Chapter XVI.

The Arians are condemned by the Holy Spirit through the mouth of David: for they dare to limit Christ’s knowledge. The passage cited by them in proof of this is by no means free from suspicion of having been corrupted. But to set this right, we must mark the word “Son.” For knowledge cannot fail Christ as Son of God, since He is Wisdom; nor the recognition of any part, for He created all things. It is not possible that He, who made the ages, cannot know the future, much less the day of judgment. Such knowledge, whether it concerns anything great or small, may not be denied to the Son, nor yet to the Holy Spirit. Lastly, various proofs are given from which we can gather that this knowledge exists in Christ.

188. Wherefore we ought to know that they who make such statements are accursed and condemned by the Holy Spirit. For whom else but the Arians in chief does the prophet condemn, seeing that they say that the Son of God knows neither times nor years. For there is nothing which God is ignorant of; and Christ, yea the most high Christ, is God, for He is “God over all.”1106    Rom. ix. 5.

189. See how horrified holy David is at such men, in limiting the knowledge of the Son of God. For thus it is written: “They are not in the troubles of other men, neither will they be scourged with men; therefore their pride has laid hold on them; they are covered with their wickedness and blasphemy; their iniquity hath stood forth as it were with fatness; they have passed on to the thoughts of their heart.”1107    Ps. lxxiii. 5–7. Truly he condemns those who think that divine things are to be regarded in the light of the thoughts of the heart. For God is not subject to arrangement or order; seeing that we do not perceive even those very things, which are common among men and often occur in the history of the human race, to turn out always after the arrangement of some stated rule, but often to happen suddenly in some secret and mysterious manner.

190. “They have thought,” he says, “and have spoken wickedness. They have spoken wickedness against the Most High. They have set their mouth against heaven.”1108    Ps. lxxii. 8, 9. We see then that he condemns, as guilty of wicked blasphemy, those who claim for themselves the right to arrange the heavenly secrets after the semblance of our human nature.

191. And they have said: “How hath God known? And is there knowledge in the Most High?”1109    Ps. lxxiii. 11. Do not the Arians echo this daily, saying that all knowledge cannot exist in Christ? For He, they say, stated that He knew not the day nor hour. Do they not say, how did He know, while they maintain that He could not know anything but what He heard and saw, and apply by a blasphemous interpretation that which concerns the unity of the divine Nature to weaken His power?

192. It is written, they say: “But of that day and that hour knoweth no man, no, not the angels which are in heaven, neither the Son, but the Father only.”1110    S. Mark xiii. 32. First of all the ancient Greek manuscripts do not contain the words, “neither the Son.” But it is not to be wondered at if they who have corrupted the sacred Scriptures, have also falsified this passage. The reason for which it seems to have been inserted is perfectly plain, so long as it is applied to unfold such blasphemy.

193. Suppose however that the Evangelist wrote thus. The name of “Son” embraces both natures. For He is also called Son of Man, so that in the ignorance attached to the assumption of our nature, He seems not to have known the day of the judgment to come. For how could the Son of God be ignorant of the day, seeing that the treasures of the wisdom and knowledge of God are hidden in Him?1111    Col. ii. 3.

194. I ask then, whether He had this knowledge by reason of His Being, or by chance? For all knowledge comes to us either through nature, or by learning. It is supplied by nature, as for instance to a horse to enable it to run, or to a fish to enable it to swim. For they do this without learning. On the other hand, it is by learning that a man is enabled to swim. For he could not do so unless he had learnt. Since therefore nature enables dumb animals to do and to know what they have not learnt, why shouldst thou give an opinion on the Son of God, and say whether He has knowledge by instruction or by nature? If by instruction, then He was not begotten as Wisdom, and gradually began to be perfect, but was not always so. But if He has knowledge by nature, then He was perfect in the beginning, He came forth perfect from the Father; and so needed no foreknowledge of the future.

