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introducing such gods, and making statues of them, and deifying deaf and senseless idols. And I wonder how, seeing their gods being sawn and hewn by their makers, and growing old and being broken down by time, and being melted down, they did not understand concerning them that they are not gods. For when they have no power for their own preservation, how shall they take thought for men? But their poets and philosophers, of the Chaldeans and Greeks and Egyptians, wishing with their poems and writings to dignify the gods among them, more greatly uncovered their shame and set it forth naked to all. For if the body of a man, being of many parts, does not cast off any of its own members, but having an unbreakable union with all its members is in harmony with itself, how can there be so much strife and discord in the nature of a god? For if there were one nature of the gods, a god ought not to pursue a god, nor to slay, nor to do evil; but if the gods were pursued by gods and were slain, and were carried off and were struck by lightning, there is no longer one nature but divided minds, all evil-doing, so that none of them is a god. It is clear, therefore, O king, that all the discourse concerning the nature of the gods is an error. How is it that the wise and learned men of the Greeks did not understand that even those who make laws are judged by 418 their own laws? For if the laws are just, their gods are by all means unjust, having committed unlawful acts: mutual slaughter and sorcery, and adultery and theft and sodomy. But if they did these things well, then the laws are unjust, being composed against the gods. But as it is, the laws are good and just, praising good things and forbidding evil things; but the works of their gods are unlawful; therefore their gods are unlawful, and all are worthy of death, and impious are those who introduce such gods. For if the stories about them are mythical, they are nothing, if not only words; but if they are natural, they are no longer gods who did and suffered these things; but if they are allegorical, they are myths and nothing else. It has been shown, therefore, O king, that all these polytheistic objects of worship are works of error and of destruction. One ought not, therefore, to name as gods things that are visible and do not see; but one must worship the invisible God who created all things. Let us come, then, O king, also to the Jews, that we may see what they too think concerning God. For these, being descendants of Abraham and Isaac and