John Chrysostom, On the Letter to the Hebrews

its weakness and uselessness. And elsewhere He shows its weakness, as when He says, "In that it was weak through the flesh." It was not weak then, but we were. For the Law made nothing perfect. What is, "It made nothing perfect"? It made no one perfect, he says, being disobeyed. In another sense, even if it had been obeyed, it would not have made one perfect and virtuous. For the time being, however, the argument does not say this here, but that it had no strength; and rightly so. For they were letters lying there: "Do this," and "Do not do that," merely enjoining, but not also implanting power. But hope is not such. What is "disannulling"? A change, a casting out. And showing of what this was, he added, saying, "of the commandment going before"? So calling the law, because it has been cast out on account of its weakness; and "going before," that which has passed away and grown old on account of its weakness. So the disannulling is a disannulling of things that had force. And it is clear from this, then, that it had force, 63.105 but was despised, since it accomplished nothing. Did the Law, then, profit nothing? It did profit, and greatly profited, but it did not profit toward making men perfect. In this respect, therefore, he says, "For the Law made nothing perfect," inasmuch as all were types, all a shadow, circumcision, sacrifice, Sabbath, which had no power to pass into the soul; for this reason it gives way and withdraws. But the bringing in of a better hope, by which we draw near to God; and inasmuch as it was not without an oath. Do you see that the matter of the oath has thus become necessary here? So that for this reason he discoursed much above, that God swore, and swore for the sake of a fuller assurance. But the bringing in of a better hope. What is this? The Law also had a hope, he says, but not such a one; for they hoped by pleasing God to possess the land, to suffer no evil; but here we hope by pleasing God, not to possess the land, but heaven; or rather, what is much better than this, we hope to stand near to God, to come to the very paternal throne, to minister to Him with angels. And see how he sets these things down little by little. For there he says, "entering into that within the veil;" but here, "by which we draw near to God;" and inasmuch as it was not without an oath; what is, "And inasmuch as it was not without an oath"? That is, not without an oath. Behold, another difference. And these things are not simply promised, he says. For they were made priests without an oath; but He with an oath, by Him that said unto him, "The Lord swore and will not repent, you are a priest forever after the order of Melchizedek:" by so much was Jesus made a surety of a better covenant. And they truly