78

says to them: Behold, the days are coming, says the Lord, and I will make a new covenant with the house of Israel and with the house of Judah, not like the covenant that I made with their fathers on the day when I took them by the hand to bring them out of the land of Egypt; because they did not continue in my covenant, and I disregarded them, says the Lord. Yes, he says; and how is it clear that it has come to an end? He showed this then also from the priest; but he shows it more clearly now, in his own words, that it has been cast out. But how? By saying, "Upon better 63.113 promises." For where are they equal, tell me, earth and heaven? But consider how there too he says "Promises," so that you may not accuse this one of this. For there too, "By which hope," he says, "we draw near to God, a better hope," showing that there too was hope; and here, "of a better promise," hinting that He also made a promise there. But since they were always complaining, "For behold, the days are coming, says the Lord," he says, "and I will make with the house of Israel and with the house of Judah a new covenant." He does not say some old covenant. For so that they could not say this, he also specified the time; for he did not simply say, "According to the covenant that I made with their fathers," so that you might not say the one made with Abraham, or the one with Noah; but indicating which one, he says, "Not according to the covenant that I made with their fathers at the exodus." Therefore he added: "On the day when I took them by the hand to bring them out of the land of Egypt; because they did not continue in my covenant, and I disregarded them, says the Lord." 3. Do you see the evils beginning first from us? They, he says, first did not continue. Therefore the disregard also is from us, but the good things from him, I mean the acts of beneficence. Here he makes a kind of defense, showing the very reason for which he abandons them. For this is the covenant, he says, that I will make with the house of Israel after those days, says the Lord, putting my laws into their minds, and I will write them on their hearts; and I will be their God, and they shall be my people. Thus he says these things about the new covenant, because he says: Not according to the covenant that I made. And what other difference is there than this? But if someone should say the difference is not in this, but in its being given into their hearts; he does not introduce a difference of commandments, but shows the manner of the giving. For no longer, he says, will the covenant be in letters, but in hearts. Let the Jew then show this ever having happened; but he could not find it; for again it was in letters after the return from Babylon. But I show the apostles having received nothing written, but having received it in their hearts through the Holy Spirit. Therefore Christ also said: When He comes, He will remind you of all things, and will teach you. And they shall not teach, he says, each one his neighbor, and each one his brother, saying, Know the Lord; for all shall know me, from the least to the greatest of them. For I will be merciful to their unrighteousness, and their lawless deeds and their sins I will remember no more. Behold also another sign: From the least, he says, to the greatest of them they shall know me, and they shall not say: Know the Lord. When has this happened except now? For ours is manifest; but theirs is not manifest, but was shut up in a corner. Otherwise, it is called new when it is different, and shows if it has anything more than the old. And this too happens to be new, when some of its parts are taken away, and others are not; for example, so that 63.114 I may speak by way of an illustration, if someone, leaving aside the whole of an old house that is about to fall down, underpins the foundation, we immediately say, He has made it new, when he takes some parts out and puts others in their place. For in this way the heaven is also called new, when it is no longer of brass, but gives rain; and the earth likewise is new, when it is not barren, not when it is changed. And a house is thus new, when some of its parts are taken away, and others remain. So he also rightly said a new covenant; to show that that covenant had become old, in that it bore no fruit. And that you may learn accurately, read what Haggai says, what Zechariah, what the angel, what Ezra complains of. How

78

αὐτοῖς λέγει· Ἰδοὺ ἡμέραι ἔρχονται, λέγει Κύριος, καὶ συντελέσω ἐπὶ τὸν οἶκον τοῦ Ἰσραὴλ, καὶ ἐπὶ τὸν οἶκον Ἰούδα διαθήκην καινὴν, οὐ κατὰ τὴν διαθήκην, ἣν διεθέμην τοῖς πατράσιν αὐτῶν, ἐν ἡμέρᾳ ἐπιλαβομένου μου τῆς χειρὸς αὐτῶν, ἐξαγαγεῖν αὐτοὺς ἐκ γῆς Αἰγύπτου· ὅτι αὐτοὶ οὐκ ἐνέμειναν ἐν τῇ διαθήκῃ μου, κἀγὼ ἠμέλησα αὐτῶν, λέγει Κύριος. Ναὶ, φησί· καὶ πόθεν δῆλον, ὅτι τέλος ἔλαβεν; Ἔδειξε μὲν οὖν καὶ ἀπὸ τοῦ ἱερέως τοῦτο· δείκνυσι δὲ τρανότερον νῦν αὐτολεξεὶ, ὅτι ἐκβέβληται. Πῶς δέ; Ἐπὶ κρείτ 63.113 τοσιν ἐπαγγελίαις, εἰπών. Ποῦ γὰρ ἴσον, εἰπέ μοι, γῆ καὶ οὐρανός; Σὺ δὲ θεώρει πῶς κἀκεῖ Ἐπαγγελίαις φησὶν, ἵνα μὴ ταύτης τοῦτο κατηγορῇς. Καὶ γὰρ ἐκεῖ, ∆ι' ἧς ἐγγίζομεν τῷ Θεῷ ἐλπίδος, φησὶ, κρείττονος, δεικνὺς ὅτι κἀκεῖ ἐλπίς· καὶ ἐνταῦθα, ἐπαγγελίας κρείττονος, αἰνιττόμενος ὅτι καὶ ἐκεῖ ἐπηγγείλατο. Ἐπειδὴ δὲ ἐνεκάλουν ἀεὶ, Ἰδοὺ γὰρ ἡμέραι ἔρχονται, λέγει Κύριος, φησὶ, καὶ συντελέσω ἐπὶ τὸν οἶκον Ἰσραὴλ, καὶ ἐπὶ τὸν οἶκον Ἰούδα διαθήκην καινήν. Οὐ παλαιάν τινα διαθήκην φησίν. Ἵνα γὰρ μὴ τοῦτο ἔχωσι λέγειν, καὶ τὸν χρόνον ὥρισεν· οὐ γὰρ ἁπλῶς εἶπε, Κατὰ τὴν διαθήκην, ἢν διεθέμην