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again. What then is the root of evils? Learn from the good husbandman, who knows such things accurately, and who tends the spiritual vine, and cultivates the whole world. What then does he say is the cause of all evils? The desire for money. For the root of all evils, he says, is the love of money. From this come battles and enmities and wars, from this come contentions and reproaches and suspicions and insults, from this come murders and thefts and tomb-robbing; on account of this, not only cities and countries, but also roads, and the inhabited and the uninhabited world, and mountains, and glens, and hills and simply all things are full of blood and slaughter. And this evil did not even keep away from the sea, but even there it burst in with great madness, with pirates besieging it from all sides, and inventing some new method of robbery. On account of this the laws of nature were overturned, and the ordinances of kinship were disturbed, and the very rights of being have been corrupted. 2. For the tyranny of money armed such right hands not only against the living, but also against the dead; and they do not make a truce with them even in death, but breaking open tombs, they stretch out their defiled hands against dead bodies, not even allowing the one departed from life to be delivered from their plotting. And whatever evils you may find, whether in a house, or in the marketplace, or in law courts, or in council-chambers, or in palaces, or wherever, you will see them all sprouting from this. For this it is, this is the evil that has filled all things with blood and slaughter, this has kindled the flame of Gehenna, this has made cities to be in no better state than a desert, but even much worse. For it is easy to guard against those who lie in wait on the roads, since they do not attack at all times; but those who imitate them in the midst of the cities are so much worse than them, inasmuch as they are more difficult to guard against than them, and they dare to do openly what those others do with stealth. For they drag the very laws established for the destruction of their wickedness into an alliance, and have filled the cities with such murders and pollutions. Or is it not murder, tell me, and worse than murder, to hand over a poor man to famine and cast him into prison, and along with famine to give him over to tortures and countless torments? For even if you yourself do not do these things, but you provide the cause for them to happen, you work them more than those who serve you. For the murderer at once plunges his sword, and having caused pain for a short time, he