Origen of Alexandria, Against Celsus

The Jew continues his discourse thus: “How should we deem him to be a God, who not only in other respects, as was currently reported, performed none of his promises, but who also, after we had convicted him, and condemned him as deserving of punishment, was found attempting to conceal himself, and endeavouring to escape in a most disgraceful manner, and who was betrayed by those whom he called disciples? And yet,” he continues, “he who was a God could neither flee nor be led away a prisoner; and least of all could he be deserted and delivered up by those who had been his associates, and had shared all things in common, and had had him for their teacher, who was deemed to be a Saviour, and a son of the greatest God, and an angel.” To which we reply, that even we do not suppose the body of Jesus, which was then an object of sight and perception, to have been God. And why do I say His body? Nay, not even His soul, of which it is related, “My soul is exceeding sorrowful, even unto death.”166 Matt. xxvi. 38. στάσεις ἰδίας. But as, according to the Jewish manner of speaking, “I am the Lord, the God of all flesh,” and, “Before Me there was no God formed, neither shall there be after Me,” God is believed to be He who employs the soul and body of the prophet as an instrument; and as, according to the Greeks, he who says,

“I know both the number of the sand, and the measures of the sea,

And I understand a dumb man, and hear him who does not speak,”167 Herodot., i. cap. 47. καί τοι οὐ πάντη ἦσαν ὀλίγοι.

is considered to be a god when speaking, and making himself heard through the Pythian priestess; so, according to our view, it was the Logos God, and Son of the God of all things, who spake in Jesus these words, “I am the way, and the truth, and the life;” and these, “I am the door;” and these, “I am the living bread that came down from heaven;” and other expressions similar to these. We therefore charge the Jews with not acknowledging Him to be God, to whom testimony was borne in many passages by the prophets, to the effect that He was a mighty power, and a God next to168 καὶ Θεὸν κατὰ τὸν τῶν ὅλων Θεὸν καὶ πατέρα. “Ex mente Origenis, inquit Boherellus, vertendum ‘Secundo post universi Deum atque parentem loco;” non cum interprete Gelenio, ‘Ipsius rerum universarum Dei atque Parentis testimonio.’ Nam si hic esset sensus, frustra post ὑπὸ τῶν προφητῶν, adderetur κατὰ τὸν Θεόν. Præterea, hæc epitheta, τὸν τῶν ὅλων Θεὸν καὶ πατέρα, manifestam continent antithesin ad ista, μεγάλην ὄντα δύναμιν καὶ Θεόν, ut Pater supra Filium evehatur, quemadmodum evehitur, ab Origene infra libro octavo, num. 15. Τοῦ, κατά, inferiorem ordinem denotantis exempla afferre supersedeo, cum obvia sint.”