195. He therefore was not ignorant of the days; for it does not fall to the lot of the Wisdom of God to know in part and in part to be ignorant. For how can He who made all things be ignorant of a part, since it is a less thing to know than to make. For we know many things which we cannot make, neither do we all know things in the same way but we know them in part. For a countryman knows the force of the wind and the courses of the stars in one way—the inhabitant of a city knows them in another way—and a pilot in yet a third way. But although all do not know all things, they are said to know them; but He alone knows all things in full, Who made all things. The pilot knows for how many watches Arcturus continues, what sort of a rising of Orion he will discover, but he knows nothing of the connection of the Vergiliæ and of the other stars, or of their number or names, as does He “Who numbers the multitude of stars, and calleth them all by their names;”1112    Ps. cxlvii. 4. Whom indeed the power of His work cannot escape.

196. How then do you wish the Son of God to have made these things? Like a signet ring which does not feel the impression it makes? But the Father made all things in wisdom,1113    Ps. civ. 24. that is, He made all things through the Son, who is the Virtue and Wisdom of God.1114    1 Cor. i. 24. But it befits such Wisdom as that to know both the powers and the causes of His own works. Thus the Creator of all things could not be ignorant of what He did—or be without knowledge of what He had Himself given. Therefore He knew the day which He made.

197. But thou sayest that He knows the present and does not know the future. Though this is a foolish suggestion, yet that I may satisfy thee on Scriptural grounds, learn that He made not only what is past, but also what is future, as it is written: “Who made things to come.”1115    Isa. xlv. 11. Elsewhere too Scripture says: “By whom also He made the ages, who is the brightness of His glory and the express Image of His Person.”1116    Heb. i. 2, 3. Now the ages are past and present and future. How then were those made which are future, unless it is that His active power and knowledge contains within itself the number of all the ages? For just as He calls the things that are not as though they were,1117    Rom. iv. 17. so has He made things future as though they were. It cannot come to pass that they should not be. Those things which He has directed to be, necessarily will be. Therefore He who has made the things that are to be, knows them in the way in which they will be.

198. If we are to believe this about the ages, much more must we believe it about the day of judgment, on the ground that the Son of God has knowledge of it, as being already made by Him. For it is written: “According to Thine ordinance the day will continue.”1118    Ps. cxxi. 91. He did not merely say “the day continues,” but even “will continue,” so that the things which are to come might be governed by His ordinance. Does He not know what He ordered? “He who planted the ear, shall He not hear? He that formed the eye shall He not see?”1119    Ps. xciv. 9.

199. Let us however see if by chance there may be some great thing, which could be beyond the knowledge of its Creator; or at least let them choose whether they will think of something great and superior to other things, or something very little and mean. If it is very little and mean, it is no loss, to speak after our fashion, to know nothing of worthless and petty things. For as it is a sign of power to know the greatest things, it seems rather to be a sign of inferior work to look upon what is worth less. Thus He is freed from fastidiousness, yet is not deprived of His power.

200. But if they think it a great and important thing to know the day of judgment: Let them say what is greater or better than God the Father. He knows God the Father, as He Himself says: “No man knoweth the Father but the Son and he to whomsoever the Son will reveal Him.”1120    S. Matt. xi. 27. I say, does He know the Father and yet not know the day? So then ye believe that He reveals the Father, and yet cannot reveal the day?

201. Next because you make certain grades, so as to put the Father before the Son, and the Son before the Holy Spirit, tell me whether the Holy Spirit knew the day of judgment. For no thing is written of Him in this place. You deny it entirely. But what if I show you He knew it? For it is written: “But God hath revealed them to us by His Spirit, for the Spirit searcheth all things, yea the deep things of God.”1121    1 Cor. ii. 10. Wherefore, because He searches the deep things of God, since God knows the day of judgment, the Spirit also knows it. For He knows all that God knows, as also the Apostle states, saying: “For what man knoweth the things of a man, save the spirit of man which is in him, even so the things of God knoweth no man, but the Spirit of God.”1122    1 Cor. ii. 11. Take heed therefore lest either by denying that the Holy Spirit knows, you should deny that the Father knows; (For the things of God, the Spirit of God also knows, but the things which the Spirit of God does not know, are not the things of God). Or by confessing that the Spirit of God knows, what you deny that the Son of God knows, you should put the Spirit before the Son in opposition to your own declaration. But to hesitate on this point is not only blasphemous but also foolish.

