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carrying off the wives of his neighbors, and being mad and a fugitive; and afterwards that he was slain by the Titans. If, then, Dionysus, having been slain, could not help himself, but was also mad and a drunkard and a runaway, how could he be a god? And they represent Heracles as having become drunk and mad, and having slain his own children, then as having been consumed by fire and so died. How then could he be a god, who was a drunkard and a child-killer and was burned up? Or how will he help others, being unable to help himself? And they represent Apollo as being a jealous god, and moreover holding a bow and a quiver, and at other times a lyre and plectrum, and giving oracles to men for a fee. Therefore he is in need; but it is not possible for a god to be in need and jealous and a lyre-player. 412 And they represent Artemis as being his sister, a huntress, and having a bow with a quiver, and that she roams over the mountains alone with her dogs, in order to hunt a stag or a wild boar. How then can such a woman be a god, who is a huntress and roams about with her dogs? And they say that Aphrodite is also an adulterous goddess. For at one time she had Ares as an adulterer, at another Anchises, at another Adonis, whose death she also weeps for, seeking her lover; whom they say even descends into Hades, in order to ransom Adonis from Persephone. Have you seen, O king, a greater folly than this? to represent as a goddess one who commits adultery and laments and weeps? And they represent Adonis as being a hunter god, and that he died a violent death, having been struck by a boar, and being unable to help himself in his suffering. How then will an adulterer and a hunter who died a violent death take care of mankind? All these things, and many such things, and many more shameful and wicked things have the Greeks introduced, O king, concerning their gods, things which it is not lawful either to say or to bring to mind at all; from which men, taking a starting-point from their gods, practiced every lawlessness and licentiousness and impiety, defiling both earth and air with their terrible deeds. But the Egyptians, being more silly and foolish than these, have erred worse than all the nations. For they were not content with the objects of worship of the Chaldeans and Greeks, but furthermore introduced 414 irrational animals as gods, both of the land and of the water, and plants and shoots, and were defiled in all madness and licentiousness worse than all the