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then did he receive it? but how does no one ask the Lord, where even they themselves transgressed, and they themselves did not know? Do you see how forced your argument is? But I propose my own, that this would properly be called new. And otherwise, I do not concede that that was said about this, "The heaven shall be new." For why did he not, saying in Deuteronomy, that "The heaven shall be bronze," place this in the distinction, "but if you hearken, it shall be new"? And indeed for this reason he says he will give another covenant, because they did not abide in the first. This I show, through what he says: "For what the law could not do, in that it was weak through the flesh;" and again: "Why do you tempt God, to put a yoke upon the neck of the disciples, which neither our fathers nor we were able to bear?" Because they themselves did not abide, he says. Here he shows that he counts us worthy of greater and spiritual things. For "Their sound," he says, "went out into all the earth, and their words to the ends of the world." That is, "They shall not say, each one to his neighbor, 'Know the Lord.'" And again, "The earth shall be filled with the knowledge of the Lord, as much water covers the seas." "In that he says, 'A new covenant,'" he says, "he has made the first old." "Now that which becomes old and grows aged is near to vanishing away." See what was hidden, how he has uncovered the prophet's very meaning. He honored the law, and did not wish to call it old by name; yet he said this: for if that one were new, he would not have called this one that comes after it new. So in giving something more and different, "It has become old," he says. Therefore it is dissolved and perishes and is no more. Taking boldness from the prophet, he assails it more advantageously, showing that our things now flourish; that is, he showed it to be old. Then taking the name of "old," and adding another from himself, that of "growing aged," he took what follows from other things, and says: "Near to vanishing away." Therefore the new did not simply put an end to the old, but as something that had grown old, as something not useful. For this reason he said, "Because of its weakness and unprofitableness," and, "The law made nothing perfect," and that, "If that first covenant had been faultless, then should no place have been sought for a second." What is "faultless"? Useful, strong. And he says this, not to show it as liable to charges, but as not being sufficient, speaking in a more common way; as one might say: The house is not faultless, that is, it has a defect, it is unsound; the garment is not faultless, that is, it is finally tearing apart. 63.115 So he does not here speak of it as evil, but as having a charge against it and a defect. 