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and rams, and lambs, in which they trade with you. Some, he says, brought you wrought iron, others mules and horses for chariots, others camels, and rams, and lambs, so that the former might carry burdens, and the latter provide food and clothing. He calls the descendants of Ishmael Kedar; and Dedan a city of 81.1084 Idumea, as we have already said before. For thus also in Jeremiah, and in Ezekiel himself in the vision against Idumea, we have found Teman joined to Dedan; And some have supposed Asel to be Asia, which has the best iron craftsmen, and which manufactures iron vessels very well. 22. The merchants of Sheba and Raamah, they too were your merchants, with the finest spices, and precious stones, who also supplied gold for your market. Sheba and Raamah trace their lineage from Cush; and Cush was the firstborn of Ham. These are therefore Ethiopian and Indian nations; and the things brought from there also make it clear: precious stones, and gold, and spices. 23. Haran, and Calah, and Dedan, these were your merchants. Haran is Carrhae, and Calah is Calneh, where the tower was built. And Dedan we have interpreted many times. Sheba, and Asshur, and Chilmad were your merchants; (24.) Bringing merchandise in Machalim, and in Galima; jacinth, and embroidery, and choice treasures packed in chests, bound with cords and in cypress ships, in them was your merchandise. - He calls Sheba an Indian nation; for we find this name also in the genealogy of Shem; and Asshur the Assyrian; and Chilmad the so-called Carmania. And the phrase, "In Machalim and in Galima, jacinth, and embroidery, and choice treasures packed in chests," Aquila translated thus: "With well-made wrappers of jacinth and embroidery, and packed in chests." And "in chests" he Hellenizes from the Hebrew; and it means in secret vessels; for thus the Syrian, understanding it, translated it; costly and embroidered clothing, he says, covered with precious wrappers, and laid up in excellently crafted vessels, and bound with cords was brought to you. 25. Ships of the Carthaginians in your trade, in the multitude of your mixed peoples. And you used the ships of the Carthaginians for trade, having an infinite multitude not only of your own people, but also of foreigners. And you were filled, and you were made very heavy in the hearts of the seas. (20.) Your rowers brought you into many waters. Satiety, he says, made you leap, and enjoying good things you were ignorant of the benefactor. He made this accusation also against Israel. "For Jacob ate," he says, "and was filled, and the