τοῖς πατράσιν αὐτῶν, ἵνα μὴ τὴν πρὸς τὸν Ἀβραὰμ γεγενημένην εἴπῃς, ἢ τὴν πρὸς τὸν Νῶε· ἀλλὰ ποίαν δηλῶν, φησὶν, Οὐ κατὰ τὴν διαθήκην, ἣν διεθέμην τοῖς πατράσιν αὐτῶν τοῖς ἐν τῇ ἐξόδῳ. ∆ιὸ καὶ ἐπήγαγεν· Ἐν ἡμέρᾳ ἐπιλαβομένου μου τῆς χειρὸς αὐτῶν, ἐξαγαγεῖν αὐτοὺς ἐκ γῆς Αἰγύπτου· ὅτι αὐτοὶ οὐκ ἐνέμειναν ἐν τῇ διαθήκῃ μου, κἀγὼ ἠμέλησα αὐτῶν, λέγει Κύριος. γʹ. Ὁρᾷς πρῶτον παρ' ἡμῶν ἀρχόμενα τὰ κακά; Αὐτοὶ, φησὶ, πρῶτον οὐκ ἐνέμειναν. Λοιπὸν καὶ παρ' ἡμῶν ἡ ἀμέλεια, τὰ δὲ ἀγαθὰ παρ' αὐτοῦ, τὰ τῆς εὐεργεσίας λέγω. Ἐνταῦθα ὥσπερ ἀπολογίαν τίθησιν, αὐτὴν τὴν αἰτίαν δεικνὺς, δι' ἣν ἐγκαταλιμπάνει αὐτούς. Ὅτι αὕτη ἡ διαθήκη, φησὶν, ἣν διαθήσομαι τῷ οἴκῳ Ἰσραὴλ μετὰ τὰς ἡμέρας ἐκείνας, λέγει Κύριος, διδοὺς νόμους μου εἰς τὴν διάνοιαν αὐτῶν, καὶ ἐπὶ καρδίας αὐτῶν ἐπιγράψω αὐτούς· καὶ ἔσομαι αὐτοῖς εἰς Θεὸν, καὶ αὐτοὶ ἔσονταί μοι εἰς λαόν. Οὕτω περὶ τῆς καινῆς ταῦτά φησιν, ὅτι λέγει· Οὐ κατὰ τὴν διαθήκην ἣν διεθέμην. Ποία δὲ ἄλλη ἐστὶ διαφορὰ, ἢ αὕτη; Εἰ δὲ τὸ διάφορον λέγοι τις οὐ κατὰ τοῦτο, ἀλλὰ κατὰ τὸ δοθῆναι εἰς τὰς καρδίας αὐτῶν· οὐ προσταγμάτων εἰσάγει διαφορὰν, ἀλλὰ τὸν τρόπον τῆς δόσεως δείκνυσιν. Οὐκέτι γὰρ ἐν γράμμασι, φησὶν, ἔσται ἡ διαθήκη, ἀλλ' ἐν καρδίαις. ∆ειξάτω τοίνυν τοῦτο γενόμενόν ποτε ὁ Ἰουδαῖος· ἀλλ' οὐκ ἂν εὕροι· πάλιν γὰρ ἐν γράμμασιν ἐγένετο μετὰ τὴν ἐπάνοδον τὴν ἐκ Βαβυλῶνος. Ἐγὼ δὲ δείκνυμι τοὺς ἀποστόλους μηδὲν παραλαβόντας γραπτὸν, ἀλλ' ἐν ταῖς καρδίαις δεξαμένους διὰ Πνεύματος ἁγίου. ∆ιὸ καὶ ἔλεγεν ὁ Χριστός· Ἐκεῖνος ἐλθὼν ἀναμνήσει ὑμᾶς πάντα, καὶ διδάξει ὑμᾶς. Καὶ οὐ μὴ διδάξωσιν ἕκαστος, φησὶ, τὸν πλησίον αὐτοῦ, καὶ ἕκαστος τὸν ἀδελφὸν αὐτοῦ, λέγων, Γνῶθι τὸν Κύριον· ὅτι πάντες εἰδήσουσί με, ἀπὸ μικροῦ ἕως μεγάλου αὐτῶν. Ὅτι ἵλεως ἔσομαι ταῖς ἀδικίαις αὐτῶν, καὶ τῶν ἀνομιῶν αὐτῶν, καὶ τῶν ἁμαρτιῶν αὐτῶν οὐ μὴ μνησθῶ ἔτι. Ἰδοὺ καὶ ἄλλο σημεῖον· Ἀπὸ μικροῦ, φησὶν, ἕως μεγάλου αὐτῶν εἰδήσουσί με, καὶ οὐ μὴ εἴπωσι· Γνῶθι τὸν Κύριον. Πότε τοῦτο γέγονεν ἢ νῦν; δῆλον γὰρ τὸ ἡμέτερον· τὸ δὲ ἐκείνων οὐ δῆλον, ἀλλ' ἀπεκέκλειστο εἰς γωνίαν. Ἄλλως δὲ, καινὴ τότε λέγεται, ὅταν ἑτέρα ᾖ, καὶ δεικνύῃ εἴ τι τῆς παλαιᾶς πλέον ἔχει. Καινὴ δὲ καὶ αὕτη τυγχάνει, ὅταν αὐτῆς τὰ μὲν περιαιρεθῇ, τὰ δὲ μή· οἷον, ἐπὶ ὑποδείγματος ἵνα 63.114 εἴπω, εἴ τις οἰκίαν παλαιὰν μέλλουσαν καταπίπτειν ἀφεὶς τὸ πᾶν, τὸν θεμέλιον ὑπέῤῥαψεν, εὐθέως λέγομεν, Ἐποίησεν αὐτὴν καινὴν, ὅταν τὰ μὲν ἐξέλῃ, τὰ δὲ ἀντεισαγάγῃ. Καὶ γὰρ καὶ ὁ οὐρανὸς καινὸς λέγεται οὕτως, ὅταν μηκέτι χαλκοῦς ᾖ, ἀλλ' ὑετὸν διδῷ· καὶ ἡ γῆ ὁμοίως καινὴ, ὅταν μὴ ἄκαρπος ᾖ, οὐχ ὅταν μεταβληθῇ. Καὶ οἶκος οὕτω καινὸς, ὅταν τὰ μὲν αὐτοῦ ἐξαιρεθῇ, τὰ δὲ μένῃ. Ὥστε καὶ διαθήκην καινὴν καλῶς εἶπεν· ἵνα δείξῃ ὅτι παλαιὰ γέγονεν ἡ διαθήκη ἐκείνη, κατὰ τὸ μηδένα δοῦναι καρπόν. Καὶ ἵνα μάθῃς ἀκριβῶς, ἀνάγνωθι τί φησιν ὁ Ἀγγαῖος, τί ὁ Ζαχαρίας, τί ὁ ἄγγελος, τί δὲ Ἔσδρας ἐγκαλεῖ. Πῶς