—Ruæus. [See also Liddon’s Bampton Lectures on The Divinity of our Lord and Saviour Jesus Christ, p. 414, where he says, “Origen maintains Christ’s true divinity against the contemptuous criticisms of Celsus” (book ii. 9, 16, seq.; vii. 53, etc.). S.] ἴϋγξ. the God and Father of all things. For we assert that it was to Him the Father gave the command, when in the Mosaic account of the creation He uttered the words, “Let there be light,” and “Let there be a firmament,” and gave the injunctions with regard to those other creative acts which were performed; and that to Him also were addressed the words, “Let Us make man in Our own image and likeness;” and that the Logos, when commanded, obeyed all the Father’s will. And we make these statements not from our own conjectures, but because we believe the prophecies circulated among the Jews, in which it is said of God, and of the works of creation, in express words, as follows: “He spake, and they were made; He commanded, and they were created.”169 Ps. cxlviii. 5. The reading in Spencer’s and the Benedictine edition is ὑποτεμνομένας, for which Lommatzsch reads ὑπομεμνημένας. Now if God gave the command, and the creatures were formed, who, according to the view of the spirit of prophecy, could He be that was able to carry out such commands of the Father, save Him who, so to speak, is the living Logos and the Truth? And that the Gospels do not consider him who in Jesus said these words, “I am the way, and the truth, and the life,” to have been of so circumscribed a nature170 περιγεγραμμένον τινά. καὶ τὸ δοκοῦν. as to have an existence nowhere out of the soul and body of Jesus, is evident both from many considerations, and from a few instances of the following kind which we shall quote. John the Baptist, when predicting that the Son of God was to appear immediately, not in that body and soul, but as manifesting Himself everywhere, says regarding Him: “There stands in the midst of you One whom ye know not, who cometh after me.”171 John i. 26. ἀπαθέστατα. For if he had thought that the Son of God was only there, where was the visible body of Jesus, how could he have said, “There stands in the midst of you One whom ye know not?” And Jesus Himself, in raising the minds of His disciples to higher thoughts of the Son of God, says: “Where two or three are gathered together in My name, there am I in the midst of you.”172 Matt. xviii. 20. And of the same nature is His promise to His disciples: “Lo, I am with you alway, even to the end of the world.”173 Matt. xxviii. 