Clement of Alexandria, The Stromata, or Miscellanies

“The decorous tendency of our philanthropy, therefore,” according to Clement, “seeks the common good;” whether by suffering martyrdom, or by teaching by deed and word,—the latter being twofold, unwritten and written. This is love, to love God and our neighbour. “This conducts to the height which is unutterable.1032 [See vol. i. p. 18. S.] ‘Love covers a multitude of sins.1033 Jas. v. 20; 1 Pet. iv. 8. Love beareth all things, suffereth all things.’1034 1 Cor. xiii. 7. Love joins us to God, does all things in concord. In love, all the chosen of God were perfected. Apart from love, nothing is well pleasing to God.” “Of its perfection there is no unfolding,” it is said. “Who is fit to be found in it, except those whom God counts worthy?” To the point the Apostle Paul speaks, “If I give my body, and have not love, I am sounding brass, and a tinkling cymbal.”1035 1 Cor. xiii. 1, 3. If it is not from a disposition determined by gnostic love that I shall testify, he means; but if through fear and expected reward, moving my lips in order to testify to the Lord that I shall confess the Lord, I am a common man, sounding the Lord’s name, not knowing Him. “For there is the people that loveth with the lips; and there is another which gives the body to be burned.” “And if I give all my goods in alms,” he says, not according to the principle of loving communication, but on account of recompense, either from him who has received the benefit, or the Lord who has promised; “and if I have all faith so as to remove mountains,” and cast away obscuring passions, and be not faithful to the Lord from love, “I am nothing,” as in comparison of him who testifies as a Gnostic, and the crowd, and being reckoned nothing better.

“Now all the generations from Adam to this day are gone. But they who have been perfected in love, through the grace of God, hold the place of the godly, who shall be manifested at the visitation of the kingdom of Christ.” Love permits not to sin; but if it fall into any such case, by reason of the interference of the adversary, in imitation of David, it will sing: “I will confess unto the Lord, and it will please Him above a young bullock that has horns and hoofs. Let the poor see it, and be glad.” For he says, “Sacrifice to God a sacrifice of praise, and pay to the Lord thy vows; and call upon me in the day of trouble, and I will deliver thee, and thou shalt glorify me.”1036 Ps. l. 14, 15. “For the sacrifice of God is a broken spirit.”1037 Ps. li. 17.

“God,” then, being good, “is love,” it is said.1038 1 John iv. 8, 16. Whose “love worketh no ill to his neighbour,”1039 Rom. xiii. 10. neither injuring nor revenging ever, but, in a word, doing good to all according to the image of God. “Love is,” then, “the fulfilling of the law;”1040 Rom. xiii. 10. like as Christ, that is the presence of the Lord who loves us; and our loving teaching of, and discipline according to Christ. By love, then, the commands not to commit adultery, and not to covet one’s neighbour’s wife, are fulfilled, [these sins being] formerly prohibited by fear.

The same work, then, presents a difference, according as it is done by fear, or accomplished by love, and is wrought by faith or by knowledge. Rightly, therefore, their rewards are different. To the Gnostic “are prepared what eye hath not seen, nor ear heard, nor hath entered into the heart of man;” but to him who has exercised simple faith He testifies a hundredfold in return for what he has left,—a promise which has turned out to fall within human comprehension.

Come to this point, I recollect one who called himself a Gnostic. For, expounding the words, “But I say unto you, he that looketh on a woman to lust after, hath committed adultery,”1041 Matt. v. 28. he thought that it was not bare desire that was condemned; but if through the desire the act that results from it proceeding beyond the desire is accomplished in it. For dream employs phantasy and the body. Accordingly, the historians relate the following decision of Bocchoris the just.1042 [Or, “the Wise.” See Rawlinson, Herodotus, ii. p. 317.] A youth, falling in love with a courtezan, persuades the girl, for a stipulated reward, to come to him next day. But his desire being unexpectedly satiated, by laying hold of the girl in a dream, by anticipation, when the object of his love came according to stipulation, he prohibited her from coming in. But she, on learning what had taken place, demanded the reward, saying that in this way she had sated the lover’s desire. They came accordingly to the judge. He, ordering the youth to hold out the purse containing the reward in the sun, bade the courtezan take hold of the shadow; facetiously bidding him pay the image of a reward for the image of an embrace.