202. Now consider how knowledge is acquired, and let us show that the Son Himself proved that He knew the day. For what we know we make clear either by mention of time or place or signs or persons, or by giving their order. How then did He not know the day of judgment Who described both the hour and the place of judgment, and the signs and the cases?

203. And so thou hast it: “In that hour he which shall be on the housetop let him not come down to take his goods out of his house, and he that is in the field, let him likewise not return back.”1123    S. Luke xvii. 31. To such a point in the future did He know the issues of dangers, that He even showed the means of safety to those in danger.

204. Could the Lord be ignorant of a day Who Himself said of Himself that the Son of Man is Lord of the Sabbath?1124    S. Matt. xii. 8.

205. He has also elsewhere marked out a place, when He said to His disciples who were showing Him the building of the temple, “Do ye see all these things? Verily I say unto you, there shall not be left one stone upon another which shall not be thrown down.”1125    S. Matt. xxiv. 2.

206. When questioned also about a sign by His disciples, He answered: “Take heed that ye be not deceived. For many shall come in My name, saying I am Christ;”1126    S. Luke xxi. 8. and further on He says: “and great earthquakes shall be in divers places, and famines, and pestilences, and terrors from heaven, and there shall be great signs.”1127    S. Luke xxi. 11. Thus He has described both persons and signs.

207. In what manner He tells that the armies will surround Jerusalem, or that the times of the Gentiles are to be fulfilled, and in what order,—all this is disclosed to us by the witness of the Gospel words. Therefore He knew all things.

CAPUT XVI.

Arianos a Spiritu sancto per David condemnatos, quippe qui scientiae Christi derogare audeant. Locum ab illis ad hoc citatum suspicione corruptionis minime carere; sed ut maxime careat, distinguendam esse vocem Filius; Christo enim ut Dei Filio scientiam deesse non posse, cum sit sapientia: nec partis ullius cognitionem, cum omnia crearit. Eum qui saecula fecerit, futurum non posse non cognoscere, et multo minus diem judicii. Sive quid magnum sit ea cognitio, sive quid parvum, eam Filio non negandam; immo neque etiam Spiritui sancto. Demum his addit varia signa, quibus haec scientia inesse Christo colligi potest.

0687B 189. [Alias cap. VII.] Unde exsecrabiles eos qui ista commemorant, et a Spiritu sancto esse damnatos scire debemus. Quos enim alios, nisi specialiter Arianos Propheta condemnat, qui dicunt quod Dei Filius nesciat tempora et annos? Non enim est aliquid quod ignoret Deus: est autem Deus Christus, et altissimus Christus; ipse est enim super omnia Deus.

190. Videte quemadmodum sanctus David hujuscemodi homines qui Dei Filio scientiam derogent, perhorrescat; sic enim habes: In laboribus hominum non sunt, et cum hominibus non flagellabuntur; ideo obtinuit eos superbia eorum; cooperti sunt iniquitate et impietate sua: prodiit quasi ex adipe iniquitas eorum, pertransierunt in dispositionem cordis (Psal. 0687C LXXII, 5 et seq.). Utique eos condemnat qui ex dispositione cordis aestimanda quae divina sunt, arbitrantur: nam Deus nec dispositioni est subjectus, nec ordini; quando etiam ipsa quae sunt in usu hominum, et successione generis humani, non semper aliqua solemnis dispositione rationis, sed plerumque secretis latentibusque decursa mysteriis, evenire cernamus.

191. Cogitaverunt, inquit, et locuti sunt nequitiam, iniquitatem in Excelsum locuti sunt, posuerunt in coelum os suum (Ibid., 8). Videmus itaque quod impii sacrilegii reos damnet, qui ex similitudine 586 humanae naturae, dispositionem sibi arrogent coelestis arcani.

0687D 192. Et dixerunt: Quomodo scivit Deus? et si est scientia omnis in Altissimo (Ibid., 11)? Nonne haec 0688A quotidie perstrepunt Ariani, scientiam omnem in Christo esse non posse? Quia ipse, inquiunt, diei et horae se professus est esse ignarum. Nonne dicunt: Quomodo scivit, qui eum non potuisse scire commemorant, nisi quae audierit, et viderit: et ea quae spectant ad divinae unitatem naturae ad infirmitatem sacrilega interpretatione derivant?