nations upon the earth. For from the beginning they worshipped Isis, who had a brother and husband Osiris, who was slain by his brother Typhon. And for this reason Isis flees with Horus her son to Byblos of Syria, seeking Osiris, bitterly lamenting, until Horus grew up and killed Typhon. Therefore, neither was Isis strong enough to help her own brother and husband; nor was Osiris, while being slain by Typhon, able to help himself; nor did Typhon the fratricide, while being destroyed by Horus and Isis, find a way to rescue himself from death. And though they were known for such misfortunes, they were considered gods by the foolish Egyptians. Who, not being content even with these or with the other objects of worship of the nations, also introduced irrational animals as gods. For some of them worshipped a sheep, some a goat, others a calf and the pig, others the raven and the hawk and the vulture and the eagle, and others the crocodile, some the cat and the dog, and the wolf and the ape, and the serpent and the asp, and others the onion and the garlic and thorns, and the other creatures. And the wretched ones do not perceive concerning all these things that they have no power. For seeing their gods being eaten by other men and being burned and slain and 416 rotting away, they did not understand concerning them that they are not gods. Therefore, the Egyptians and the Chaldeans and the Greeks have erred a great error

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ἀποσπῶντα τὰς τῶν πλησίον γυναῖκας, καὶ μαινόμενον καὶ φεύγοντα· ὕστερον δὲ αὐτὸν σφαγῆναι ὑπὸ τῶν Τιτάνων. εἰ οὖν ∆ιόνυσος σφαγεὶς οὐκ ἠδυνήθη ἑαυτῷ βοηθῆσαι, ἀλλὰ καὶ μαινόμενος ἦν καὶ μέθυσος καὶ δραπέτης, πῶς ἂν εἴη θεός; Τὸν δὲ Ἡρακλῆν παρεισάγουσι μεθυσθῆναι καὶ μανῆναι, καὶ τὰ ἴδια τέκνα σφάξαι, εἶτα πυρὶ ἀναλωθῆναι καὶ οὕτως ἀποθανεῖν. πῶς δ' ἂν εἴη θεός, μέθυσος καὶ τεκνοκτόνος, καὶ κατακαιόμενος; ἢ πῶς ἄλλοις βοηθήσει, ἑαυτῷ βοηθῆσαι μὴ δυνηθείς; Τὸν δὲ Ἀπόλλωνα παρεισάγουσι θεὸν εἶναι ζηλωτήν, ἔτι δὲ καὶ τόξον καὶ φαρέτραν κρατοῦντα, ποτὲ δὲ καὶ κιθάραν καὶ ἐπαυθίδα, καὶ μαντευόμενον τοῖς ἀνθρώποις χάριν μισθοῦ. ἄρα ἐπενδεής ἐστιν· ὅπερ οὐκ ἐνδέχεται θεὸν εἶναι ἐνδεῆ καὶ ζηλωτὴν καὶ κιθαρῳδόν. 