Jacob, sojourned in Egypt. And from there God led them out with a mighty hand and a high arm through Moses their lawgiver, and by many wonders and signs He made known to them His own power. But they, showing themselves ungrateful and useless, often worshipped the objects of reverence of the nations, and killed the prophets and righteous men sent to them. Then when the Son 420 of God was pleased to come upon the earth, treating him with drunken violence, they handed him over to Pilate the governor of the Romans and condemned him to the cross, not revering his good deeds and the innumerable miracles which he had worked among them. Therefore they perished by their own lawlessness. For even now they worship the one almighty God, but not according to full knowledge; for they deny Christ the Son of God, and are similar to the nations, even though they seem in some way to draw near to the truth, from which they have distanced themselves. These things concerning the Jews. But the Christians trace their lineage from the Lord Jesus Christ. This one is confessed to be the Son of the most high God, having come down from heaven in the Holy Spirit for the salvation of men, and being born of a holy Virgin without seed and without corruption He took on flesh, and appeared to men, that He might recall them from the polytheistic error. And, having completed his wonderful dispensation, He tasted death by the cross by a voluntary decision according to a great dispensation;

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τοιούτους παρεισάγοντες θεούς, καὶ ἀγάλματα αὐτῶν ποιοῦντες, καὶ θεοποιούμενοι τὰ κωφὰ καὶ ἀναίσθητα εἴδωλα. καὶ θαυμάζω πῶς ὁρῶντες τοὺς θεοὺς αὐτῶν ὑπὸ τῶν δημιουργῶν πριζομένους καὶ πελεκωμένους, παλαιουμένους τε ὑπὸ τοῦ χρόνου καὶ ἀναλυομένους, καὶ χωνευομένους, οὐκ ἐφρόνησαν περὶ αὐτῶν ὅτι οὐκ εἰσὶ θεοί. ὅτε γὰρ περὶ τῆς ἰδίας σωτηρίας οὐδὲν ἰσχύουσι, πῶς τῶν ἀνθρώπων πρόνοιαν ποιήσονται; ἀλλ' οἱ ποιηταὶ αὐτῶν καὶ φιλόσοφοι, τῶν τε Χαλδαίων καὶ Ἑλλήνων καὶ Αἰγυπτίων, θελήσαντες τοῖς ποιήμασιν αὐτῶν καὶ συγγραφαῖς σεμνῦναι τοὺς παρ' αὐτοῖς θεούς, μειζόνως τὴν αἰσχύνην αὐτῶν ἐξεκάλυψαν καὶ γυμνὴν πᾶσι προὔθηκαν. εἰ γὰρ τὸ σῶμα τοῦ ἀνθρώπου πολυμερὲς ὂν οὐκ ἀποβάλλεταί τι τῶν ἰδίων μελῶν, ἀλλὰ πρὸς πάντα τὰ μέλη ἀδιάρρηκτον ἕνωσιν ἔχον ἑαυτῷ ἐστι σύμφωνον, πῶς ἐν φύσει θεοῦ μάχη καὶ διαφωνία ἔσται τοσαύτη; εἰ γὰρ μία φύσις τῶν θεῶν ὑπῆρχεν, οὐκ ὤφειλεν θεὸς θεὸν διώκειν, οὔτε σφάζειν, οὔτε κακοποιεῖν· εἰ δὲ οἱ θεοὶ ὑπὸ θεῶν ἐδιώχθησαν καὶ ἐσφάγησαν, καὶ ἡρπάγησαν καὶ ἐκεραυνώθησαν, οὐκ ἔτι μία φύσις ἐστὶν ἀλλὰ γνῶμαι διῃρημέναι, πᾶσαι