Chapter III.—The True Excellence of Man.

The most of men have a disposition unstable and heedless, like the nature of storms. “Want of faith has done many good things, and faith evil things.” And Epicharmus says, “Don’t forget to exercise incredulity; for it is the sinews of the soul.” Now, to disbelieve truth brings death, as to believe, life; and again, to believe the lie and to disbelieve the truth hurries to destruction. The same is the case with self-restraint and licentiousness. To restrain one’s self from doing good is the work of vice; but to keep from wrong is the beginning of salvation. So the Sabbath, by abstinence from evils, seems to indicate self-restraint. And what, I ask, is it in which man differs from beasts, and the angels of God, on the other hand, are wiser than he? “Thou madest him a little lower than the angels.”866    ἐπιχειρημα.    Ps. viii. 5. For some do not interpret this Scripture of the Lord, although He also bore flesh, but of the perfect man and the gnostic, inferior in comparison with the angels in time, and by reason of the vesture [of the body]. I call then wisdom nothing but science, since life differs not from life. For to live is common to the mortal nature, that is to man, with that to which has been vouchsafed immortality; as also the faculty of contemplation and of self-restraint, one of the two being more excellent. On this ground Pythagoras seems to me to have said that God alone is wise, since also the apostle writes in the Epistle to the Romans, “For the obedience of the faith among all nations, being made known to the only wise God through Jesus Christ;”867    1 Tim. vi. 3–5. [He treats the sophists with Platonic scorn, but adopts St. Paul’s enlarged idea of sophistry.]    Rom. xvi. 26, 27. and that he himself was a philosopher, on account of his friendship with God. Accordingly it is said, “God talked with Moses as a friend with a friend.”868    Phœnissæ, 471, 472.    Ex. xxxiii. 11. That, then, which is true being clear to God, forthwith generates truth. And the gnostic loves the truth. “Go,” it is said, “to the ant, thou sluggard, and be the disciple of the bee;” thus speaks Solomon.869    [He has no idea of salvation by any other name, though he regards Gentile illumination as coming through philosophy.]    Prov. vi. 6, 8. For if there is one function belonging to the peculiar nature of each creature, alike of the ox, and horse, and dog, what shall we say is the peculiar function of man? He is like, it appears to me, the Centaur, a Thessalian figment, compounded of a rational and irrational part, of soul and body. Well, the body tills the ground, and hastes to it; but the soul is raised to God: trained in the true philosophy, it speeds to its kindred above, turning away from the lusts of the body, and besides these, from toil and fear, although we have shown that patience and fear belong to the good man. For if “by the law is the knowledge of sin,”870    Where, nobody knows.    Rom. iii. 20. as those allege who disparage the law, and “till the law sin was in the world;”871    Eph. iv. 14.    Rom. v. 13. yet “without the law sin was dead,”872    Tit. i. 10.    Rom. vii. 6. we oppose them. For when you take away the cause of fear, sin, you have taken away fear; and much more, punishment, when you have taken away that which gives rise to lust. “For the law is not made for the just man,”873    Matt. v. 13.    1 Tim. i. 9. says the Scripture. Well, then, says Heraclitus, “They would not have known the name of Justice if these things had not been.” And Socrates says, “that the law was not made for the sake of the good.” But the cavillers did not know even this, as the apostle says, “that he who loveth his brother worketh not evil;” for this, “Thou shalt not kill, thou shalt not commit adultery, thou shalt not steal; and if there be any other commandment, it is comprehended in the word, Thou shall love thy neighbour as thyself.”874    Gal. v. 26.    Rom. xiii. 8–10. So also is it said, “Thou shall love the Lord thy God with all thy heart, and thou shalt love thy neighbour as thyself.”875    Plato, Crito, vi. p. 46.    Luke x. 27. And “if he that loveth his neighbour worketh no evil,” and if “every commandment is comprehended in this, the loving our neighbour,” the commandments, by menacing with fear, work love, not hatred. Wherefore the law is productive of the emotion of fear. “So that the law is holy,” and in truth “spiritual,”876    Rom. vii. 12, 14. according to the apostle. We must, then, as is fit, in investigating the nature of the body and the essence of the soul, apprehend the end of each, and not regard death as an evil. “For when ye were the servants of sin,” says the apostle, “ye were free from righteousness. What fruit had ye then in those things in which ye are now ashamed? For the end of those things is death. But now, being made free from sin, and become servants to God, ye have your fruit unto holiness, and the end everlasting life. For the wages of sin is death: but the gift of God is eternal life, through Jesus Christ our Lord.”877    Rom. vi. 20–23. The assertion, then, may be hazarded, that it has been shown that death is the fellowship of the soul in a state of sin with the body; and life the separation from sin. And many are the stakes and ditches of lust which impede us, and the pits of wrath and anger which must be overleaped, and all the machinations we must avoid of those who plot against us,—who would no longer see the knowledge of God “through a glass.”

