§1. Preface.—It is useless to attempt to benefit those who will not accept help.
§4. Eunomius displays much folly and fine writing, but very little seriousness about vital points.
§7. Eunomius himself proves that the confession of faith which He made was not impeached.
§10. All his insulting epithets are shewn by facts to be false.
§13. Résumé of his dogmatic teaching. Objections to it in detail.
§19. His acknowledgment that the Divine Being is ‘single’ is only verbal.
§21. The blasphemy of these heretics is worse than the Jewish unbelief.
§23. These doctrines of our Faith witnessed to and confirmed by Scripture passages .
§34. The Passage where he attacks the ‘ Ομοούσιον , and the contention in answer to it.
§35. Proof that the Anomœan teaching tends to Manichæism.
§36. A passing repetition of the teaching of the Church.
§38. Several ways of controverting his quibbling syllogisms .
§39. Answer to the question he is always asking, “Can He who is be begotten?”
§40. His unsuccessful attempt to be consistent with his own statements after Basil has confuted him.
§41. The thing that follows is not the same as the thing that it follows.
§42. Explanation of ‘Ungenerate,’ and a ‘study’ of Eternity.
§5. He discusses the incomprehensibility of the Divine essence, and the saying to the woman of Samaria, “Ye worship ye know not what.”
Now if any one should ask for some interpretation, and description, and explanation of the Divine essence, we are not going to deny that in this kind of wisdom we are unlearned, acknowledging only so much as this, that it is not possible that that which is by nature infinite should be comprehended in any conception expressed by words. The fact that the Divine greatness has no limit is proclaimed by prophecy, which declares expressly that of His splendour, His glory, His holiness, “there is no end533 Cf. Ps. cxlv. 3:” and if His surroundings have no limit, much more is He Himself in His essence, whatever it may be, comprehended by no limitation in any way. If then interpretation by way of words and names implies by its meaning some sort of comprehension of the subject, and if, on the other hand, that which is unlimited cannot be comprehended, no one could reasonably blame us for ignorance, if we are not bold in respect of what none should venture upon. For by what name can I describe the incomprehensible? by what speech can I declare the unspeakable? Accordingly, since the Deity is too excellent and lofty to be expressed in words, we have learnt to honour in silence what transcends speech and thought: and if he who “thinketh more highly than he ought to think534 Rom. xii. 3.,” tramples upon this cautious speech of ours making a jest of our ignorance of things incomprehensible, and recognizes a difference of unlikeness in that which is without figure, or limit, or size, or quantity (I mean in the Father, the Son, and the Holy Spirit), and brings forward to reproach our ignorance that phrase which is continually alleged by the disciples of deceit, “‘Ye worship ye know not what535 S. John iv. 22,’ if ye know not the essence of that which ye worship,” we shall follow the advice of the prophet, and not fear the reproach of fools536 Cf. Is. li. 7, nor be led by their reviling to talk boldly of things unspeakable, making that unpractised speaker Paul our teacher in the mysteries that transcend knowledge, who is so far from thinking that the Divine nature is within the reach of human perception, that he calls even the judgments of God “unsearchable,” and His ways “past finding out537 Rom. xi. 33.,” and affirms that the things promised to them that love Him, for their good deeds done in this life, are above comprehension so that it is not possible to behold them with the eye, nor to receive them by hearing, nor to contain them in the heart538 Cf. 1 Cor. ii. 9. Learning this, therefore, from Paul, we boldly declare that, not only are the judgments of God too high for those who try to search them out, but that the ways also that lead to the knowledge of Him are even until now untrodden and impassable. For this is what we understand that the Apostle wishes to signify, when he calls the ways that lead to the incomprehensible “past finding out,” showing by the phrase that that knowledge is unattainable by human calculations, and that no one ever yet set his understanding on such a path of reasoning, or showed any trace or sign of an approach, by way of perception, to the things incomprehensible.
Learning these things, then, from the lofty words of the Apostle, we argue, by the passage quoted, in this way:—If His judgments cannot be searched out, and His ways are not traced, and the promise of His good things transcends every representation that our conjectures can frame, by how much more is His actual Godhead higher and loftier, in respect of being unspeakable and unapproachable, than those attributes which are conceived as accompanying it, whereof the divinely instructed Paul declares that there is no knowledge:—and by this means we confirm in ourselves the doctrine they deride, confessing ourselves inferior to them in the knowledge of those things which are beyond the range of knowledge, and declare that we really worship what we know. Now we know the loftiness of the glory of Him Whom we worship, by the very fact that we are not able by reasoning to comprehend in our thoughts the incomparable character of His greatness; and that saying of our Lord to the Samaritan woman, which is brought forward against us by our enemies, might more properly be addressed to them. For the words, “Ye worship ye know not what,” the Lord speaks to the Samaritan woman, prejudiced as she was by corporeal ideas in her opinions concerning God: and to her the phrase well applies, because the Samaritans, thinking that they worship God, and at the same time supposing the Deity to be corporeally settled in place, adore Him in name only, worshipping something else, and not God. For nothing is Divine that is conceived as being circumscribed, but it belongs to the Godhead to be in all places, and to pervade all things, and not to be limited by anything: so that those who fight against Christ find the phrase they adduce against us turned into an accusation of themselves. For, as the Samaritans, supposing the Deity to be compassed round by some circumscription of place, were rebuked by the words they heard, “‘Ye worship ye know not what,’ and your service is profitless to you, for a God that is deemed to be settled in any place is no God,”—so one might well say to the new Samaritans, “In supposing the Deity to be limited by the absence of generation, as it were by some local limit, ‘ye worship ye know not what,’ doing service to Him indeed as God, but not knowing that the infinity of God exceeds all the significance and comprehension that names can furnish.”
Εἰ δέ τις ἀπαιτοίη τῆς θείας οὐσίας ἑρμηνείαν τινὰ καὶ ὑπογραφὴν καὶ ἐξήγησιν, ἀμαθεῖς εἶναι τῆς τοιαύτης σοφίας οὐκ ἀρνησόμεθα, τοσοῦτον ὁμολογοῦντες μόνον, ὅτι οὐκ ἔστι τὸ ἀόριστον κατὰ τὴν φύσιν ἐπινοίᾳ τινὶ ῥημάτων διαληφθῆναι. τὸ γὰρ μὴ ἔχειν ὅρον τὴν θείαν μεγαλωσύνην ἡ προφητεία βοᾷ, διαρρήδην κηρύσσουσα ὅτι τῆς μεγαλοπρεπείας τῆς δόξης τῆς ἁγιωσύνης αὐτοῦ οὐκ ἔστι πέρας. εἰ δὲ τὰ περὶ αὐτὸν ἀπεράτωτα, πολὺ μᾶλλον αὐτὸς ἐκεῖνος κατ' οὐσίαν ὅ τι ποτὲ καὶ ἐστὶν οὐδενὶ ὅρῳ κατ' οὐδὲν μέρος διαλαμβάνεται. εἰ οὖν ἡ διὰ τῶν ὀνομάτων τε καὶ ῥημάτων ἑρμηνεία διαλαμβάνει πως τῇ σημασίᾳ τὸ ὑποκείμενον, τὸ δὲ ἀόριστον περιληφθῆναι οὐ δύναται, οὐκ ἄν τις εἰκότως τὴν ἀμαθίαν ἡμῶν αἰτιάσαιτο, μὴ θρασυνομένων κατὰ τῶν ἀτολμήτων. τίνι γὰρ ὀνόματι διαλάβω τὸ ἀπερίληπτον; διὰ ποίας φωνῆς ἐξαγγείλω τὸ ἀνεκφώνητον; ἐπεὶ οὖν κρεῖττόν ἐστι καὶ ὑψηλότερον τῆς ὀνομαστικῆς σημασίας τὸ θεῖον, σιωπῇ τιμᾶν τὰ ὑπὲρ λόγον τε καὶ διάνοιαν μεμαθήκαμεν: κἂν ἐπεμβαίνῃ τῇ εὐλαβείᾳ ταύτῃ τοῦ λόγου ὁ ὑπερφρονῶν παρ' ὃ δεῖ φρονεῖν, ἐν γέλωτι τὴν ἀμαθίαν ἡμῶν τὴν περὶ τῶν ἀκαταλήπτων ποιούμενος, καὶ τοῦ ἀσχηματίστου καὶ ἀορίστου καὶ ἀμεγέθους καὶ ἀπόσου, πατρός τε λέγω καὶ υἱοῦ καὶ πνεύματος ἁγίου, τὴν κατὰ τὸ ἀνόμοιον ἐπιγινώσκῃ παραλλαγὴν καὶ προφέρῃ τοῦτο πρὸς ἔλεγχον τῆς ἀμαθίας ἡμῶν, ὃ συνεχῶς παρὰ τῶν μαθητῶν τῆς ἀπάτης προτείνεται, τὸ Ὑμεῖς προσκυνεῖτε ὃ οὐκ οἴδατε, εἰ τὴν οὐσίαν τοῦ προσκυνουμένου οὐκ οἴδαμεν, οὐ φοβηθησόμεθα κατὰ τὴν συμβουλὴν τοῦ προφήτου τὸν ὀνειδισμὸν τῶν ἀφρόνων οὐδὲ διὰ τὸν φαυλισμὸν αὐτῶν κατὰ τῶν ἀνεκφωνήτων θρασυστομήσομεν, τὸν ἰδιώτην τῷ λόγῳ Παῦλον διδάσκαλον τῶν ὑπὲρ γνῶσιν μυστηρίων ποιούμενοι, ὃς τοσοῦτον ἀπέχει τοῦ τὴν θείαν φύσιν ἐντὸς τῆς ἀνθρωπίνης περινοίας οἴεσθαι, ὡς καὶ τὰ κρίματα τοῦ θεοῦ ἀνεξερεύνητα λέγειν καὶ τὰς ὁδοὺς ἀνεξιχνιάστους καὶ τὰ τοῖς ἀγαπῶσιν αὐτὸν ὑπὲρ τῶν ἐν τῷ βίῳ τῷδε κατορθωθέντων ἐπηγγελμένα ὑπὲρ κατάληψιν εἶναι διϊσχυρίζεσθαι, ὡς μήτε ὀφθαλμῷ λαβεῖν μήτε ἀκοῇ δέξασθαι μήτε καρδίᾳ χωρῆσαι δυνατὸν εἶναι. ταῦτα τοίνυν μαθόντες ἀπὸ τοῦ Παύλου θαρροῦντες ἀποφαινόμεθα, ὅτι οὐ μόνον τὰ κρίματα τοῦ θεοῦ τῆς τῶν ἐρευνᾶν ἐπιχειρούντων δυνάμεώς ἐστιν ὑψηλότερα, ἀλλὰ καὶ αἱ τῆς γνώσεως ὁδοὶ μέχρι τοῦ νῦν ἀτριβεῖς τε καὶ ἀνεπίβατοι μένουσι. τοῦτο γὰρ ἡγούμεθα τὸν ἀπόστολον σημᾶναι βουλόμενον ἀνεξιχνιάστους εἰπεῖν τὰς ὁδοὺς αἳ πρὸς τὸ ἀκατάληπτον φέρουσι, δεικνύντα διὰ τῆς λέξεως ὅτι ἀνεπίβατός ἐστι λογισμοῖς ἀνθρωπίνοις ἡ γνῶσις ἐκείνη, καὶ οὔπω τις ἐπέστησεν ἑαυτοῦ τὴν διάνοιαν τῇ τοιαύτῃ τοῦ λόγου πορείᾳ, οὔτε τι ἴχνος οὔτε σημεῖον καταληπτικῆς ἐφόδου τοῖς ἀλήπτοις ἐνεσημάνατο.