beloved 81.1085 kicked." Since you reaped no benefit from prosperity, I will teach you to be sober-minded by its opposites. For the wind, he says, of the south has broken you in the heart of the sea." Tropically he addressed the Babylonian thus; since the south wind is wont to raise the greatest waves, and to raise a difficult surge against those who sail, tropically, as of a coastal city, he calls the attack of the enemies the south wind. Then he says, so that we may not dwell on the same things, that: both you, and your sojourners, and the rowers, and the pilots, and the counselors, and the merchants, and those who fill the military roster, utter destruction will overtake; for he signified this by saying: "They will fall in the midst of the heart of the seas." And he adds that when the siege and the capture take place, your pilots who live far away will be overcome with great fear, and will be turned to flight; and the sailors with the lookouts will do the same, and abandoning their ships, weeping and wailing they will take to the land; and they will sprinkle their heads with earth, and they will lie down on the ground itself, wiping the dust from there; and they will bare their heads of the comeliness of their hair, and girding themselves with sackcloths, they will continue weeping and lamenting. Then he also speaks the lamentation made by them. "Who is like Tyre, silenced in the midst of the

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καὶ κριοὺς, καὶ ἀμνοὺς, ἐν οἷς ἐμπορεύ ονταί σοι. Οἱ μὲν, φησὶν, ἐκόμιζόν σοι σίδηρον εἰργασμένον, οἱ δὲ ἡμιόνους καὶ ἵππους εἰς ἅρματα, οἱ δὲ καμήλους, καὶ κριοὺς, καὶ ἀμνοὺς, ἵνα τὰ μὲν ἀχθοφορῇ, τὰ δὲ τρέφῃ καὶ ἀμφιεννύῃ. Κηδὰρ δὲ τοῦ Ἰσμαὴλ τοὺς ἀπογόνους καλεῖ· ∆αιδὰν δὲ τῆς 81.1084 Ἰδουμαίας πόλιν, ὡς καὶ ἤδη προειρήκαμεν. Οὕτω γὰρ καὶ παρὰ τῷ Ἱερεμίᾳ, καὶ παρ' αὐτῷ τῷ Ἰεζεκιὴλ ἐν τῇ κατὰ τῆς Ἰδουμαίας ὁράσει εὑρήκαμεν τὴν Θαιμὰν τῇ ∆αιδὰν συνημένην· Ἀσὴλ δέ τινες τὴν Ἀσίαν ὑπέλαβον, ἀρίστους ἔχουσαν σιδήρου τεχνίτας, καὶ τὰ ἐκ σιδήρου σκεύη εὖ μάλα κατα σκευάζουσαν. κβʹ. Οἱ ἔμποροι Σαβᾶ καὶ Ῥεγμᾶ, καὶ αὐτοὶ ἔμποροί σου, μετὰ πρώτων ἡδυσμάτων, καὶ λί θων τιμίων, οἱ καὶ χρυσὸν ἔδωκαν τὴν ἀγοράν σου. Σαβᾶ καὶ Ῥεγμᾶ ἐκ τοῦ Χοὺζ τὸ γένος κατ άγουσι· πρωτότοκος δὲ τοῦ Χὰμ ὁ Χούζ. Αἰθιοπικὰ τοίνυν ταῦτα καὶ Ἰνδικὰ ἔθνη· δηλοῖ δὲ καὶ τὰ ἐκεῖ θεν κομιζόμενα, λίθοι τίμιοι, καὶ χρυσίον, καὶ ἡδύ σματα. κγʹ. Χαῤῥὰν, καὶ Χαλὰν, καὶ ∆αιδὰν, οὗτοι ἔμποροί σου. Χαῤῥὰν αἱ Κάῤῥαι, Χαλὰν δὲ ἡ Χα λάνη, οὗ ὁ πύργος ᾠκοδομήθη. Τὸ δὲ ∆αιδὰν πολλά κις ἡρμηνεύσαμεν. Σαβᾶ, καὶ Ἀσσοὺρ, καὶ Χαρμὰν ἔμποροί σου· (κδʹ.) Φέροντες ἐμπορίαν ἐν Μαχαλὶμ, καὶ ἐν