As slaves the Scripture views those “under sin” and “sold to sin,” the lovers of pleasure and of the body; and beasts rather than men, “those who have become like to cattle, horses, neighing after their neighbours’ wives.”878    Jer. v. 8, etc. The licentious is “the lustful ass,” the covetous is the “savage wolf,” and the deceiver is “a serpent.” The severance, therefore, of the soul from the body, made a life-long study, produces in the philosopher gnostic alacrity, so that he is easily able to bear natural death, which is the dissolution of the chains which bind the soul to the body. “For the world is crucified to me, and I to the world,” the [apostle] says; “and now I live, though in the flesh, as having my conversation in heaven.”879    Gal. vi. 14; Phil. iii. 20.

οἱ πολλοὶ δὲ τῇ τῶν χειμώνων καταστάσει ὁμοίαν ἔχουσι τὴν διάθεσιν ἀνέδραστόν τε καὶ ἀλόγιστον. Πολλὰ ἀπιστία δέδρακεν ἀγαθὰ [καὶ] πίστις κακά. ὅ τε Ἐπίχαρμος μέμνασο ἀπιστεῖν φησίν· ἄρθρα ταῦτα τῶν φρενῶν. αὐτίκα τὸ μὲν ἀπιστεῖν τῇ ἀληθείᾳ θάνατον φέρει ὡς τὸ πιστεύειν ζωήν, ἔμπαλιν δὲ τὸ πιστεύειν τῷ ψεύδει, ἀπιστεῖν δὲ τῇ ἀληθείᾳ εἰς ἀπώλειαν ὑποσύρει. ὁ αὐτὸς λόγος ἐπί τε ἐγκρατείας καὶ ἀκρασίας. ἐγκρατεύεσθαι μὲν γὰρ ἀγαθοεργίας κακίας ἔργον, ἀπέχεσθαι δὲ ἀδικίας σωτηρίας ἀρχή. ᾗ μοι δοκεῖ τὸ σάββατον δι' ἀποχῆς κακῶν ἐγκράτειαν αἰνίσσεσθαι ** καὶ τί ποτ' ἐστὶν ᾧ διαφέρει θηρίων ἄνθρωπος; τούτου τε αὖ οἱ τοῦ θεοῦ ἄγγελοι σοφώτεροι· ἠλάττωσας αὐτόν, φησί, βραχύ τι παρ' ἀγγέλους· οὐ γὰρ ἐπὶ τοῦ κυρίου ἐκδέχονται τὴν γραφήν (καίτοι κἀκεῖνος σάρκα ἔφερεν), ἐπὶ δὲ τοῦ τελείου καὶ γνωστικοῦ τῷ χρόνῳ καὶ τῷ ἐνδύματι ἐλαττουμένου παρὰ τοὺς ἀγγέλους. οὔκουν ἄλλο τι σοφίαν παρὰ τὴν ἐπιστήμην λέγω, ἐπεὶ μὴ διαφέρει ζωή· κοινὸν γὰρ τῇ φύσει τῇ θνητῇ, τουτέστι τῷ ἀνθρώπῳ, πρὸς τὸ ἀθανασίας κατηξιωμένον τὸ ζῆν, ἕξιν θεωρίας τε καὶ ἐγκρατείας θατέρου διαφέροντος. ᾗ μοι δοκεῖ καὶ Πυθαγόρας σοφὸν μὲν εἶναι τὸν θεὸν λέγειν μόνον (ἐπεὶ καὶ ὁ ἀπόστολος ἐν τῇ πρὸς Ῥωμαίους ἐπιστολῇ γράφει· εἰς ὑπακοὴν πίστεως εἰς πάντα τὰ ἔθνη γνωρισθέντος, μόνῳ σοφῷ θεῷ διὰ Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ), ἑαυτὸν δὲ διὰ φιλίαν τὴν πρὸς τὸν θεὸν φιλόσοφον. διελέγετο γοῦν Μωυσεῖ, φησίν, ὁ θεὸς ὡς φίλος φίλῳ. τὸ μὲν οὖν ἀληθὲς τῷ θεῷ σαφές. αὐτίκα τὴν ἀλήθειαν γεννᾷ, ὁ γνωστικὸς δὲ ἀληθείας ἐρᾷ. ἴσθι, φησί, πρὸς τὸν μύρμηκα, ὦ ὀκνηρέ, καὶ μελίττης γενοῦ μαθητής, ὁ Σολομὼν λέγει· εἰ γὰρ ἑκάστου τῆς οἰκείας φύσεως ἔργον ἓν καὶ βοὸς ὁμοίως καὶ ἵππου καὶ κυνός, τί ἂν φήσαιμεν τοῦ ἀνθρώπου τὸ ἔργον τὸ οἰκεῖον; ἔοικεν δ' οἶμαι, κενταύρῳ, Θετταλικῷ πλάσματι, ἐκ λογικοῦ καὶ ἀλόγου συγκείμενος, ψυχῆς καὶ σώματος, ἀλλὰ τὸ μὲν σῶμα γῆν τε ἐργάζεται καὶ σπεύδει εἰς γῆν, τέταται δὲ ἡ ψυχὴ πρὸς τὸν θεόν, ἥ γε διὰ φιλοσοφίας τῆς ἀληθοῦς παιδευομένη πρὸς τοὺς ἄνω σπεύδειν συγγενεῖς, ἀποστραφεῖσα τῶν τοῦ σώματος ἐπιθυμιῶν πρός τε ταύταις πόνου τε καὶ φόβου· καίτοι πρὸς ἀγαθοῦ καὶ τὴν ὑπομονὴν καὶ τὸν φόβον ἐδείξαμεν. εἰ γὰρ διὰ νόμου ἐπίγνωσις ἁμαρτίας, ὡς οἱ κατατρέχοντες τοῦ νόμου φασί, καὶ "ἄχρι νόμου ἁμαρτία ἦν ἐν κόσμῳ," ἀλλὰ "χωρὶς νόμου ἁμαρτία νεκρὰ" ἀντᾴδομεν αὐτοῖς. ὅταν γὰρ ἀφέλῃς τὸ αἴτιον τοῦ φόβου, τὴν ἁμαρτίαν, ἀφεῖλες τὸν φόβον, πολὺ δὲ ἔτι [μᾶλλον τὴν] κόλασιν, ὅταν ἀπῇ τὸ πεφυκὸς ἐπιθυμεῖν· δικαίῳ γὰρ οὐ κεῖται νόμος, ἡ γραφή φησιν. καλῶς οὖν Ἡράκλειτος δίκης ὄνομα φησὶν οὐκ ἂν ᾔδεσαν, εἰ ταῦτα μὴ ἦν, Σωκράτης δὲ νόμον ἕνεκα ἀγαθῶν οὐκ ἂν γενέσθαι. ἀλλ' οὐδὲ τοῦτο ἔγνωσαν οἱ κατήγοροι, ὡς ὁ ἀπόστολός φησιν ὅτι ὁ ἀγαπῶν τὸν πλησίον κακὸν οὐκ ἐργάζεται· τὸ γὰρ οὐ φονεύσεις, οὐ μοιχεύσεις, οὐ κλέψεις, καὶ εἴ τις ἑτέρα ἐντολή, ἐν τούτῳ μόνῳ ἀνακεφαλαιοῦται τῷ λόγῳ, τῷ· "ἀγαπήσεις τὸν πλησίον σου ὡς σεαυτόν." ταύτῃ που ἀγα πήσεις κύριον τὸν θεόν σου φησὶν ἐξ ὅλης καρδίας σου, καὶ ἀγαπήσεις τὸν πλησίον σου ὡς σεαυτόν. εἰ δὴ ὁ τὸν πλησίον ἀγαπῶν κακὸν οὐκ ἐργάζεται καὶ πᾶσα ἐντολὴ ἐν τούτῳ ἀνακεφαλαιοῦται, τῷ ἀγαπᾶν τὸν πλησίον, αἱ τὸν φόβον ἐπαρτῶσαι ἐντολαὶ ἀγάπην, οὐ μῖσος κατασκευάζουσιν. οὔκουν πάθος ὁ φόβος [οὗ] γεννητικὸς ὁ νόμος. ὥστε ὁ νόμος ἅγιος καὶ τῷ ὄντι πνευματικός ἐστι κατὰ τὸν ἀπόστολον. δεῖ δή, ὡς ἔοικε, τήν γε τοῦ σώματος φύσιν καὶ τὴν τῆς ψυχῆς οὐσίαν πολυπραγμονήσαντας τὸ ἑκατέρου τέλος καταλαβέσθαι καὶ μὴ τὸν θάνατον ἡγεῖσθαι κακόν· ὅτε γὰρ δοῦλοι ἦτε τῆς ἁμαρτίας, φησὶν ὁ ἀπόστολος, ἐλεύθεροι ἦτε τῇ δικαιοσύνῃ. τίνα οὖν καρπὸν εἴχετε τότε; ἐφ' οἷς νῦν ἐπαισχύνεσθε· τὸ γὰρ τέλος ἐκείνων θάνατος. νῦν δὲ ἐλευθερωθέντες ἀπὸ τῆς ἁμαρτίας, δουλωθέντες δὲ τῷ θεῷ, ἔχετε τὸν καρπὸν ὑμῶν εἰς ἁγιασμόν, τὸ δὲ τέλος ζωὴν αἰώνιον. τὰ γὰρ ὀψώνια τῆς ἁμαρτίας θάνατος, τὸ δὲ χάρισμα τοῦ θεοῦ ζωὴ αἰώνιος ἐν Χριστῷ Ἰησοῦ τῷ κυρίῳ ἡμῶν. Κινδυνεύει τοίνυν δεδεῖχθαι θάνατος μὲν εἶναι ἡ ἐν σώματι κοινωνία τῆς ψυχῆς ἁμαρτητικῆς οὔσης, ζωὴ δὲ ὁ χωρισμὸς τῆς ἁμαρτίας. πολλοὶ δὲ οἱ ἐν ποσὶ χάρακες καὶ τάφροι τῆς ἐπιθυμίας τά τε ὀργῆς καὶ θυμοῦ βάραθρα, ἃ διαπηδᾶν ἀνάγκη καὶ πᾶσαν ἀποφεύγειν τὴν τῶν ἐπιβουλῶν ἀνασκευὴν τὸν μηκέτι δι' ἐσόπτρου τὴν γνῶσιν τοῦ θεοῦ κατοψόμενον· ἥμισυ γάρ τ' ἀρετῆς ἀποαίνυται εὐρύοπα Ζεὺς ἀνέρος, εὖτ' ἄν μιν κατὰ δούλιον ἦμαρ ἕλῃσι. δούλους δὲ τοὺς ὑπὸ ἁμαρτίαν καὶ ταῖς ἁμαρτίαις πεπραμένους, τοὺς φιληδόνους καὶ φιλοσωμάτους οἶδεν ἡ γραφή, καὶ θηρία μᾶλλον ἢ ἀνθρώπους, τοὺς παρομοιωθέντας τοῖς κτήνεσι, θηλυμανεῖς ἵππους ἐπὶ τὰς τῶν πλησίον χρεμετίζοντας· ὄνος ὑβριστὴς ὁ ἀκόλαστος, λύκος ἄγριος ὁ πλεονεκτικὸς καὶ ὄφις ὁ ἀπατεών. ὁ τοίνυν ἀπὸ τοῦ σώματος τῆς ψυχῆς χωρισμὸς ὁ παρ' ὅλον τὸν βίον μελετώ μενος τῷ φιλοσόφῳ προθυμίαν κατασκευάζει γνωστικὴν εὐκόλως δύνασθαι φέρειν τὸν τῆς φύσεως θάνατον, διάλυσιν ὄντα τῶν πρὸς τὸ σῶμα τῆς ψυχῆς δεσμῶν· ἐμοὶ γὰρ κόσμος ἐσταύρωται κἀγὼ τῷ κόσμῳ λέγει, βιῶ δὲ ἤδη ἐν σαρκὶ ὢν ὡς ἐν οὐρανῷ πολιτευόμενος.