Ταῦτα τοίνυν ἐκ τῆς ἀποστολικῆς μεγαλοφωνίας μαθόντες ἀναλογιζόμεθα διὰ τῶν εἰρημένων ὅτι, εἰ τὰ κρίματα ἐξερευνηθῆναι οὐ δύναται καὶ αἱ ὁδοὶ οὐκ ἐξιχνιάζονται καὶ ἡ τῶν ἀγαθῶν ἐπαγγελία πάσης ὑπέρκειται τῆς ἀπὸ στοχασμῶν εἰκασίας, πόσῳ μᾶλλον τῷ μέτρῳ κατὰ τὸ ἄφραστόν τε καὶ ἀπροσπέλαστον ἀνώτερόν ἐστι καὶ ὑψηλότερον αὐτὸ τὸ θεῖον τῶν περὶ αὐτὸ νοουμένων, ὧν οὐδεμίαν εἶναι γνῶσιν ὁ θεοδίδακτος ἀποφαίνεται Παῦλος: καὶ διὰ τοῦτο βεβαιοῦμεν ἐν ἡμῖν αὐτοῖς τὸ καταχλευαζόμενον δόγμα, ὁμολογοῦντες ἐλάττους εἶναι κατὰ τὴν γνῶσιν τῶν ὑπερβαινόντων τὴν γνῶσιν, καὶ προσκυνεῖν φαμεν ἀληθῶς ὅπερ οἴδαμεν. οἴδαμεν δὲ τὸ ὕψος τῆς δόξης τοῦ προσκυνουμένου, αὐτῷ τῷ μὴ δύνασθαι τοῖς λογισμοῖς καταλαβεῖν ἀναλογιζόμενοι τὸ τοῦ μεγέθους ἀνείκαστον: καὶ τὸ πρὸς τὴν Σαμαρεῖτιν παρὰ τοῦ κυρίου ῥηθέν, καθ' ἡμῶν δὲ παρὰ τῶν ἐχθρῶν προφερόμενον, πρὸς ἐκείνους ἂν μᾶλλον κυρίως λέγοιτο. τὸ γὰρ Ὑμεῖς προσκυνεῖτε ὃ οὐκ οἴδατε φησὶ πρὸς τὴν Σαμαρεῖτιν ὁ κύριος, σωματικαῖς ἐννοίαις ἐν ταῖς περὶ θεοῦ δόξαις προειλημμένην, ἧς καλῶς ὁ λόγος καθάπτεται, ὅτι θεὸν προσκυνεῖν οἱ Σαμαρεῖται νομίζοντες εἶτα σωματικῶς ἐγκαθιδρῦσθαι τόπῳ τὸ θεῖον οἰόμενοι μέχρι τῆς φωνῆς εὐσεβοῦσιν, ἄλλο τι προσκυνοῦντες καὶ οὐ θεόν. οὐδὲν γὰρ ἐν περιγραφῇ νοούμενον θεῖόν ἐστιν: ἀλλ' ἴδιον τῆς θεότητος τὸ πανταχοῦ εἶναι καὶ διὰ πάντων ἥκειν καὶ μηδενὶ περιείργεσθαι, ὥστε περιστρέφεται τοῖς χριστομάχοις εἰς κατηγορίαν αὐτῶν ὁ καθ' ἡμῶν προφερόμενος λόγος. ὡς γὰρ τοπικῇ τινι περιγραφῇ τὸ θεῖον περιέχεσθαι Σαμαρεῖται νομίζοντες ἐπετιμήθησαν δι' ὧν ἤκουσαν ὅτι Προσκυνεῖτε ὃ οὐκ οἴδατε, καὶ ἀνόνητος γίνεται ὑμῖν ἡ λατρεία ἡ πρὸς θεὸν βλέπουσα, θεὸς γὰρ τόπῳ τινὶ καθιδρῦσθαι νομιζόμενος θεὸς οὐκ ἔστιν, _ οὕτως ἂν εἴη κυρίως καὶ πρὸς τοὺς νέους Σαμαρείτας εἰπεῖν ὅτι τῷ ὀνόματι τῆς ἀγεννησίας οἷόν τινι τόπῳ περιειλῆφθαι τὴν θείαν οὐσίαν ὑπονοοῦντες Προσκυνεῖτε ὃ οὐκ οἴδατε, ὡς θεῷ μὲν λατρεύοντες, ἀγνοοῦντες δέ, ὅτι πάσης τῆς ἐξ ὀνομάτων σημασίας καὶ περιλήψεως ὑπερπίπτει τοῦ θεοῦ τὸ ἀόριστον.