολάζουσι τὸ πρᾶγμα, καὶ ἀηδῶς πρὸς ταύτην ἔχουσι τὴν ἁμαρτίαν. Ὅθεν γὰρ ἂν γένηται τῆς διαλύσεως ἡ πρόφασις, τῇ ζημίᾳ τῆς οὐσίας κολάζουσι, γυμνὸν καὶ χρημάτων ἔρημον ἐκεῖθεν τοῦτον ἐκβάλλοντες. Λέγεταί τις τῶν ἔξωθεν φιλοσόφων, μοχθηρὰν ἔχων γυναῖκα καὶ φλύαρον καὶ πάροινον, πρὸς τοὺς ἐρωτῶντας, τίνος ἕνεκεν τοιαύτην ἔχων ἀνέχεται, εἰπεῖν, Ὥστε γυμνάσιον καὶ παλαίστραν ἐπὶ τῆς οἰκίας· ἔσομαι γὰρ τοῖς λοιποῖς πραότερος, φησὶν, ἐν ταύτῃ παιδευόμενος καθ' ἑκάστην τὴν ἡμέραν. Ὁ μὲν οὖν φιλόσοφος λέγεται διὰ τοῦτο πονηρὰν ἔχων γυναῖκα μὴ ἐκβαλεῖν· τινὲς δὲ καὶ διὰ τοῦτο ἀγαγέσθαι αὐτὸν αὐτὴν λέγουσιν. Ὅταν οὖν Ἕλληνες ἡμῶν ὦσι φιλοσοφώτεροι, ποίαν ἕξομεν ἀπολογίαν, ταύτην ὑβρίζοντες, δι' ἣν καὶ τοὺς γεγεννηκότας ὁ Θεὸς ἀφεῖναι ἐκέλευσε; Ποῖος δὲ λόγος τοιαύτην αἰσχύνην παραστῆσαι δυνήσεται, ὅταν ὀλολυγαὶ καὶ κωκυτοὶ κατὰ τοὺς στενωποὺς φέρωνται, καὶ δρόμος ἐπὶ τὴν οἰκίαν τοῦ ταῦτα ἀσχημονοῦντος καὶ τῶν γειτόνων καὶ τῶν παριόντων, καθάπερ θηρίου τινὸς τὰ ἔνδον λυμαινομένου; Βέλτιον διαστῆναι τὴν γῆν τῷ τὰ τοιαῦτα παροινοῦντι, ἢ ἐπ' ἀγορᾶς αὐτὸν ὀφθῆναι λοιπόν. Πειθώμεθα δὴ τῷ τοῦ Θεοῦ νόμῳ, καὶ μήτε τὰς ἑαυτῶν γυναῖκας