193. Scriptum est, inquiunt: De die autem illo et hora nemo scit, neque angeli coelorum, nec Filius, nisi solus Pater (Marc. XIII, 32). Primum veteres non habent codices Graeci quia nec Filius scit: sed non mirum si et hoc falsarunt, qui Scripturas interpolavere divinas. Qua ratione autem videatur adjectum, proditur, dum ad interpretationem tanti sacrilegii derivatur.

0688B 194. Pone tamen ab evangelistis scriptum. Medium utique nomen est Filii: nam et Filius hominis dicitur; ut secundum imprudentiam assumptionis nostrae diem futuri judicii nescisse videatur. Quomodo enim nesciret diem Dei Filius, cum in ipso sint thesauri sapientiae et scientiae Dei absconditi (Coloss. II, 3)?

195. Quaero autem utrum ex substantia, an ex accidenti habuerit scientiam; omnis enim scientia aut ex natura, aut ex disciplina est: ex natura suppetit, ut equo currere, pisci natare; haec enim faciunt antequam discant: ex disciplina rursus suppetit natare homini; nam nisi didicerit, scire non poterit. Cum ergo mutis animantibus suppetat ex natura facere et scire quae non didicerint, quid censes de Dei 0688C Filio, utrum ex institutione, an ex natura habeat scientiam? Si ex institutione: ergo non est natus sapientia, et ex processu coepit esse perfectus, nec erat semper. Quod si naturalem scientiam habet, utique perfectus in principio erat, perfectus ex Patre processit; et ideo praescientia non eguit futurorum.

196. Non ergo nescivit diem; neque enim sapientiae Dei est ex parte scire, et ex parte nescire. Nam quomodo potest nescire partem, qui fecit omnia; cum minus sit scire, quam facere? Multa enim scimus, quae facere non possumus: nec eodem modo omnes scimus, sed ex parte cognoscimus. Novit enim ventorum vim, stellarumque cursus aliter rusticus, aliter civitatis incola, aliter gubernator. Etsi 0688D non omnes norunt omnia, tamen nosse dicuntur: solus autem plene novit ille, qui fecit omnia. Novit 0689A gubernator quota vigilia procedat Arcturus, 587 quales ortus exploret Orionis; non tamen colligationes Vergiliarum, caeterarumque stellarum aut numerum novit, aut nomina, sicut ille, Qui numerat multitudinem stellarum, et omnibus his nomina vocat (Ps. CXLVI, 4): quem utique non fallit operis sui virtus.

197. Quomodo enim vultis haec fecisse Dei Filium? Numquid quasi annulum, qui non sentit quod exprimit? Sed omnia in sapientia Pater fecit (Psal. CIII, 24), id est, omnia per Filium fecit, qui est virtus Dei et sapientia (I Cor. I, 24): sapientiae autem id convenit, ut suorum operum et virtutes norit et causas. Et ideo non potuit creator omnium ignorare quod fecit, nescire quod ipse donavit: novit ergo diem quem fecit.

0689B 198. Sed dicis, quia praesentem novit, nescit futurum. Licet inepta sit propositio, tamen ut de Scripturis satisfaciam tibi, disce quia non solum praeterita fecit, sed etiam quae futura sunt, sicut scriptum est: Qui fecit quae adventura sunt (Esai. XLV, 11). Et alibi ait Scriptura: Per quem et facta sunt saecula, splendor est gloriae, et character substantiae ejus (Hebr. I, 2, 3). Saecula enim et praeterita et praesentia et futura sunt. Quomodo ergo facta sunt quae futura sunt; nisi quia operatoria virtus et scientia comprehendit numerum omnium saeculorum? Sicut enim vocat quae non sunt, tamquam quae sunt (Rom. IV, 17): sic et fecit quae futura sunt, tamquam quae sint; quia non contingit ut non sint, sed necessario sunt futura, quae esse praecepit. Ergo qui fecit quae futura sunt, eo genere 0689C quo sunt futura cognovit.

