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of the orators, the most distinguished of all those with him: Are you Barlaam, the one who so shamelessly and insolently insults our gods, and has enveloped the king's dearest son in such error and taught him to worship the crucified one? And Nachor: I am, he answered, I am Barlaam, who scorns your gods, as you have said, but I have not enveloped the king's son in error, but have freed him from error and have brought him to the true God. And the orator: Since the great, he says, and wonderful men who have discovered all the knowledge of wisdom call those gods high and immortal, and since all the kings and glorious men on earth worship and revere 396 them, how do you yourself move your tongue against them, and dare to be so audacious in such matters? And what is the proof that these are not gods, but the crucified one is? But Nachor, taking him up, did not deem that orator worthy of any answer at all; but gesturing with his hand for the crowd to be silent, opening his mouth, just like Balaam's donkey, he spoke things he had not intended to say; and he says to the king: xxῃii I, O king, by the providence of God came into the world; and having observed the heaven and earth and sea, the sun and moon and the rest, I marveled at their arrangement. And seeing the world and all things in it, that it is moved by necessity, I understood that the one who moves and sustains it is God; for everything that moves is more powerful than what is moved, and that which sustains is more powerful than that which is sustained. Therefore I say that He is God who established and sustains all things, without beginning and eternal, immortal and without need, superior to all passions and defects, of anger and forgetfulness and ignorance and the rest. Through him all things consist. He does not need sacrifice and libation, nor any of the visible things; but all need him. These things having been said about God, as far as it was possible for me to speak about him, let us come to the human race, so that we may see which of them partake of the truth and which of error. 398 For it is clear to us, O king, that there are three races of men in this world: among whom are the worshipers of the gods spoken of by you, and Jews, and Christians; and again, those who revere the many gods are divided into three races, Chaldeans and Greeks and Egyptians; for these have become leaders and teachers to the other nations of the worship and adoration of the many-named gods. Let us see, therefore, which of these partake of the truth and which of error. For the Chaldeans, not knowing God, went astray after the elements and began to revere the creation rather than the one who created them; of which they made certain forms and named them images of the heaven and the earth and the sea, of the sun and the moon, and of the other elements or luminaries, and, enclosing them in temples, they worship them, calling them gods, whom they also guard securely so that they may not be stolen by robbers. And they did not understand that everything that guards is greater than that which is guarded, and he who makes is greater than that which is made; for if their gods are powerless concerning their own safety, how will they grant safety to others? Therefore the Chaldeans went into great error, revering dead and useless statues. And it occurs to me to marvel, O king, how their so-called philosophers did not understand at all that the elements themselves are corruptible. And if the elements are corruptible and subject to necessity, how are they gods? And if the elements 400 are not gods, how can the statues, which were made in their honor, be gods? Let us come, therefore, O king, to the elements themselves, so that we may show