20. And we quote these passages, making no distinction between the Son of God and Jesus. For the soul and body of Jesus formed, after the οἰκονομία , one being with the Logos of God. Now if, according to Paul’s teaching, “he that is joined unto the Lord is one spirit,”174 1 Cor. vi. 17. every one who understands what being joined to the Lord is, and who has been actually joined to Him, is one spirit with the Lord; how should not that being be one in a far greater and more divine degree, which was once united with the Logos of God?175 εἰ γὰρ κατὰ τὴν Παύλου διδασκαλίαν, λέγοντος· “ὁ κολλώμενος τῷ κυρίῳ, ἓν πνεῦμά ἐστι·” πᾶς ὁ νοησας τί τὸ κολλᾶσθαι τῷ κυρίῳ, καὶ κολληθεὶς αὐτῷ, ἕν ἐστι πνεῦμα πρὸς τὸν κύριον· πῶς οὐ πολλῷ μᾶλλον θειοτέρως καὶ μειζόνως ἕν ἐστι τό ποτε σύνθετον πρὸς τὸν λόγον τοῦ Θεοῦ; He, indeed, manifested Himself among the Jews as the power of God, by the miracles which He performed, which Celsus suspected were accomplished by sorcery, but which by the Jews of that time were attributed I know not why, to Beelzebub, in the words: “He casteth out devils through Beelzebub, the prince of the devils.”176 Matt. xii. 24. But these our Saviour convicted of uttering the greatest absurdities, from the fact that the kingdom of evil was not yet come to an end. And this will be evident to all intelligent readers of the Gospel narrative, which it is not now the time to explain.

Μετὰ ταῦτά φησιν ὁ Ἰουδαῖος· Πῶς δ' ἐμέλλομεν τοῦτον νομίζειν θεόν, ὃς τά τε ἄλλα, ὥσπερ ἐπηκούετο, οὐδὲν ὧν ἐπηγγέλλετο ἐπεδείκνυτο, καὶ ἐπειδὴ ἡμεῖς ἐλέγξαντες αὐτὸν καὶ καταγνόντες ἠξιοῦμεν κολάζεσθαι, κρυπτόμενος μὲν καὶ διαδιδράσκων ἐπονειδιστότατα ἑάλω, ὑπ' αὐτῶν δὲ ὧν ὠνόμαζε μαθητῶν προὐδόθη; Καίτοι θεόν, φησίν, ὄντα οὔτε φεύγειν ἐνῆν οὔτε δεθέντα ἀπάγεσθαι, ἥκιστα δὲ ὑπὸ τῶν συνόντων αὐτῷ καὶ παντὸς ἰδίᾳ κεκοι νωνηκότων καὶ διδασκάλῳ χρωμένων σωτῆρα νομιζόμενον καὶ θεοῦ τοῦ μεγίστου παῖδα καὶ ἄγγελον ἐγκαταλείπεσθαί τε καὶ ἐκδίδοσθαι. Πρὸς ταῦτα δὲ φήσομεν ὅτι οὐδ' ἡμεῖς ὑπολαμβάνομεν τὸ βλεπόμενον τότε καὶ αἰσθητὸν τοῦ Ἰησοῦ σῶμα εἶναι θεόν. Καὶ τί λέγω τὸ σῶμα; Ἀλλ' οὐδὲ τὴν ψυχήν, περὶ ἧς λέλεκται τό· "Περίλυπός ἐστιν ἡ ψυχή μου ἕως θανάτου." Ἀλλ' ὥσπερ κατὰ μὲν τὸν Ἰουδαίων λόγον ὁ λέγων· "Ἐγὼ κύριος ὁ θεὸς πάσης σαρκὸς" καὶ τό· "Ἔμπροσθέν μου οὐκ ἐγένετο ἄλλος θεός, καὶ μετ' ἐμὲ οὐκ ἔσται" ὁ θεὸς εἶναι πεπίστευται, ὀργάνῳ τῇ ψυχῇ καὶ τῷ σώματι τοῦ προφήτου χρώμενος, κατὰ δὲ Ἕλληνας ὁ λέγων· Οἶδα δ' ἐγὼ ψάμμου τ' ἀριθμὸν καὶ μέτρα θαλάσσης, καὶ κωφοῦ ξυνίημι, καὶ οὐ λαλέοντος ἀκούω θεὸς νενόμισται διὰ τῆς Πυθίας λέγων καὶ ἀκουόμενος· οὕτω καθ' ἡμᾶς ὁ λόγος θεὸς καὶ θεοῦ τῶν ὅλων υἱὸς ἔλεγεν ἐν τῷ Ἰησοῦ τό· "Ἐγώ εἰμι ἡ ὁδὸς καὶ ἡ ἀλήθεια καὶ ἡ ζωὴ" καὶ τό· "Ἐγώ εἰμι ἡ θύρα" καὶ τό· "Ἐγώ εἰμι ὁ ἄρτος ὁ ζῶν ὁ ἐκ τοῦ οὐρανοῦ καταβάς", καὶ εἴ τι ἄλλο τούτοις παραπλήσιον. Ἐγκαλοῦμεν οὖν Ἰουδαίοις τοῦτον μὴ νομίσασι θεόν, ὑπὸ τῶν προφητῶν πολλαχοῦ μεμαρτυρημένον