Γαλιμά· ὑάκινθον, καὶ ποικιλίαν, καὶ θησαυ ροὺς ἐκλεκτοὺς ἐν μαγώζοις συγκειμένους, καταδεδεμένους ἐν σχοινίοις καὶ ἐν κυπα ρισσίνοις πλοίοις, ἐν αὐτοῖς ἡ ἐμπορία σου. - Σαβᾶ ἔθνος Ἰνδικὸν ὀνομάζει· εὑρίσκομεν γὰρ καὶ ἐν τῇ τοῦ Σὴμ γενεαλογίᾳ τοῦτο τὸ ὄνομα· Ἀσσοὺρ δὲ τὸν Ἀσσύριον· Χαρμὰν δὲ τὴν λεγομένην Καρ μαήνην. Τὸ δὲ, "Ἐν Μαχαλὶμ καὶ ἐν Γαλιμὰ, ὑάκιν θον, καὶ ποικιλίαν, καὶ θησαυροὺς ἐκλεκτοὺς ἐν μα γώζοις συγκειμένους," ὁ Ἀκύλας οὕτως ἡρμήνευσε· "Ἐγκατασκεύοις εἰλήμμασιν ὑακίνθου καὶ ποικι λίας, καὶ ἐν μαγώζοις συγκειμένοις." Τὸ δὲ "ἐν μα γώζοις" ἀπὸ τοῦ Ἑβραίου ἐξελληνίζει· σημαίνει δὲ ἐν ἀποκρύφοις σκεύεσιν· οὕτω γὰρ καὶ ὁ Σύρος νοήσας ἡρμήνευσεν· ἐσθὴς δὲ, φησὶ, πολυτελὴς, καὶ ποι κίλη διὰ πολυτίμων εἰλημμάτων κεκαλυμμένη, καὶ ἐν σκεύεσιν ἄριστα ἠσκημένοις ἀποκειμένη, καὶ ἐν σχοινίοις καταδεδεμένη ἐκομίζετό σοι. κεʹ. Πλοῖα Καρχηδονίων ἐν τῇ ἐμπορίᾳ σου ἐν τῷ πλήθει τῶν συμμίκτων σου. Ἐκέχρησο δὲ καὶ τοῖς Καρχηδονίων πλοίοις εἰς ἐμπορίαν, πλῆθος ἄπειρον ἔχουσα οὐ μόνον οἰκεῖον, ἀλλὰ καὶ ἐπείσα κτον. Καὶ ἐνεπλήσθης, καὶ ἐβαρύνθης σφόδρα ἐν καρ δίαις θαλασσῶν. (κʹ.) Ἐν ὕδατι πολλῷ ἦγόν σε οἱ κωπηλάται σου. Ὁ κόρος, φησὶν, ἐποίησέν σε σκιρτῆσαι, καὶ ἀπολαύουσα τῶν ἀγαθῶν τὸν εὐεργέτην ἠγνόησας. Ταύτην καὶ κατὰ τοῦ Ἰσραὴλ τὴν κατηγορίαν ἐποιήσατο. "Ἔφαγε γὰρ, φησὶν, Ἰακὼβ, καὶ ἐνεπλήσθη, καὶ ἀπελάκτισεν ὁ ἠγαπη 81.1085 μένος." Ἐπειδὴ οὐδεμίαν ὠφέλειαν ἐκ τῆς εὐ ημερίας ἐκαρπώσω, τοῖς ἐναντίοις σε σωφρονεῖν δι δάξω. Τὸ πνεῦμα γὰρ, φησὶ, τοῦ νότου συνέτριψέ σε ἐν καρδίᾳ θαλάσσης." Τροπικῶς τὸν Βαβυλώνιον οὕτω προσηγόρευσεν· ἐπειδὴ ὁ νότος μέγιστα ἐγείρειν πέφυκε κύματα, καὶ χαλεπὸν κατὰ τῶν πλεόντων ἐγείρειν τὸν κλύδωνα, τροπικῶς, ὡς ἐπὶ παραλίας πόλεως, νότον καλεῖ τῶν πολεμίων τὴν ἔφοδον. Εἶτα λέγει, ἵνα μὴ τοῖς αὐτοῖς ἐνδιατρίβω μεν, ὅτι· Καὶ σὲ, καὶ τοὺς μετοίκους σου, καὶ τοὺς κωπηλάτας, καὶ τοὺς κυβερνήτας, καὶ τοὺς συμβού λους, καὶ τοὺς ἐμπόρους, καὶ τοὺς τὸν πολεμικὸν πληροῦντας κατάλογον, πανωλεθρία καταλήψεται· τοῦτο γὰρ ἐσήμανεν εἰρηκώς· "Πεσοῦνται ἐν μέσῳ καρδίας θαλασσῶν." Προστίθησι δὲ, ὅτι τῆς πολιορ κίας καὶ τῆς ἁλώσεως γενομένης, οἱ πόῤῥωθεν δι άγοντες κυβερνῆταί σου δέει περιπεσοῦνται πολλῷ, καὶ εἰς φυγὴν τραπήσονται· ταὐτὰ δὲ δράσουσι καὶ οἱ ναῦται σὺν τοῖς πρωρεῦσι, καὶ καταλιπόντες τὰ σκάφη, θρηνοῦντες καὶ ὀλοφυρόμενοι τὴν γῆν κατα λήψονται· καὶ γῇ μὲν τὴν κεφαλὴν καταπάσονται, ἐπ' αὐτοῦ δὲ τοῦ ἐδάφους κατακλιθήσονται, τὴν ἐκεῖ θεν ἐκματτόμενοι κόνιν· γυμνώσουσι δὲ τὰς κεφα λὰς τῆς ἀπὸ τῶν τριχῶν εὐπρεπείας, καὶ σάκκους περιζωσάμενοι, θρηνοῦντες καὶ ὀδυρόμενοι διατελέ σουσιν. Εἶτα λέγει καὶ τὸν ὑπ' αὐτῶν γινόμενον θρῆ νον. "Τίς ὥσπερ Τύρος κατασιγηθεῖσα ἐν μέσῳ τῆς