412 Ἄρτεμιν δὲ παρεισάγουσιν ἀδελφὴν αὐτοῦ εἶναι, κυνηγὸν οὖσαν, καὶ τόξον ἔχειν μετὰ φαρέτρας, καὶ ταύτην ῥέμβεσθαι κατὰ τῶν ὀρέων μόνην μετὰ τῶν κυνῶν, ὅπως θηρεύσει ἔλαφον ἡ κάπρον. πῶς οὖν ἔσται θεὸς ἡ τοιαύτη γυνὴ καὶ κυνηγὸς καὶ ῥεμβομένη μετὰ τῶν κυνῶν; Ἀφροδίτην δὲ λέγουσι καὶ αὐτὴν θεὰν εἶναι μοιχαλίδα. ποτὲ γὰρ ἔσχε μοιχὸν τὸν Ἄρην, ποτὲ δὲ Ἀγχίσην, ποτὲ δὲ Ἄδωνιν, οὗτινος καὶ τὸν θάνατον κλαίει, ζητοῦσα τὸν ἐραστὴν αὐτῆς· ἣν λέγουσιν καὶ εἰς Ἅδου καταβαίνειν, ὅπως ἐξαγοράσῃ τὸν Ἄδωνιν ἀπὸ τῆς Περσεφόνης. εἶδες, ὦ βασιλεῦ, μείζονα ταύτης ἀφροσύνην; θεὰν παρεισάγειν τὴν μοιχεύουσαν καὶ θρηνοῦσαν καὶ κλαίουσαν; Ἄδωνιν δὲ παρεισάγουσι θεὸν εἶναι κυνηγόν, καὶ τοῦτον βιαίως ἀποθανεῖν πληγέντα ὑπὸ τοῦ ὑός, καὶ μὴ δυνηθέντα βοηθῆσαι τῇ ταλαιπωρίᾳ ἑαυτοῦ. Πῶς οὖν τῶν ἀνθρώπων φροντίδα ποιήσεται ὁ μοιχὸς καὶ κυνηγὸς καὶ βιοθάνατος; Ταῦτα πάντα καὶ πολλὰ τοιαῦτα καὶ πολλῷ πλεῖον αἰσχρότερα καὶ πονηρὰ παρεισήγαγον οἱ Ἕλληνες, βασιλεῦ, περὶ τῶν θεῶν αὐτῶν, ἃ οὔτε λέγειν θέμις, οὔτ' ἐπὶ μνήμης ὅλως φέρειν· ὅθεν λαμβάνοντες οἱ ἄνθρωποι ἀφορμὴν ἀπὸ τῶν θεῶν αὐτῶν ἔπραττον πᾶσαν ἀνομίαν καὶ ἀσέλγειαν καὶ ἀσέβειαν, καταμιαίνοντες γῆν τε καὶ ἀέρα ταῖς δειναῖς αὐτῶν πράξεσιν. Αἰγύπτιοι δέ, ἀβελτερώτεροι καὶ ἀφρονέστεροι τούτων ὄντες, χεῖρον πάντων τῶν ἐθνῶν ἐπλανήθησαν. οὐ γὰρ ἠρκέσθησαν τοῖς τῶν Χαλδαίων καὶ Ἑλλήνων σεβάσμασιν, ἀλλ' ἔτι καὶ ἄλογα 414 ζῷα παρεισήγαγον θεοὺς εἶναι χερσαῖά τε καὶ ἔνυδρα, καὶ τὰ φυτὰ καὶ βλαστά, καὶ ἐμιάνθησαν ἐν πάσῃ μανίᾳ καὶ ἀσελγείᾳ χεῖρον πάντων τῶν ἐθνῶν ἐπὶ τῆς γῆς. ἀρχῆθεν γὰρ ἐσέβοντο τὴν Ἴσιν, ἔχουσαν ἀδελφὸν καὶ ἄνδρα τὸν Ὄσιριν, τὸν σφαγέντα ὑπὸ τοῦ ἀδελφοῦ αὐτοῦ Τύφωνος. καὶ διὰ τοῦτο φεύγει ἡ Ἴσις μετὰ Ὥρου τοῦ υἱοῦ αὐτῆς εἰς Βύβλον τῆς Συρίας, ζητοῦσα τὸν Ὄσιριν, πικρῶς θρηνοῦσα, ἕως ηὔξησεν ὁ Ὧρος καὶ ἀπέκτεινε τὸν Τύφωνα. οὔτε οὖν ἡ Ἴσις ἴσχυσε βοηθῆσαι τῷ ἰδίῳ ἀδελφῷ καὶ ἀνδρί· οὔτε ὁ Ὄσιρις σφαζόμενος ὑπὸ τοῦ Τύφωνος ἠδυνήθη ἀντιλαβέσθαι ἑαυτοῦ· οὔτε Τύφων ὁ ἀδελφοκτόνος, ἀπολλύμενος ὑπὸ τοῦ Ὥρου καὶ τῆς Ἴσιδος, εὐπόρησε ῥύσασθαι ἑαυτὸν τοῦ θανάτου. καὶ ἐπὶ τοιούτοις ἀτυχήμασι γνωρισθέντες αὐτοὶ θεοὶ ὑπὸ τῶν ἀσυνέτων Αἰγυπτίων ἐνομίσθησαν. Οἵτινες, μηδ' ἐν τούτοις ἀρκεσθέντες ἢ τοῖς λοιποῖς σεβάσμασι τῶν ἐθνῶν, καὶ τὰ ἄλογα ζῷα παρεισήγαγον θεοὺς εἶναι. τινὲς γὰρ αὐτῶν ἐσεβάσθησαν πρόβατον, τινὲς δὲ τράγον, ἕτεροι δὲ μόσχον καὶ τὸν χοῖρον, ἄλλοι δὲ τὸν κόρακα καὶ τὸν ἱέρακα καὶ τὸν γῦπα καὶ τὸν ἀετόν, καὶ ἄλλοι τὸν κροκόδειλον, τινὲς δὲ τὸν αἴλουρον καὶ τὸν κύνα, καὶ τὸν λύκον καὶ τὸν πίθηκον, καὶ τὸν δράκοντα καὶ τὴν ἀσπίδα, καὶ ἄλλοι τὸ κρόμυον καὶ τὸ σκόροδον καὶ ἀκάνθας, καὶ τὰ λοιπὰ κτίσματα. καὶ οὐκ αἰσθάνονται οἱ ταλαίπωροι περὶ πάντων τούτων ὅτι οὐδὲν ἰσχύουσιν. ὁρῶντες γὰρ τοὺς θεοὺς αὐτῶν βιβρωσκομένους ὑπὸ ἑτέρων ἀνθρώπων καὶ καιομένους καὶ σφαττομένους καὶ 416 σηπομένους, οὐ συνῆκαν περὶ αὐτῶν ὅτι οὐκ εἰσὶ θεοί. Πλάνην οὖν μεγάλην ἐπλανήθησαν οἵ τε Αἰγύπτιοι καὶ οἱ Χαλδαῖοι καὶ οἱ Ἕλληνες