ὡς μεγάλην ὄντα δύναμιν καὶ θεὸν κατὰ τὸν τῶν ὅλων θεὸν καὶ πατέρα. Τούτῳ γάρ φαμεν ἐν τῇ κατὰ Μωϋσέα κοσμοποιΐᾳ προστάτ τοντα τὸν πατέρα εἰρηκέναι τό· "Γενηθήτω φῶς" καὶ "Γενηθήτω στερέωμα" καὶ τὰ λοιπά, ὅσα προσέταξεν ὁ θεὸς γενέσθαι, καὶ τούτῳ εἰρηκέναι τό· "Ποιήσωμεν ἄνθρωπον κατ' εἰκόνα καὶ ὁμοίωσιν ἡμετέραν"· προσ ταχθέντα δὲ τὸν λόγον πεποιηκέναι πάντα, ὅσα ὁ πατὴρ αὐτῷ ἐνετείλατο. Καὶ ταῦτα λέγομεν οὐκ αὐτοὶ ἐπιβάλλοντες ἀλλὰ ταῖς παρὰ Ἰουδαίοις φερομέναις προφητείαις πισ τεύοντες· ἐν αἷς λέγεται περὶ θεοῦ καὶ τῶν δημιουργημάτων αὐταῖς λέξεσι τὰ οὕτως ἔχοντα· "Ὅτι αὐτὸς εἶπε καὶ ἐγενήθησαν, αὐτὸς ἐνετείλατο καὶ ἐκτίσθησαν." Εἰ γὰρ ἐνετείλατο ὁ θεός, καὶ ἐκτίσθη τὰ δημιουργήματα, τίς ἂν κατὰ τὸ ἀρέσκον τῷ προφητικῷ πνεύματι εἴη ὁ τὴν τηλι καύτην τοῦ πατρὸς ἐντολὴν ἐκπληρῶσαι δυνηθεὶς ἢ ὁ, ἵν' οὕτως ὀνομάσω, ἔμψυχος λόγος καὶ "ἀλήθεια" τυγχάνων; Ὅτι δὲ τὸν ἐν τῷ Ἰησοῦ λέγοντα τό· "Ἐγώ εἰμι ἡ ὁδὸςκαὶ ἡ ἀλήθεια καὶ ἡ ζωὴ" οὐδὲ τὰ εὐαγγέλια οἶδε περι γεγραμμένον τινὰ γεγονέναι, ὡς οὐδαμοῦ ἔξω τῆς ψυχῆς καὶ τοῦ σώματος τοῦ Ἰησοῦ τυγχάνοντα, δῆλον μὲν καὶ ἀπὸ πολλῶν καὶ ἐξ ὀλίγων δὲ ὧν παραθησόμεθα οὕτως ἐχόντων. Ὁ βαπτιστὴς Ἰωάννης προφητεύων ὅσον οὐδέπω ἐνστήσεσθαι τὸν υἱὸν τοῦ θεοῦ, οὐκ ἐν ἐκείνῳ τῷ σώματι καὶ τῇ ψυχῇ τυγχάνοντα ἀλλὰ γὰρ φθάνοντα πανταχοῦ, λέγει περὶ αὐτοῦ· "Μέσος ὑμῶν στήκει, ὃν ὑμεῖς οὐκ οἴδατε, ὀπίσω μου ἐρχόμενος." Εἴπερ οὖν ἐνόει ἐκεῖ μόνον εἶναι τὸν υἱὸν τοῦ θεοῦ, ὅπου τὸ βλεπόμενον ἦν σῶμα Ἰησοῦ, πῶς ἔφασκεν ἂν τό· "Μέσος ὑμῶν στήκει, ὃν ὑμεῖς οὐκ οἴδατε"; Καὶ αὐτὸς δὲ ὁ Ἰησοῦς ἐπαίρων τὸ φρόνημα τῶν μαθητευόντων αὐτῷ εἰς τὸ μείζονα φρονεῖν περὶ υἱοῦ θεοῦ φησιν· "Ὅπου δύο ἢ τρεῖς συνηγμένοι εἰς τὸ ἐμὸν ὄνομα, κἀγὼ ἐκεῖ εἰμι ἐν μέσῳ αὐτῶν." Τοιαύτη δ' αὐτοῦ ἐστι καὶ ἡ πρὸς τοὺς μαθητὰς ἐπαγγελία λέγοντος· "Καὶ ἰδοὺ ἐγὼ μεθ' ὑμῶν εἰμι πάσας τὰς ἡμέρας ἕως τῆς συντελείας τοῦ αἰῶνος." Ταῦτα δέ φαμεν οὐ χωρίζοντες τὸν υἱὸν τοῦ θεοῦ ἀπὸ τοῦ Ἰησοῦ· ἓν γὰρ μάλιστα μετὰ τὴν οἰκονομίαν γεγένηται πρὸς τὸν λόγον τοῦ θεοῦ ἡ ψυχὴ καὶ τὸ σῶμα Ἰησοῦ. Εἰ γὰρ κατὰ τὴν Παύλου διδασκαλίαν λέγοντος· "Ὁ κολλώμενος τῷ κυρίῳ ἓν πνεῦμά ἐστι" πᾶς ὁ νοήσας, τί τὸ κολλᾶσθαι τῷ κυρίῳ, καὶ κολληθεὶς αὐτῷ ἕν ἐστι πνεῦμα πρὸς τὸν κύριον, πῶς οὐ πολλῷ μᾶλλον θειοτέρως καὶ μειζόνως ἕν ἐστι τό ποτε σύνθετον πρὸς τὸν λόγον τοῦ θεοῦ; Οὗτος δὴ ἐπεδείξατο ἐν Ἰουδαίοις "θεοῦ δύναμις" ὢν τὸ τοιοῦτον δι' ὧν παραδόξων ἐποίησεν, ὑπονοηθέντων ὑπὸ μὲν Κέλσου γοητείᾳ γεγονέναι ὑπὸ δὲ τῶν τότε Ἰουδαίων, οὐκ οἶδ' ὁπόθεν τὰ περὶ Βεελζεβοὺλ μεμαθηκότων, "ἐν Βεελζεβούλ, ἄρχοντι τῶν δαιμονίων", ἐκβάλλειν "τὰ δαιμόνια". Οὓς ἤλεγξεν ἀτοπώτατα λέγοντας ὁ σωτὴρ ἡμῶν ἐκεῖ τῷ μηδέπω τέλος ἔχειν τὴν τῆς κακίας βασιλείαν· ὅπερ ἔσται δῆλον τοῖς φρονίμως ἐντυγχάνουσι τῇ εὐαγγελικῇ γραφῇ, ἣν οὐ καιρὸς νῦν διηγήσασθαι.