were many priests, because they were not suffered to continue by reason of death: but He, because He continues forever, has an unchangeable priesthood. He sets down two differences, that it has no end, like the Levitical, and that it is with an oath; and he does this from Christ who enters upon it; "For according to the power," he says, "of an endless life;" and he does it also from the oath, because He swore; and from the thing itself. For if, he says, because that was weak, it was cast out; this, because it is powerful, stands. He does it also from the priest. How? By showing that He is one; and He would not be one, if He were not immortal. For as there were many priests, because they were mortal; so the one is one, because He is immortal; "By so much was Jesus made a surety of a better covenant," inasmuch as He swore to Him that He would be a priest forever, he says; He would not have done this, if He were not living. Wherefore He is able also to save them to the uttermost that come unto God by Him, seeing He ever lives to make intercession for them. 3. Do you see that he says this according to the flesh? When he had shown Him to be a priest, then he opportunely speaks of His interceding. So that also when Paul says, "Who also makes intercession for us," he hints at the same thing, that being a high priest He intercedes. Since He who raises the dead as He wills, and gives life even as the Father, how does He intercede where it is necessary to save? 63.106 He who has all judgment, how does He intercede? He who sends the angels, so as to cast some into the furnace, and to save others, how does He intercede? "Wherefore," he says, "He is able also to save." For this reason, then, He saves, because He does not die. Because He ever lives, He does not have

τὸ αὐτῆς ἀσθενὲς καὶ ἀνωφελές. Καὶ ἀλλαχοῦ δὲ δείκνυσι τὸ ἀσθενές· ὡς ὅταν λέγῃ, Ἐν ᾧ ἠσθένει διὰ τῆς σαρκός. Οὐκ ἄρα αὕτη ἀσθενὴς, ἀλλ' ἡμεῖς. Οὐδὲν γὰρ ἐτελείωσεν ὁ νόμος. Τί ἐστιν, Οὐδὲν ἐτελείωσεν; Οὐδένα, φησὶ, τέλειον εἰργάσατο παρακουόμενος. Ἄλλως δὲ, οὐδὲ εἰ ἠκούσθη, τέλειον ἐποίησεν ἂν καὶ ἐνάρετον. Τέως δὲ οὐ τοῦτό φησιν ὁ λόγος ἐνταῦθα, ἀλλ' ὅτι οὐδὲν ἴσχυσε· καὶ εἰκότως. Γράμματα γὰρ ἦν κείμενα· Τόδε πρᾶττε, καὶ τόδε μὴ πρᾶττε· ὑποτιθέμενα μόνον, οὐχὶ δὲ καὶ δύναμιν ἐντιθέντα. Ἡ δὲ ἐλπὶς οὐ τοιαύτη. Τί ἐστιν ἀθέτησις; Ἄμειψις, ἐκβολή. Τίνος δὲ ταύτης δηλῶν, ἐπήγαγεν εἰπὼν, Προαγούσης ἐντολῆς; Οὕτω τὸν νόμον καλῶν, διότι ἐκβέβληται διὰ τὸ αὐτοῦ ἀσθενές· προαγόμενον δὲ, τὸ παρελθὸν καὶ παλαιωθὲν διὰ τὴν ἀσθένειαν. Ὥστε ἡ ἀθέτησις τῶν κρατούντων ἐστὶν ἀθέτησις. Καὶ δῆλον ἐκ τούτου λοιπὸν, ὅτι ἐκράτει, 63.105 ἀλλὰ κατεφρονήθη, ἐπεὶ μηδὲν ἤνυσεν. Οὐδὲν οὖν ὠφέλησεν ὁ νόμος; Ὠφέλησε μὲν, καὶ σφόδρα ὠφέλησεν, ἀλλὰ πρὸς τὸ ποιῆσαι τελείους οὐκ ὠφέλησε. Κατὰ τοῦτο τοίνυν λέγει τὸ, Οὐδὲν γὰρ ἐτελείωσεν ὁ νόμος, καθὸ πάντα τύποι ἦσαν, πάντα σκιὰ, περιτομὴ, θυσία, Σάββατον, ἃ οὐκ ἴσχυσεν διαβῆναι εἰς τὴν ψυχήν· διὰ τοῦτο παραχωρεῖ καὶ ὑπεξίσταται. Ἐπεισαγωγὴ δὲ κρείττονος ἐλπίδος, δι' ἧς ἐγγίζομεν τῷ Θεῷ· καὶ καθόσον οὐ χωρὶς ὁρκωμοσίας. Ὁρᾷς ὅτι ἀναγκαῖον οὕτω γέγονε τὸ τοῦ ὅρκου ἐνταῦθα; Ὥστε διὰ τοῦτο πολλὰ ἄνω ἐφιλοσόφησεν, ὅτι ὤμοσεν ὁ Θεὸς, καὶ ὤμοσεν ὑπὲρ πλείονος πληροφορίας. Ἐπεισαγωγὴ δὲ κρείττονος ἐλπίδος. Τί ἐστι τοῦτο; Εἶχε καὶ ὁ νόμος ἐλπίδα, φησὶν, ἀλλ' οὐ τοιαύτην· ἤλπιζον γὰρ εὐαρεστήσαντες ἕξειν τὴν γῆν, μηδὲν πείσεσθαι δεινόν· ἐνταῦθα δὲ ἐλπίζομεν εὐαρεστήσαντες, οὐ γῆν καθέξειν, ἀλλὰ τὸν οὐρανόν· μᾶλλον δὲ, ὃ πολλῷ τούτου κρεῖττόν ἐστιν, ἐλπίζομεν ἐγγὺς στήσεσθαι τοῦ Θεοῦ, παρ' αὐτὸν ἥξειν τὸν θρόνον τὸν πατρικὸν, λειτουργήσειν αὐτῷ μετὰ ἀγγέλων. Καὶ ὅρα πῶς αὐτὰ τίθησι κατὰ μικρόν. Ἐκεῖ μὲν γάρ φησιν· Εἰσερχομένην εἰς τὸ ἐσώτερον τοῦ καταπετάσματος· ἐνταῦθα δέ· ∆ι' ἧς ἐγγίζομεν τῷ Θεῷ· καὶ καθόσον οὐ χωρὶς ὁρκωμοσίας· τί ἐστι, Καὶ καθόσον οὐ χωρὶς ὁρκωμοσίας; Τουτέστιν, οὐ χωρὶς ὅρκου. Ἰδοὺ καὶ ἄλλη διαφορά. Καὶ οὐδὲ ἁπλῶς ταῦτα ἐπήγγελται, φησίν. Οἱ μὲν γὰρ χωρὶς ὁρκωμοσίας εἰσὶν ἱερεῖς γεγονότες· ὁ δὲ μεθ' ὁρκωμοσίας, διὰ τοῦ λέγοντος πρὸς αὐτὸν, Ὤμοσε Κύριος, καὶ οὐ μεταμεληθήσεται, σὺ ἱερεὺς εἰς τὸν αἰῶνα κατὰ τὴν τάξιν Μελχισεδέχ· κατὰ τοσοῦτον κρείττονος διαθήκης γέγονεν ἔγγυος Ἰησοῦς. Καὶ οἱ μὲν πλείονές εἰσι γεγονότες ἱερεῖς, διὰ τὸ θανάτῳ κωλύεσθαι παραμένειν· ὁ δὲ διὰ τὸ μένειν αὐτὸν εἰς τὸν αἰῶνα, ἀπαράβατον ἔχει τὴν ἱερωσύνην. ∆ύο τίθησι διαφορὰς, ὅτι οὐκ ἔχει τέλος, ὥσπερ ἡ νομικὴ, καὶ ὅτι μεθ' ὁρκωμοσίας· τοῦτο δὲ ποιεῖ ἀπὸ τοῦ Χριστοῦ τοῦ μετιόντος· Κατὰ δύναμιν γὰρ, φησὶ, ζωῆς ἀκαταλύτου· ποιεῖ δὲ αὐτὸ καὶ ἀπὸ τοῦ ὅρκου, ὅτι ὤμοσε· καὶ ἀπὸ τοῦ πράγματος. Εἰ γὰρ ἐπειδὴ ἀσθενὴς ἦν, φησὶν, ἐκείνη, ἐξεβλήθη· αὕτη, ἐπειδὴ δυνατή ἐστιν, ἕστηκε. Ποιεῖ δὲ αὐτὸ καὶ ἀπὸ τοῦ ἱερέως. Πῶς; ∆εικνὺς ὅτι εἷς ἐστι· καὶ οὐκ ἂν εἷς ἦν, εἰ μὴ ἀθάνατος ἦν. Ὥσπερ γὰρ πολλοὶ ἱερεῖς, διὰ τὸ θνητοὶ εἶναι· οὕτως εἷς ὁ εἷς, διὰ τὸ ἀθάνατος εἶναι· Κατὰ τοσοῦτον κρείττονος διαθήκης γέγονεν ἔγγυος Ἰησοῦς, καθότι ὤμοσεν αὐτῷ ἀεὶ αὐτὸν ἔσεσθαι ἱερέα, φησίν· οὐκ ἂν τοῦτο ποιήσας, εἰ μὴ ζῶν ἦν. Ὅθεν καὶ σώζειν εἰς τὸ παντελὲς δύναται τοὺς προσερχομένους δι' αὐτοῦ τῷ Θεῷ, πάντοτε ζῶν εἰς τὸ ἐντυγχάνειν ὑπὲρ αὐτῶν. γʹ. Ὁρᾷς ὅτι εἰς τὸ κατὰ σάρκα τοῦτό φησιν; Ὅτε ἔδειξεν αὐτὸν ἱερέα, τότε εὐκαίρως λέγει τὸ ἐντυγχάνειν. Ὥστε καὶ ὅταν λέγῃ Παῦλος, Ὃς καὶ ἐντυγχάνει ὑπὲρ ἡμῶν, τὸ αὐτὸ αἰνίττεται, ὅτι ἀρχιερεὺς ὢν ἐντυγχάνει. Ἐπεὶ ὁ ἐγείρων τοὺς νεκροὺς ὡς θέλει, καὶ ζωοποιῶν οὕτως ὡς ὁ Πατὴρ, πῶς ἔνθα σῶσαι 63.106 δεῖ, ἐντυγχάνει; ὁ πᾶσαν τὴν κρίσιν ἔχων, πῶς ἐντυγχάνει; ὁ ἀποστέλλων τοὺς ἀγγέλους, ὥστε τοὺς μὲν εἰς κάμινον ἐμβαλεῖν, τοὺς δὲ σῶσαι, πῶς ἐντυγχάνει; Ὅθεν, φησὶ, καὶ σώζειν δύναται. ∆ιὰ τοῦτο οὖν σώζει, ἐπειδὴ οὐκ ἀποθνήσκει. Ἐπειδὴ ἀεὶ ζῇ, οὐκ ἔχει