Chapter II.

Now, since we are upon the subject of Peter, and of the teachers of Christianity to the circumcision, I do not deem it out of place to quote a certain declaration of Jesus taken from the Gospel according to John, and to give the explanation of the same.  For it is there related that Jesus said:  “I have yet many things to say unto you, but ye cannot bear them now.  Howbeit when He, the Spirit of truth, is come, He will guide you into all the truth:  for He shall not speak of Himself; but whatsoever He shall hear, that shall He speak.”147    τῷ λόγῳ.    John xvi. 12, 13.    δημηγορίας:  cf. book i. c. 71.  And when we inquire what were the “many things” referred to in the passage which Jesus had to say to His disciples, but which they were not then able to bear, I have to observe that, probably because the apostles were Jews, and had been trained up according to the letter of the Mosaic law, He was unable to tell them what was the true law, and how the Jewish worship consisted in the pattern and shadow of certain heavenly things, and how future blessings were foreshadowed by the injunctions regarding meats and drinks, and festivals, and new moons, and sabbaths.  These were many of the subjects which He had to explain to them; but as He saw that it was a work of exceeding difficulty to root out of the mind opinions that have been almost born with a man, and amid which he has been brought up till he reached the period of maturity, and which have produced in those who have adopted them the belief that they are divine, and that it is an act of impiety to overthrow them; and to demonstrate by the superiority of Christian doctrine, that is, by the truth, in a manner to convince the hearers, that such opinions were but “loss and dung,” He postponed such a task to a future season—to that, namely, which followed His passion and resurrection.  For the bringing of aid unseasonably to those who were not yet capable of receiving it, might have overturned the idea which they had already formed of Jesus, as the Christ, and the Son of the living God.  And see if there is not some well-grounded reason for such a statement as this, “I have many things to say unto you, but ye cannot hear them now;” seeing there are many points in the law which require to be explained and cleared up in a spiritual sense, and these the disciples were in a manner unable to bear, having been born and brought up amongst Jews.  I am of opinion, moreover, that since these rites were typical, and the truth was that which was to be taught them by the Holy Spirit, these words were added, “When He is come who is the Spirit of truth, He will lead you into all the truth;” as if He had said, into all the truth about those things which, being to you but types, ye believed to constitute a true worship which ye rendered unto God.  And so, according to the promise of Jesus, the Spirit of truth came to Peter, saying to him, with regard to the four-footed beasts, and creeping things of the earth, and fowls of the air:  “Arise, Peter; kill, and eat.”  And the Spirit came to him while he was still in a state of superstitious ignorance; for he said, in answer to the divine command, “Not so Lord; for I have never yet eaten anything common or unclean.”  He instructed him, however, in the true and spiritual meaning of meats, by saying, “What God hath cleansed, that call not thou common.”  And so, after that vision, the Spirit of truth, which conducted Peter into all the truth, told him the many things which he was unable to bear when Jesus was still with him in the flesh.  But I shall have another opportunity of explaining those matters, which are connected with the literal acceptation of the Mosaic law.