does not carry the torment any further; but you, through slanders, insults, and plots, making the light darkness for him, and causing him to desire to die a thousand times, consider how many deaths you work instead of one. And what is most grievous of all, is that you plunder and are covetous, not being driven by poverty nor compelled by hunger, but so that the horse's bridle may be smeared with much gold, and the roof of the house, and the capitals of the columns. And of how much Gehenna would these things not be worthy, when, so that you may adorn 60.492 stones and pavement and the bodies of irrational animals which are not even aware of this ornament, you cast your brother, who has shared with you in secret goods, and has been so honored by your Master, into countless calamities? And the dog is cared for with great attention, but the man, or rather Christ, on account of the dog and all the things mentioned, is shut up in extreme famine. What is worse than this confusion? What is more grievous than this lawlessness? How many rivers of fire will suffice for such a soul? The one made in the image of God stands disgraced because of your inhumanity; but the trappings of the mules that carry your wife shine with much gold, and the hides and the woods that construct that carriage; and if it is necessary to furnish a throne, or a footstool, all things are made of gold and silver; but the member of Christ, for whom He came from heaven, and shed His precious blood, does not even enjoy necessary food on account of

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πάλιν. Τίς οὖν ἡ ῥίζα τῶν κακῶν; Μάθε παρὰ τοῦ καλοῦ φυτουργοῦ, τοῦ τὰ τοιαῦτα ἀκριβῶς ἐπισταμένου, καὶ τὴν ἄμπελον τὴν πνευματικὴν θεραπεύοντος, καὶ τὴν οἰκουμένην γεωργοῦντος ἅπασαν. Τίνα οὖν οὗτός φησιν εἶναι τὴν αἰτίαν τῶν κακῶν ἁπάντων; Τὴν τῶν χρημάτων ἐπιθυμίαν. Ῥίζα γὰρ πάντων τῶν κακῶν, φησὶν, ἡ φιλαργυρία. Ἐντεῦθεν μάχαι καὶ ἔχθραι καὶ πόλεμοι, ἐντεῦθεν φιλονεικίαι καὶ λοιδορίαι καὶ ὑποψίαι καὶ ὕβρεις, ἐντεῦθεν φόνοι καὶ κλοπαὶ καὶ τυμβωρυχίαι· διὰ ταύτην οὐ πόλεις καὶ χῶραι μόνον, ἀλλὰ καὶ ὁδοὶ, καὶ οἰκουμένη καὶ ἀοίκητος, καὶ ὄρη, καὶ νάπαι, καὶ βουνοὶ καὶ πάντα ἁπλῶς αἱμάτων γέμει καὶ φόνων. Καὶ οὐδὲ τῆς θαλάττης ἀπέσχετο τουτὶ τὸ κακὸν, ἀλλὰ καὶ ἐκεῖ μετὰ πολλῆς εἰσεκώμασε τῆς μανίας, τῶν πειρατῶν αὐτὴν πολιορκούντων πάντοθεν, καὶ καινόν τινα λῃστείας ἐπινοούντων τρόπον. ∆ιὰ ταύτην καὶ οἱ τῆς φύσεως ἀνετράπησαν νόμοι, καὶ οἱ τῆς συγγενείας ἐκινήθησαν θεσμοὶ, καὶ τὰ τῆς οὐσίας αὐτῆς διέφθαρται δίκαια. ʹ. Ἡ γὰρ τῶν χρημάτων τυραννὶς οὐ κατὰ τῶν ζώντων μόνον, ἀλλὰ καὶ κατὰ τῶν ἀποθανόντων τὰς τοιαύτας ὥπλισε δεξιάς· καὶ οὐδὲ τῷ θανάτῳ πρὸς αὐτοὺς σπένδονται, ἀλλὰ θήκας ἀναῤῥηγνύντες, καὶ κατὰ νεκρῶν σωμάτων τὰς μιαρὰς ἐκτείνουσι χεῖρας, οὐδὲ τὸν ἀπαλλαγέντα τῆς ζωῆς τῆς ἑαυτῶν ἀφιέντες ἀπηλλάχθαι ἐπιβουλῆς. Καὶ ὅσα ἂν εὕρῃς κακὰ, κἂν ἐν οἰκίᾳ, κἂν ἐν ἀγορᾷ, κἂν ἐν δικαστηρίοις, κἂν ἐν βουλευτηρίοις, κἂν ἐν βασιλείοις, κἂν ὁπουδήποτε, ἐντεῦθεν πάντα ὄψει βλαστάνοντα. Τοῦτο γάρ ἐστι, τοῦτο τὸ κακὸν ὃ πάντα αἱμάτων καὶ φόνων ἐνέπλησε, τοῦτο τὴν φλόγα τῆς γεέννης ἀνῆψε, τοῦτο τῆς ἐρημίας τὰς πόλεις οὐδὲν ἄμεινον διακεῖσθαι ἐποίησεν, ἀλλὰ καὶ πολλῷ χεῖρον. Τοὺς μὲν γὰρ ταῖς ὁδοῖς ἐφεδρεύοντας καὶ φυλάσσεσθαι ῥᾴδιον, ἅτε οὐ διὰ παντὸς ἐπιτιθεμένους· οἱ δὲ ἐν μέσαις ταῖς πόλεσιν ἐκείνους μιμούμενοι, τοσούτῳ χείρους ἐκείνων, ὅσῳ καὶ δυσφύλακτοι μᾶλλον αὐτῶν, καὶ μετὰ παῤῥησίας ταῦτα τολμῶσιν, ἃ μετὰ τοῦ λανθάνειν ἐκεῖνοι. Τοὺς γὰρ ἐπ' ἀναιρέσει τῆς πονηρίας αὐτῶν κειμένους νόμους, τούτους καὶ εἰς συμμαχίαν ἕλκοντες, τῶν τοιούτων φόνων καὶ μιασμάτων τὰς πόλεις ἐνέπλησαν. Ἢ οὐ φόνος, εἰπέ μοι, καὶ φόνου χεῖρον, τὸ λιμῷ παραδοῦναι πένητα καὶ εἰς δεσμωτήριον ἐμβαλεῖν, καὶ μετὰ τοῦ λιμοῦ καὶ βασάνοις ἐκδοῦναι καὶ μυρίοις αἰκισμοῖς; Κἂν γὰρ αὐτὸς ταῦτα μὴ ποιῇς, παρέχῃς δὲ τὴν αἰτίαν τοῦ γίνεσθαι, τῶν διακονουμένων μᾶλλον αὐτὰ ἐργάζῃ. Ὁ μὲν γὰρ ἀνδροφόνος ὁμοῦ τὸ ξίφος ἐνέπηξε, καὶ μικρὸν λυπήσας χρόνον οὐκέτι περαιτέρω προάγει τὴν βάσανον· σὺ δὲ ταῖς συκοφαντίαις, ταῖς ἐπηρείαις, ταῖς ἐπιβουλαῖς τὸ φῶς ἐργαζόμενος αὐτῷ σκότος, καὶ ἐν ἐπιθυμίᾳ καθιστὰς τοῦ μυριάκις ἀποθανεῖν, ἐννόησον ὅσους ἐργάζῃ ἀνθ' ἑνὸς θανάτους. Καὶ τὸ δὴ πάντων χαλεπώτερον, ὅτι ἁρπάζεις καὶ πλεονεκτεῖς, οὐχ ὑπὸ πενίας ὠθούμενος οὐδὲ λιμοῦ σε καταναγκάζοντος, ἀλλ' ἵνα ὁ τοῦ ἵππου χαλινὸς ἀλείφηται πολλῷ τῷ χρυσῷ, καὶ ὁ τῆς οἰκίας ὄροφος, καὶ αἱ τῶν κιόνων κεφαλαί. Καὶ πόσης οὐκ ἂν εἴη ταῦτα γεέννης ἄξια, ὅταν τὸν ἀδελφὸν, καὶ τῶν ἀποῤῥήτων σοι κοινωνήσαντα ἀγαθῶν, καὶ οὕτω παρὰ τοῦ ∆εσπότου σου τιμηθέντα, ἵνα λίθους καλλω 60.492 πίσῃς καὶ ἔδαφος καὶ σώματα ἀλόγων ζώων οὐδὲ αἰσθανομένων τοῦ κόσμου τούτου, εἰς μυρίας ἐμβάλλῃς συμφοράς; Καὶ ὁ μὲν κύων ἐν ἐπιμελείᾳ πολλῇ, ὁ δὲ ἄνθρωπος, μᾶλλον δὲ ὁ Χριστὸς, διὰ τὸν κύνα καὶ πάντα τὰ εἰρημένα εἰς ἔσχατον κατακλείεται λιμόν. Τί ταύτης τῆς συγχύσεως χεῖρον; τί τῆς παρανομίας ταύτης χαλεπώτερον; πόσοι ποταμοὶ πυρὸς ἀρκέσουσι τῇ τοιαύτῃ ψυχῇ; Ὁ μὲν κατ' εἰκόνα τοῦ Θεοῦ γεγενημένος ἕστηκεν ἀσχημονῶν διὰ τὴν σὴν ἀπανθρωπίαν· αἱ δὲ ὄψεις τῶν ἡμιόνων τῶν τὴν γυναῖκα φερουσῶν τὴν σὴν πολλῷ καταλάμπονται χρυσίῳ, καὶ τὰ δέρματα καὶ τὰ ξύλα τὰ τὴν στέγην ἐκείνην ὑφαίνοντα· κἂν θρόνον κατασκευάσαι δέῃ, κἂν ὑποπόδιον, πάντα ὑπὸ χρυσοῦ καὶ ἀργύρου κατασκευάζονται· τὸ δὲ τοῦ Χριστοῦ μέλος, καὶ δι' ὃν ἐξ οὐρανοῦ παραγέγονε, καὶ τὸ τίμιον αἷμα ἐξέχεεν, οὐδὲ τῆς ἀναγκαίας ἀπολαύει τροφῆς διὰ