Accordingly one dreams, the soul assenting to the vision. But he dreams waking, who looks so as to lust; not only, as that Gnostic said, if along with the sight of the woman he imagine in his mind intercourse, for this is already the act of lust, as lust; but if one looks on beauty of person (the Word says), and the flesh seem to him in the way of lust to be fair, looking on carnally and sinfully, he is judged because he admired. For, on the other hand, he who in chaste love looks on beauty, thinks not that the flesh is beautiful, but the spirit, admiring, as I judge, the body as an image, by whose beauty he transports himself to the Artist, and to the true beauty; exhibiting the sacred symbol, the bright impress of righteousness to the angels that wait on the ascension;1043 i.e., of blessed souls. I mean the unction of acceptance, the quality of disposition which resides in the soul that is gladdened by the communication of the Holy Spirit. This glory, which shone forth on the face of Moses, the people could not look on. Wherefore he took a veil for the glory, to those who looked carnally. For those, who demand toll, detain those who bring in any worldly things, who are burdened with their own passions. But him that is free of all things which are subject to duty, and is full of knowledge, and of the righteousness of works, they pass on with their good wishes, blessing the man with his work. “And his life shall not fall away”—the leaf of the living tree that is nourished “by the water-courses.”1044 Ps. i. 3. Now the righteous is likened to fruit-bearing trees, and not only to such as are of the nature1045 The text here has θυσίαν, for which φύσιν has been suggested as probably the true reading. of tall-growing ones. And in the sacrificial oblations, according to the law, there were those who looked for blemishes in the sacrifices. They who are skilled in such matters distinguish propension1046 ὄρεξις the Stoics define to be a desire agreeable to reason; ἐπιθυμία, a desire contrary to reason. (ὄρεξις) from lust (ἐπιθυμία); and assign the latter, as being irrational, to pleasures and licentiousness; and propension, as being a rational movement, they assign to the necessities of nature.