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τῶν ῥητόρων, ὁ τῶν σὺν αὐτῷ πάντων διαφορώτατος· σὺ εἶ ὁ ἀναισχύντως οὕτως καὶ ἰταμῶς εἰς τοὺς θεοὺς ἡμῶν ἐξυβρίζων Βαρλαάμ, καὶ τὸν φίλτατον υἱὸν τοῦ βασιλέως τοιαύτῃ περιβαλὼν τῇ πλάνῃ καὶ τῷ ἐσταυρωμένῳ διδάξας λατρεύειν; καὶ ὁ Ναχώρ· Ἐγώ εἰμι, ἀπεκρίνατο, ἐγώ εἰμι Βαρλαάμ, ὁ τοὺς θεούς σου μὲν ἐξουθενῶν, καθὼς εἴρηκας, τὸν υἱὸν δὲ τοῦ βασιλέως οὐ πλάνῃ περιβαλών, ἀλλὰ πλάνης ἀπαλλάξας καὶ τῷ ἀληθινῷ προσοικειωσάμενος Θεῷ. καὶ ὁ ῥήτωρ· Τῶν μεγάλων, φησί, καὶ θαυμασίων ἀνδρῶν τῶν πᾶσαν σοφίας ἐπιστήμην ἐξευρηκότων θεοὺς ὑψηλοὺς καὶ ἀθανάτους ἐκείνους ὀνομαζόντων, καὶ πάντων τῶν ἐπὶ γῆς βασιλέων καὶ ἐνδόξων αὐτοῖς προσκυνούντων καὶ σεβο 396 μένων, πῶς αὐτὸς γλῶσσαν κατ' αὐτῶν κινεῖς, καὶ ὅλως ἀποθρασύνεσθαι τὰ τοιαῦτα τολμᾷς; Τίς δὲ ἡ ἀπόδειξις μὴ τούτους εἶναι θεούς, ἀλλὰ τὸν ἐσταυρωμένον; ὑπολαβὼν δὲ ὁ Ναχὼρ τὸν μὲν ῥήτορα ἐκεῖνον οὐδόλως ἀποκρίσεως ἠξίωσε· κατασείσας δὲ τῇ χειρὶ τὸ πλῆθος σιγᾶν, ἀνοίξας τὸ στόμα αὐτοῦ, καθάπερ ὁ τοῦ Βαλαὰμ ὄνος, ἃ οὐ προέθετο εἰπεῖν ταῦτα λελάληκε· καί φησι πρὸς τὸν βασιλέα· χχῃιι Ἐγώ, βασιλεῦ, προνοίᾳ Θεοῦ ἦλθον εἰς τὸν κόσμον· καὶ θεωρήσας τὸν οὐρανὸν καὶ γῆν καὶ θάλασσαν, ἥλιόν τε καὶ σελήνην καὶ τὰ λοιπά, ἐθαύμασα τὴν διακόσμησιν τούτων. ἰδὼν δὲ τὸν κόσμον καὶ τὰ ἐν αὐτῷ πάντα, ὅτι κατὰ ἀνάγκην κινεῖται, συνῆκα τὸν κινοῦντα καὶ διακρατοῦντα εἶναι Θεόν· πᾶν γὰρ τὸ κινοῦν ἰσχυρότερον τοῦ κινουμένου, καὶ τὸ διακρατοῦν ἰσχυρότερον τοῦ διακρατουμένου ἐστίν. αὐτὸν οὖν λέγω εἶναι Θεὸν τὸν συστησάμενον τὰ πάντα καὶ διακρατοῦντα, ἄναρχον καὶ ἀΐδιον, ἀθάνατον καὶ ἀπροσδεῆ, ἀνώτερον πάντων τῶν παθῶν καὶ ἐλαττωμάτων, ὀργῆς τε καὶ λήθης καὶ ἀγνοίας καὶ τῶν λοιπῶν. δι' αὐτοῦ δὲ τὰ πάντα συνέστηκεν. οὐ χρῄζει θυσίας καὶ σπονδῆς, οὐδὲ πάντων τῶν φαινομένων· πάντες δὲ αὐτοῦ χρῄζουσι. Τούτων οὕτως εἰρημένων περὶ Θεοῦ, καθὼς ἐμὲ ἐχώρησε περὶ αὐτοῦ λέγειν, ἔλθωμεν καὶ ἐπὶ τὸ ἀνθρώπινον γένος, ὅπως ἴδωμεν τίνες αὐτῶν μετέχουσι τῆς ἀληθείας καὶ τίνες τῆς πλάνης. 398 φανερὸν γάρ ἐστιν ἡμῖν, ὦ βασιλεῦ, ὅτι τρία γένη εἰσὶν ἀνθρώπων ἐν τῷδε τῷ κόσμῳ· ὧν εἰσὶν οἱ τῶν παρ' ὑμῶν λεγομένων θεῶν προσκυνηταί, καὶ Ἰουδαῖοι, καὶ Χριστιανοί· αὐτοὶ δὲ πάλιν, οἱ τοὺς πολλοὺς σεβόμενοι θεούς, εἰς τρία διαιροῦνται γένη, Χαλδαίους τε καὶ Ἕλληνας καὶ Αἰγυπτίους· οὗτοι γὰρ γεγόνασιν ἀρχηγοὶ καὶ διδάσκαλοι τοῖς λοιποῖς ἔθνεσι τῆς τῶν πολυωνύμων θεῶν λατρείας καὶ προσκυνήσεως. ἴδωμεν οὖν τίνες τούτων μετέχουσι τῆς ἀληθείας καὶ τίνες τῆς πλάνης. Οἱ μὲν γὰρ Χαλδαῖοι, οἱ μὴ εἰδότες Θεόν, ἐπλανήθησαν ὀπίσω τῶν στοιχείων καὶ ἤρξαντο σέβεσθαι τὴν κτίσιν παρὰ τὸν κτίσαντα αὐτούς· ὧν καὶ μορφώματά τινα ποιήσαντες ὠνόμασαν ἐκτυπώματα τοῦ οὐρανοῦ καὶ τῆς γῆς καὶ τῆς θαλάσσης, ἡλίου τε καὶ σελήνης, καὶ τῶν λοιπῶν στοιχείων ἢ φωστήρων, καί, συγκλείσαντες ναοῖς, προσκυνοῦσι θεοὺς καλοῦντες, οὓς καὶ τηροῦσιν ἀσφαλῶς ἵνα μὴ κλαπῶσιν ὑπὸ λῃστῶν. καὶ οὐ συνῆκαν ὅτι πᾶν τὸ τηροῦν μεῖζον τοῦ τηρουμένου ἐστί, καὶ ὁ ποιῶν μείζων ἐστὶ τοῦ ποιουμένου· εἰ γὰρ ἀδυνατοῦσιν οἱ θεοὶ αὐτῶν περὶ τῆς ἰδίας σωτηρίας, πῶς ἄλλοις σωτηρίαν χαρίσονται; πλάνην οὖν μεγάλην ἐπλανήθησαν οἱ Χαλδαῖοι, σεβόμενοι ἀγάλματα νεκρὰ καὶ ἀνωφελῆ. καὶ θαυμάζειν μοι ἐπέρχεται, ὦ βασιλεῦ, πῶς οἱ λεγόμενοι φιλόσοφοι αὐτῶν οὐδόλως συνῆκαν ὅτι καὶ αὐτὰ τὰ στοιχεῖα φθαρτά ἐστιν. εἰ δὲ τὰ στοιχεῖα φθαρτά ἐστι καὶ ὑποτασσόμενα κατὰ ἀνάγκην, πῶς εἰσι θεοί; εἰ δὲ τὰ στοιχεῖα 400 οὐκ εἰσὶ θεοί, πῶς τὰ ἀγάλματα, ἃ γέγονεν εἰς τιμὴν αὐτῶν, θεοὶ ὑπάρχουσιν; Ἔλθωμεν οὖν, ὦ βασιλεῦ, ἐπὶ αὐτὰ τὰ στοιχεῖα, ὅπως ἀποδείξωμεν