Ἐπεὶ δ' ἅπαξ γεγόναμεν ἐν τῷ περὶ τοῦ Πέτρου λόγῳ καὶ τῶν διδαξάντων τοὺς ἐν τῇ περιτομῇ τὸν χριστιανισμόν, οὐκ ἄτοπον ἡγοῦμαι παραθέσθαι τοῦ Ἰησοῦ τινα φωνὴν ἀπὸ τοῦ κατὰ Ἰωάννην εὐαγγελίου καὶ τὴν διήγησιν αὐτῆς. Γέγραπται δὴ αὐτὸν εἰρηκέναι· "Ἔτι πολλὰ ἔχω ὑμῖν λέγειν, ἀλλ' οὐ δύνασθε βαστάζειν ἄρτι· ὅταν δὲ ἔλθῃ ἐκεῖνος, τὸ πνεῦμα τῆς ἀληθείας, ὁδηγήσει ὑμᾶς εἰς τὴν ἀλήθειαν πᾶσαν· οὐ γὰρ λαλήσει ἀφ' ἑαυτοῦ, ἀλλ' ὅσα ἀκούσει λαλήσει." Καὶ ζητοῦμεν ἐν τῷ τόπῳ, τίνα ἦν τὰ "πολλά", ἃ εἶχε μὲν "λέγειν" ὁ Ἰησοῦς τοῖς μαθηταῖς ἑαυτοῦ, οὐκ ἐδύναντο δὲ αὐτὰ "βαστάζειν" τότε. Καί φημι· μή ποθ' ὡς Ἰουδαίοις καὶ συντραφεῖσι τῷ κατὰ τὸ γράμμα Μωϋσέως νόμῳ τοῖς ἀποστόλοις εἶχε μὲν "λέγειν", τίς ὁ ἀληθὴς νόμος, καὶ τίνων "ἐπουρανίων" "ὑποδείγματι καὶ σκιᾷ" ἡ παρὰ τοῖς Ἰουδαίοις λατρεία ἐπετελεῖτο, καὶ τίνων "μελλόντων ἀγαθῶν" "σκιὰν" περιεῖχεν ὁ περὶ βρώσεων καὶ πόσεων καὶ ἑορτῶν καὶ νουμηνιῶν καὶ σαββάτων νόμος. Καὶ "πολλὰ" ἦν ταῦθ' ἃ εἶχεν αὐτοῖς "λέγειν"· ὁρῶν δ' ὅτι πάνυ χαλεπόν ἐστιν ἀπὸ ψυχῆς ἀνατρέπειν σχεδὸν συγγεννηθέντα καὶ συντραφέντα δόγματα μέχρι τῆς τοῦ ἀνδρὸς ἡλικίας καὶ πείσαντα τοὺς ἀνειληφότας αὐτὰ ὅτι ταῦτα μέν ἐστι θεῖα τὸ δὲ μετασαλεύειν αὐτά ἐστιν ἀσεβές, καὶ ἐν τῇ ὑπεροχῇ τῆς κατὰ Χριστόν, τουτέστι τὴν ἀλήθειαν, "γνώσεως" ἐλέγχειν αὐτὰ "σκύβαλα" καὶ "ζημίαν", ὥστε πεισθῆναι τοὺς ἀκούοντας, ὑπερετίθετο εἰς ἐπιτη δειότερον καιρὸν τὸν μετὰ τὸ πάθος καὶ τὴν ἀνάστασιν αὐτοῦ. Καὶ γὰρ ἀληθῶς ἦν ἀκαίρως προσαγόμενον τὸ βοήθημα τοῖς μηδέπω χωροῦσιν αὐτό, ἀνατρεπτικὸν τῆς περὶ τοῦ Ἰησοῦ ὑπολήψεως τυγχάνον, ἣν ἤδη ἀνειλήφεσαν ὡς περὶ Χριστοῦ καὶ υἱοῦ τοῦ θεοῦ τοῦ ζῶντος. Καὶ πρόσχες εἰ μὴ νοῦν ἔχει οὐκ εὐκαταφρόνητον τὸ οὕτως ἀκοῦσαι τοῦ "Ἔτι πολλὰ ἔχω ὑμῖν λέγειν, ἀλλ' οὐ δύνασθε βαστάζειν ἄρτι"· "πολλὰ" γὰρ τὰ τῆς τοῦ νόμου κατὰ τὰ πνευματικὰ διηγήσεως καὶ σαφηνείας· καὶ οὐκ ἐδύναντό πως "βαστάζειν" αὐτὰ οἱ μαθηταί, ἐν Ἰουδαίοις γεγεννη μένοι καὶ ἀνατεθραμμένοι τότε. Οἶμαι δ' ὅτι καὶ ἐπεὶ τύπος μὲν ἦν ἐκεῖνα, ἀλήθεια δὲ ἃ ἔμελλε διδάσκειν αὐτοὺς τὸ ἅγιον πνεῦμα, διὰ τοῦτο λέλεκται· "Ὅταν ἔλθῃ ἐκεῖνος, τὸ πνεῦμα τῆς ἀληθείας, ὁδηγήσει ὑμᾶς εἰς τὴν ἀλήθειαν πᾶσαν"· ὡς εἰ ἔλεγεν· εἰς πᾶσαν τὴν ἀλήθειαν τῶν πραγμάτων, ὧν ἐν τοῖς τύποις γενόμενοι ᾤεσθε τὴν ἀληθῆ λατρείαν λατρεύειν τῷ θεῷ. Καὶ κατὰ τὴν ἐπαγγελίαν γε τοῦ Ἰησοῦ ἦλθε "τὸ πνεῦμα τῆς ἀληθείας" ἐπὶ τὸν Πέτρον, λέγον πρὸς αὐτὸν περὶ τῶν τετραπόδων καὶ ἑρπετῶν τῆς γῆς καὶ πετεινῶν τοῦ οὐρανοῦ· "Ἀναστάς, Πέτρε, θῦσον καὶ φάγε." Καὶ ἦλθε πρὸς αὐτὸν ἔτι δεισιδαιμονοῦντα, φησὶ γὰρ καὶ πρὸς τὴν θείαν φωνήν· "Μηδαμῶς, κύριε, ὅτι οὐδέ ποτε ἔφαγον πᾶν κοινὸν καὶ ἀκάθαρτον." Καὶ ἐδίδαξε τὸν περὶ βρωμάτων ἀληθῶν καὶ πνευματικῶν λόγον ἐν τῷ "Ἃ ὁ θεὸς ἐκαθάρισε σὺ μὴ κοίνου." Καὶ ἑξῆς ἐκείνῃ τῇ ὀπτασίᾳ "τὸ πνεῦμα τῆς ἀληθείας" ὁδηγοῦν "εἰς τὴν ἀλήθειαν πᾶσαν" τὸν Πέτρον τὰ πολλὰ ἔλεγεν αὐτῷ, ἃ οὐκ ἐδύνατο "βαστάζειν", ὅτε κατὰ σάρκα αὐτῷ ἔτι ὁ Ἰησοῦς συνῆν. Ἀλλὰ περὶ μὲν τούτων ἄλλος ἔσται καιρὸς πρὸς τὸ διηγήσασθαι περὶ τῶν κατὰ τὴν ἐκδοχὴν τοῦ Μωϋσέως νόμου.