199. Si hoc de saeculis, multo magis de judicii credendum est die; eo quod cognitionem ejus habeat Dei Filius tamquam a se jam factae; quia scriptum est: Dispositione tuapermanebit dies (Psal. CXVIII, 91). Nec solum permanet dixit, sed etiam permanebit; ut ejus dispositione quae ventura sunt, gubernentur. Quae disposuit ergo, non novit? Qui plantavit aurem, non audiet? qui finxit oculum, non considerat (Psal. XCIII, 9)?

200. Videamus tamen ne quid forte magnum sit, quod creatorem suum potuerit praeterire; et tamen eligant utrum quasi magnum aliquid et praestantius putent esse quam caetera: an quasi minimum atque abjectum? Si minimum atque abjectum, non est injuria, 0690A ut nostro usu loquar, vilia et exigua nescire; nam cum potentiae sit scire quae maxima sunt, despexisse magis videtur degeneris operis vilitatem. Fastidio igitur absolutus est, non potestate fraudatus.

201. Quod si magnum et summum arbitrantur scire judicii diem, dicant quid Deo Patre majus aut melius sit. Patrem igitur Deum novit, ut ipse ait: Nemo novit Patrem nisi Filius, et cui voluerit Filius revelare (Matth. XI, 27). Patrem, inquam, novit et diem nescit? Sic ergo creditis 588 quia Patrem revelat, et diem non potest revelare?

202. Deinde quia gradus quosdam facitis; ut Patrem Filio, Filium Spiritui praeferatis; dicite mihi utrum Spiritus sanctus noverit judicii diem; nihil enim de eo scriptum est hoc loco. Negatis profecto. 0690B Quid si doceo quod noverit? Lectum est enim: Nobis autem revelavit Deus per Spiritum suum; Spiritus enim omnia scrutatur, etiam alta Dei (I Cor. II, 10). Utique quia alta Dei scrutatur, cum Deus noverit judicii diem, etiam Spiritus novit. Novit enim omnia quae Deus novit, sicut Apostolus declarat dicens: Quis enim scit hominum quae sunt hominis, nisi spiritus hominis qui in ipso est? Sic et quae Dei sunt, nemo cognovit, nisi Spiritus Dei (Ibid., 11). Videte igitur, ne aut negando Spiritum sanctum scire, negetis et Patrem scire; quia quae Dei sunt, cognovit et Dei Spiritus: quae autem non cognovit Spiritus Dei, utique Dei non sunt: aut confitendo quia Spiritus Dei novit, quod negatis Filium scire, contra vestram assertionem Spiritum Filio praeferatis. Verum non 0690C solum sacrilega ista, sed etiam inepta dubitatio.

203. Nunc consideremus quibus modis scientia colligatur, et ostendamus ipsum Filium demonstrasse quod et diem sciret. Quod enim scimus, aut tempore, aut loco, aut signis, aut personis declaramus, aut ordine. Quomodo igitur nescivit judicii diem, qui et horam judicii, et locum, et signa expressit et causas.

204. Denique sic habes: In illa hora qui fuerit in tecto, non descendat tollere vasa de domo sua; et qui in agro, similiter non redeat retro (Luc. XVII, 31). Eousque igitur futurorum norat periculorum eventus, ut etiam praesidia periclitantibus demonstraret.

205. An poterat Dominus diem ignorare, qui ipse de se dixit quia Filius hominis Dominus est sabbati (Matth. XII, 8)?

0691A 206. Locum quoque etiam alibi designavit, cum sibi structuras templi ostendentibus discipulis, diceret: Videtis haec omnia? Amen dico vobis, non relinquetur lapis super lapidem, qui non destruatur (Matth. XXIV, 2).

207. De signo quoque interrogatus ab Apostolis respondit: Videte ne seducamini. Multi enim venient in nomine meo, dicentes quia ego sum Christus (Luc. XXI, 8); et infra: Terrae motus, inquit, magni erunt per loca singula, et fames, et pestilentia, terroresque de coelo, et signa magna erunt (Ibid., 11). Itaque et personas expressit et signa.

208. Quo autem modo, vel circumdaturos exercitus Jerusalem dicat, vel implenda tempora gentium, et quo ordine, Evangelicae utique lectionis attestatione 0691B reseratur. Scivit ergo omnia.