4. So then we too are new, or rather, we were made new; but now we have grown old; for this reason we are near to vanishing away and destruction. But, if we are willing, it is possible to scrape away this old age. By the font, then, it is no longer possible, but by repentance it is possible here. If there is anything old in us, let us cast it away; if any wrinkle, if any stain, if any spot, let us wash it away, and become beautiful, that the King may desire our beauty. It is possible even for those who have fallen into the utmost ugliness to recover that beauty, of which David says: "Hearken, O daughter, and see, and incline thine ear; forget also thine own people, and thy father's house; so shall the king greatly desire thy beauty." And yet forgetting does not make beauty, spiritual beauty. What kind of forgetting? That of sins. For he is speaking to the Church from the Gentiles, exhorting her not to remember her ancestral ways, that is, those who sacrifice to idols; for she has been gathered from such people. And he did not say, "Do not practice them," but, what is more, "Do not even bring them to mind;" which he also says elsewhere: "I will not make mention of their names through my lips;" and again: "So that my mouth may not speak of the works of men." This is not yet a great virtue; or rather, it is great, but not so great. For what does he say there? He did not say, "You shall not speak of the things of your fathers," but, "Neither remember them, nor bring them to mind." Do you see how great a distance he wishes us to keep from wickedness? For he who does not remember will not consider; and he who does not consider does not even speak; and he who does not speak does not even act. Do you see from how many ways he has walled us off, from how many

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οὖν ἔλαβεν αὐτόν; πῶς δὲ οὐδεὶς ἐρωτᾷ Κύριον, ὅπου γε καὶ αὐτοὶ παρέβησαν, καὶ οὐδὲ αὐτοὶ ᾔδεσαν; Ὁρᾷς πῶς βεβίασται τὸ σόν; Ἐγὼ δὲ τὸ ἐμὸν τίθημι, ὅτι καινὴ κυρίως αὕτη ἂν λέγοιτο. Ἄλλως δὲ, οὐδὲ ἐκεῖνο συγχωρῶ περὶ τούτου εἰρῆσθαι, τὸ, Ἔσται καινὸς ὁ οὐρανός. ∆ιὰ τί γὰρ μὴ, λέγων ἐν τῷ ∆ευτερονομίῳ, ὅτι Ἔσται χαλκοῦς ὁ οὐρανὸς, τοῦτο ἔθηκεν ἐν τῇ διαστολῇ, ἐὰν δὲ εἰσακούσητε, ἔσται καινός; Καὶ μὴν διὰ τοῦτό φησιν ἑτέραν διαθήκην δώσειν, ἐπειδὴ τῇ προτέρᾳ οὐκ ἐνέμειναν. Τοῦτο ἐγὼ δείκνυμι, δι' ὧν φησι· Τὸ γὰρ ἀδύνατον τοῦ νόμου, ἐν ᾧ ἠσθένει διὰ τῆς σαρκός· καὶ πάλιν· Τί πειράζετε τὸν Θεὸν, ἐπιθεῖναι ζυγὸν ἐπὶ τὸν τράχηλον τῶν μαθητῶν, ὃν οὔτε οἱ πατέρες ἡμῶν, οὔτε ἡμεῖς ἰσχύσαμεν βαστάσαι; Ὅτι αὐτοὶ οὐκ ἐνέμειναν, φησίν. Ἐνταῦθα δείκνυσιν, ὅτι μειζόνων ἡμᾶς ἀξιοῖ, καὶ πνευματικῶν. Εἰς πᾶσαν γὰρ, φησὶ, τὴν γῆν ἐξῆλθεν ὁ φθόγγος αὐτῶν, καὶ εἰς τὰ πέρατα τῆς οἰκουμένης τὰ ῥήματα αὐτῶν. Τουτέστιν, Οὐ μὴ εἴπωσιν ἕκαστος τῷ πλησίον αὐτοῦ, Γνῶθι τὸν Κύριον. Καὶ πάλιν, Πλησθήσεται ἡ γῆ τοῦ γνῶναι τὸν Κύριον, ὡς ὕδωρ πολὺ κατακαλύψαι θαλάσσας. Ἐν τῷ λέγειν καινὴν, φησὶ, πεπαλαίωκε τὴν πρώτην. Τὸ δὲ παλαιούμενον καὶ γηράσκον ἐγγὺς ἀφανισμοῦ. Ὅρα τὸ κρυπτόμενον, ὅπως ἐξεκάλυψεν αὐτὴν τοῦ προφήτου τὴν διάνοιαν. Ἐτίμησε τὸν νόμον, καὶ οὐκ ἠθέλησεν αὐτὸν εἰπεῖν παλαιὸν ὀνομαστί· πλὴν μέντοι τοῦτο εἶπεν· εἰ γὰρ ἐκεῖνο καινὸν ἦν, οὐκ ἂν καὶ τοῦτο τὸ μετὰ ταῦτα καινὸν ἐκάλεσεν. Ὥστε πλέον τι διδοὺς καὶ ἕτερον, Ἐπαλαιώθη, φησίν. Οὐκοῦν καταλύεται καὶ ἀπόλλυται καὶ οὐκέτι ἐστί. Λαβὼν παρὰ τοῦ προφήτου τὴν παῤῥησίαν, μᾶλλον αὐτοῦ καθάπτεται συμφερόντως, δεικνὺς ὅτι τὰ ἡμέτερα νῦν ἀνθεῖ· τουτέστιν, ἔδειξεν οὖσαν παλαιάν. Εἶτα λαβὼν τὸ τῆς παλαιᾶς ὄνομα, καὶ ἕτερον παρ' ἑαυτοῦ προσθεὶς τὸ τοῦ γήρως, τὸ λειπόμενον ἀπὸ τῶν ἄλλων ἔλαβε, καί φησιν· Ἐγγὺς ἀφανισμοῦ. Οὐκ ἄρα ἁπλῶς κατέπαυσεν ἡ καινὴ τὴν παλαιὰν, ἀλλ' ὡς γεγηρακυῖαν, ὡς οὐ χρήσιμον. ∆ιὰ τοῦτο ἔλεγε, ∆ιὰ τὸ ἀσθενὲς καὶ ἀνωφελὲς, καὶ, Οὐδὲν ἐτελείωσεν ὁ νόμος, καὶ ὅτι, Εἰ ἡ πρώτη ἦν ἄμεμπτος, οὐκ ἂν δευτέρας ἐζητεῖτο τόπος. Ἄμεμπτος τί ἐστι; Χρήσιμος, ἰσχυρά. Τοῦτο δὲ λέγει, οὐχ ὡς ἐγκλημάτων δεῖξαι ὑπεύθυνον, ἀλλ' ὡς οὐκ ἀρκοῦσαν, ἰδιωτικώτερον ἐφθέγξατο· ὡς ἄν τις εἴποι· Οὐκ ἔστιν ἄμεμπτος ἡ οἰκία, τουτέστιν, ἔχει ἐλάττωμα, σαθρά ἐστιν· οὐκ ἔστιν ἄμεμπτον τὸ ἱμάτιον, τουτέστι, λοιπὸν διαῤῥεῖ. 63.115 Οὐχ ὡς πονηρὸν τοίνυν ἐνταῦθά φησιν, ἀλλ' ὡς ἔχον τὸ αἰτίαμα καὶ ἐλάττωμα. δʹ. Οὕτω δὴ καὶ ἡμεῖς καινοί ἐσμεν, μᾶλλον δὲ καινοὶ ἐγενόμεθα· νῦν δὲ πεπαλαιώμεθα· διὰ τοῦτο ἐγγύς ἐσμεν ἀφανισμοῦ καὶ ἀπωλείας. Ἀλλ', ἂν ἐθέλωμεν, ἔστιν ἀποξῦσαι τοῦτο τὸ γῆρας. Λουτρῷ μὲν οὖν οὐκέτι δυνατὸν, μετανοίᾳ δὲ ἐνταῦθα δυνατόν. Εἴ τι παλαιὸν ἐν ἡμῖν, ῥίψωμεν· εἴ τις ῥυτὶς, εἴ τις κηλὶς, εἴ τις σπῖλος, ἀπονιψώμεθα, καὶ καλοὶ γενώμεθα, ἵνα ἐπιθυμήσῃ ὁ βασιλεὺς τοῦ κάλλους ἡμῶν. Ἔξεστι καὶ πρὸς ἐσχάτην δυσείδειαν καταπεσόντας ἀνακτήσασθαι τὸ κάλλος ἐκεῖνο, περὶ οὗ φησιν ὁ ∆αυΐδ· Ἄκουσον, θύγατερ, καὶ ἴδε, καὶ κλῖνον τὸ οὖς σου, καὶ ἐπιλάθου τοῦ λαοῦ σου, καὶ τοῦ οἴκου τοῦ πατρός σου, καὶ ἐπιθυμήσει ὁ βασιλεὺς τοῦ κάλλους σου. Καὶ μὴν ἡ λήθη κάλλος οὐ ποιεῖ, κάλλος τὸ ψυχικόν. Λήθη ποία; Ἡ τῶν ἁμαρτιῶν. Πρὸς γὰρ τὴν Ἐκκλησίαν τὴν ἐξ ἐθνῶν διαλέγεται, παραινῶν αὐτῇ τῶν πατρῴων μὴ μνησθῆναι, τουτέστι, τῶν εἰδώλοις θυόντων· ἀπὸ γὰρ τῶν τοιούτων συνῆκται. Καὶ οὐκ εἶπε, Μὴ μετέλθῃς αὐτά· ἀλλ', ὃ πλέον ἐστὶ, Μηδὲ εἰς νοῦν λάβῃς· ὃ καὶ ἀλλαχοῦ φησιν· Οὐ μὴ μνησθῶ τῶν ὀνομάτων αὐτῶν διὰ χειλέων μου· καὶ πάλιν· Ὅπως ἂν μὴ λαλήσῃ τὸ στόμα μου τὰ ἔργα τῶν ἀνθρώπων. Οὔπω τοῦτο μεγάλη ἀρετή· μᾶλλον δὲ μεγάλη μὲν, ἀλλ' οὐ τοιαύτη. Ἐκεῖ γὰρ τί φησιν; Οὐκ εἶπεν, Οὐ μὴ λαλήσῃς τὰ τῶν πατέρων, ἀλλὰ, Μηδὲ ἀναμνησθῇς αὐτῶν, μηδὲ εἰς νοῦν λάβῃς. Ὁρᾷς πόσον ἡμᾶς διάστημα τῆς κακίας ἀπέχειν βούλεται; Ὁ γὰρ μὴ μεμνημένος, οὐ λογιεῖται· ὁ δὲ μὴ λογιζόμενος, οὐδὲ φθέγγεται· ὁ δὲ μὴ φθεγγόμενος, οὐδὲ πράξει. Ὁρᾷς πρὸ πόσων ἀπετείχισεν ἡμᾶς ὁδῶν, πρὸ πόσων