κακοποιοί, ὥστε οὐδεὶς ἐξ αὐτῶν ἐστι θεός. φανερὸν οὖν ἐστιν, ὦ βασιλεῦ, πλάνην εἶναι πᾶσαν τὴν περὶ τῶν θεῶν φυσιολογίαν. Πῶς δὲ οὐ συνῆκαν οἱ σοφοὶ καὶ λόγιοι τῶν Ἑλλήνων ὅτι καὶ οἱ νόμους θέμενοι κρίνονται ὑπὸ 418 τῶν ἰδίων νόμων; εἰ γὰρ οἱ νόμοι δίκαιοι εἰσιν, ἄδικοι πάντως οἱ θεοὶ αὐτῶν εἰσι, παράνομα ποιήσαντες, ἀλληλοκτονίας καὶ φαρμακίας, καὶ μοιχείας καὶ κλοπὰς καὶ ἀρσενοκοισίας. εἰ δὲ καλῶς ἔπραξαν ταῦτα, οἱ νόμοι ἄρα ἄδικοί εἰσι, κατὰ τῶν θεῶν συντεθέντες. νυνὶ δὲ οἱ νόμοι καλοί εἰσι καὶ δίκαιοι, τὰ καλὰ ἐπαινοῦντες καὶ τὰ κακὰ ἀπαγορεύοντες· τὰ δὲ ἔργα τῶν θεῶν αὐτῶν παράνομα· παράνομοι ἄρα οἱ θεοὶ αὐτῶν, καὶ ἔνοχοι πάντες θανάτου καὶ ἀσεβεῖς οἱ τοιούτους θεοὺς παρεισάγοντες. εἰ μὲν γὰρ μυθικαὶ αἱ περὶ αὐτῶν ἱστορίαι, οὐδέν εἰσιν, εἰ μὴ μόνον λόγοι· εἰ δὲ φυσικαί, οὐκ ἔτι θεοί εἰσιν οἱ ταῦτα ποιήσαντες καὶ παθόντες· εἰ δὲ ἀλληγορικαί, μῦθοί εἰσι καὶ οὐκ ἄλλο τι. ἀποδέδεικται τοίνυν, ὦ βασιλεῦ, ταῦτα πάντα τὰ πολύθεα σεβάσματα πλάνης ἔργα καὶ ἀπωλείας ὑπάρχειν. οὐ χρὴ οὖν θεοὺς ὀνομάζειν ὁρατοὺς καὶ μὴ ὁρῶντας· ἀλλὰ τὸν ἀόρατον καὶ πάντας δημιουργήσαντα δεῖ σέβεσθαι Θεόν. Ἔλθωμεν οὖν, ὦ βασιλεῦ, καὶ ἐπὶ τοὺς Ἰουδαίους, ὅπως ἴδωμεν τί φρονοῦσι καὶ αὐτοὶ περὶ Θεοῦ. οὗτοι γάρ, τοῦ Ἀβραὰμ ὄντες ἀπόγονοι καὶ Ἰσαάκ τε καὶ Ἰακώβ, παρῴκησαν εἰς Αἴγυπτον. ἐκεῖθεν δὲ ἐξήγαγεν αὐτοὺς ὁ Θεὸς ἐν χειρὶ κραταιᾷ καὶ ἐν βραχίονι ὑψηλῷ διὰ Μωσέως τοῦ νομοθέτου αὐτῶν καὶ τέρασι πολλοῖς καὶ σημείοις ἐγνώρισεν αὐτοῖς τὴν ἑαυτοῦ δύναμιν. ἀλλ', ἀγνώμονες καὶ αὐτοὶ φανέντες καὶ ἄχρηστοι, πολλάκις ἐλάτρευσαν τοῖς τῶν ἐθνῶν σεβάσμασι, καὶ τοὺς ἀπεσταλμένους πρὸς αὐτοὺς προφήτας καὶ δικαίους ἀπέκτειναν. εἶτα ὡς εὐδόκησεν ὁ Υἱὸς 420 τοῦ Θεοῦ ἐλθεῖν ἐπὶ τῆς γῆς, ἐμπαροινήσαντες εἰς αὐτόν, προέδωκαν Πιλάτῳ τῷ ἡγεμόνι τῶν Ῥωμαίων καὶ σταυρῷ κατεδίκασαν, μὴ αἰδεσθέντες τὰς εὐεργεσίας αὐτοῦ, καὶ τὰ ἀναρίθμητα θαύματα ἅπερ ἐν αὐτοῖς εἰργάσατο. διὸ ἀπώλοντο τῇ ἰδίᾳ παρανομίᾳ. σέβονται γὰρ καὶ νῦν Θεὸν τὸν μόνον παντοκράτορα, ἀλλ' οὐ κατ' ἐπίγνωσιν· τὸν γὰρ Χριστὸν ἀρνοῦνται τὸν Υἱὸν τοῦ Θεοῦ, καί εἰσι παρόμοιοι τοῖς ἔθνεσι, κἂν ἐγγίζειν πως τῇ ἀληθείᾳ δοκῶσιν, ἧς ἑαυτοὺς ἐμάκρυναν. ταῦτα περὶ τῶν Ἰουδαίων. Οἱ δὲ Χριστιανοὶ γενεαλογοῦνται ἀπὸ τοῦ Κυρίου Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ. οὗτος δὲ ὁ Υἱὸς τοῦ Θεοῦ τοῦ ὑψίστου ὁμολογεῖται, ἐν Πνεύματι Ἁγίῳ ἀπ' οὐρανοῦ καταβὰς διὰ τὴν σωτηρίαν τῶν ἀνθρώπων, καὶ ἐκ Παρθένου ἁγίας γεννηθεὶς ἀσπόρως τε καὶ ἀφθόρως σάρκα ἀνέλαβε, καὶ ἀνεφάνη ἀνθρώποις, ὅπως ἐκ τῆς πολυθέου πλάνης αὐτοὺς ἀνακαλέσηται. καί, τελέσας τὴν θαυμαστὴν αὐτοῦ οἰκονομίαν, διὰ σταυροῦ θανάτου ἐγεύσατο ἑκουσίᾳ βουλῇ κατ' οἰκονομίαν μεγάλην·