Ἡ σεμνὴ οὖν τῆς φιλανθρωπίας ἡμῶν καὶ ἁγνὴ ἀγωγὴ κατὰ τὸν Κλήμεντα τὸ κοινωφελὲς ζητεῖ, ἐάν τε μαρτυρῇ ἐάν τε καὶ παιδεύῃ ἔργῳ τε καὶ λόγῳ, διττῷ δὲ τούτῳ, ἀγράφῳ τε καὶ ἐγγράφῳ. αὕτη ἐστὶν ἡ ἀγάπη, τὸ ἀγαπᾶν τὸν θεὸν καὶ τὸν πλησίον, αὕτη εἰς τὸ ἀνεκδιήγητον ὕψος ἀνάγει· "ἀγάπη καλύπτει πλῆθος ἁμαρτιῶν", ἀγάπη πάντα ἀνέχεται, πάντα μακροθυμεῖ, ἀγάπη κολλᾷ ἡμᾶς τῷ θεῷ, πάντα ποιεῖ ἐν ὁμονοίᾳ· ἐν τῇ ἀγάπῃ ἐτελειώθησαν πάντες οἱ ἐκλεκτοὶ τοῦ θεοῦ· δίχα ἀγάπης οὐδὲν εὐάρεστον τῷ θεῷ. τῆς τελειότητος αὐτῆς οὐκ ἔστιν ἐξήγησις, φησί. τίς ἱκανὸς ἐν αὐτῇ εὑρεθῆναι, εἰ μὴ οὓς ἂν αὐτὸς καταξιώσῃ ὁ θεός; αὐτίκα ὁ ἀπόστολος Παῦλος ἐὰν τὸ σῶμά μου ἐπιδῶ φησίν, ἀγάπην δὲ μὴ ἔχω, χαλκός εἰμι ἠχῶν καὶ κύμβαλον ἀλαλάζον· ἢν μὴ ἐκ διαθέσεως ἐκλεκτῆς, δι' ἀγάπης γνωστικῆς μαρτυρήσω, λέγει, φόβῳ δέ. εἴπερ οὖν καὶ μισθῷ προσδοκωμένῳ ἐπικροτῶν τὰ χείλη εἰς μαρτυρίαν κυρίου ὁμολογήσω κύριον, κοινός εἰμι ἄνθρωπος, ἠχῶν τὸν κύριον, οὐ γινώσκων. ἔστι γὰρ καὶ ὁ λαὸς ὁ τοῖς χείλεσιν ἀγαπῶν, ἔστι καὶ ἄλλος [ὁ] παραδιδοὺς τὸ σῶμα, ἵνα καυθήσεται. κἂν ψωμίσω πάντα τὰ ὑπάρχοντά μου, φησίν, οὐ κατὰ τὸν τῆς κοινωνίας τῆς ἀγαπητικῆς λόγον, ἀλλὰ κατὰ τὸν τῆς ἀνταποδόσεως ἢ παρὰ τοῦ εὐεργετουμένου ἀνθρώπου ἢ παρὰ τοῦ ἐπηγγελμένου κυρίου· κἂν ἔχω πᾶσαν τὴν πίστιν ὥστε ὄρη μεθιστάναι καὶ τὰ ἐπισκοτοῦντα ἀποβαλεῖν πάθη, μὴ δι' ἀγάπην δὲ πιστωθῶ τῷ κυρίῳ, οὐθέν εἰμι, ὡς πρὸς σύγκρισιν τοῦ γνωστικῶς μαρτυροῦντος, εἰς πλῆθος καὶ τὸ μηδὲν διαφέρον λογιζόμενος. αἱ γενεαὶ δὲ πᾶσαι ἀπὸ Ἀδὰμ ἕως τῆσδε τῆς ἡμέρας παρῆλθον· ἀλλ' οἱ ἐν ἀγάπῃ τελειωθέντες κατὰ τὴν τοῦ θεοῦ χάριν ἔχουσι χώραν εὐσεβῶν· οἳ φανερωθήσονται ἐν τῇ ἐπισκοπῇ τῆς βασιλείας τοῦ Χριστοῦ. ἡ ἀγάπη ἁμαρτάνειν οὐκ ἐᾷ· ἢν δὲ καὶ περιπέσῃ ἄκων τοιαύτῃ τινὶ περιστάσει διὰ τὰς παρεμπτώσεις τοῦ ἀντικειμένου, μιμησάμενος τὸν ∆αβὶδ ψαλεῖ· "ἐξομολογήσομαι τῷ κυρίῳ, καὶ ἀρέσει αὐτῷ ὑπὲρ μόσχον νέον, φέροντα κέρατα καὶ ὁπλάς. ἰδέτωσαν πτωχοὶ καὶ εὐφρανθήτωσαν." λέγει γάρ· "θῦσον τῷ θεῷ θυσίαν αἰνέσεως καὶ ἀπόδος τῷ κυρίῳ τὰς εὐχάς σου· καὶ ἐπικάλεσαί με ἐν ἡμέρᾳ θλίψεώς σου, καὶ ἐξελοῦμαί σε καὶ δοξάσεις με·" "θυσία γὰρ τῷ θεῷ πνεῦμα συντετριμμένον." ἀγάπη τοίνυν καὶ ὁ θεὸς εἴρηται, ἀγαθὸς ὤν. οὗ ἡ ἀγάπη τῷ πλησίον κακὸν οὐκ ἐργάζεται, μήτε ἀδικοῦσα μήτε ἀνταδικοῦσά ποτε, ἀγαθοποιοῦσα δὲ πρὸς πάντας ἁπαξαπλῶς κατ' εἰκόνα θεοῦ. πλήρωμα οὖν νόμου ἡ ἀγάπη, καθάπερ ὁ Χριστός, τουτέστιν ἡ παρουσία τοῦ ἀγαπῶντος ἡμᾶς κυρίου, καὶ ἡ κατὰ Χριστὸν ἀγαπητικὴ ἡμῶν διδασκαλία τε καὶ πολιτεία. ἀγάπῃ γοῦν τὸ μὴ μοιχεῦσαι καὶ τὸ μὴ ἐπιθυμῆσαι τῆς τοῦ πλησίον τελειοῦται, φόβῳ πρότερον κεκωλυμένον. τὸ αὐτὸ γοῦν ἔργον διαφορὰν ἴσχει ἢ διὰ φόβον γενόμενον ἢ δι' ἀγάπην τελεσθὲν καὶ ἤτοι διὰ πίστεως ἢ καὶ γνωστικῶς ἐνεργούμενον. εἰκότως γοῦν καὶ τὰ τούτων [ἆθλα] διάφορα· τῷ μὲν γνωστικῷ ἡτοίμασται ἃ ὀφθαλμὸς οὐκ εἶδεν οὐδὲ οὖς ἤκουσεν οὐδὲ ἐπὶ καρδίαν ἀνθρώπου ἀνέβη, τῷ δὲ ἁπλῶς πεπιστευκότι μαρτυρεῖ ἑκατονταπλασίονα ὧν ἀπολέλοιπεν, ἣν ἐπαγγελίαν εἰς σύνεσιν ἀνθρώπων πίπτειν συμβέβηκεν. Ἐνταῦθα γενόμενος ἀνεμνήσθην τινὸς φάσκοντος ἑαυτὸν γνωστικόν. ἐξηγούμενος γὰρ τὸ ἐγὼ δὲ λέγω, ὁ [ἐμ]βλέψας τῇ γυναικὶ πρὸς ἐπιθυμίαν ἤδη μεμοίχευκεν οὐ ψιλὴν τὴν ἐπιθυμίαν ἠξίου κρίνεσθαι, ἀλλὰ ἐὰν τῇ ἐπιθυμίᾳ τὸ κατ' αὐτὴν ἔργον περαιτέρω τῆς ἐπιθυμίας χωροῦν ἐν αὐτῇ ἐκτελῆται· εἰ γὰρ ὄναρ τῇ φαντασίᾳ, συγκαταχρῆται ἤδη καὶ τῷ σώματι. λέγουσιν οὖν οἱ τὰς ἱστορίας συνταξάμενοι Βοκχόριδος τοῦ δικαίου κρίσιν τοιάνδε. ἐρῶν ἑταίρας νεανίας πείθει μισθῷ τινι ὡρισμένῳ τὴν παῖδα ἀφικέσθαι τῇ ὑστεραίᾳ πρὸς αὐτόν. προλαβούσης ὄναρ τῆς ἐπιθυμίας τὴν παῖδα παρ' ἐλπίδα κορεσθεὶς ἥκουσαν τὴν ἐρωμένην κατὰ τὸ τεταγμένον εἴργει τῆς εἰσόδου, ἣ δὲ ἐκμαθοῦσα τὸ γεγονὸς ἀπῄτει τὸν μισθόν, καὶ τῇδέ πως αὐτὴ τὴν ἐπιθυμίαν τῷ ἐραστῇ πεπληρωκέναι λέγουσα. ἧκον οὖν ἐπὶ τὸν κριτήν. τὸ βαλλάντιον οὗτος τοῦ μισθώματος τὸν νεανίσκον προτείνειν κελεύσας, ἐν ἡλίῳ δέ, τὴν ἑταίραν λαβέσθαι προσέταξεν τῆς σκιᾶς, χαριέντως εἴδωλον μισθώματος ἀποδιδόναι κελεύσας εἰδώλου συμπλοκῆς. Ὀνειρώττει μὲν οὖν τις συγκαταθεμένης τῇ φαντασίᾳ τῆς ψυχῆς, ὕπαρ δὲ ὀνειρώττει ὁ πρὸς ἐπιθυμίαν βλέπων, οὐ μόνον ὡς ἐκεῖνος ἔλεγεν ὁ δῆθεν γνωστικός, ἐὰν ἅμα τῇ ὄψει τῆς γυναικὸς συλλάβῃ κατ' ἔννοιαν τὴν ὁμιλίαν (τοῦτο γὰρ ἤδη ἔργον ἐστὶν ἐπιθυμίας ὡς ἐπιθυμίας), ἀλλ' ἐὰν εἰς κάλλος σώματος βλέψῃ τις, ὁ λόγος φησί, καὶ αὐτῷ ἡ σὰρξ εἶναι κατ' ἐπιθυμίαν δόξῃ καλή, σαρκικῶς ἰδὼν καὶ ἁμαρτητικῶς δι' οὗ τεθαύμακεν κρίνεται· ἔμπαλιν γὰρ ὁ δι' ἀγάπην τὴν ἁγνὴν προσβλέπων τὸ κάλλος οὐ τὴν σάρκα ἡγεῖται, ἀλλὰ τὴν ψυχὴν καλήν, τὸ σῶμα, οἶμαι, ὡς ἀνδριάντα θαυμάσας, δι' οὗ κάλλους ἐπὶ τὸν τεχνίτην καὶ τὸ ὄντως καλὸν αὐτὸς αὑτὸν παραπέμπει, σύμβολον ἅγιον τὸν χαρακτῆρα τῆς δικαιοσύνης τὸν φωτεινὸν ἐπιδεικνύμενος τοῖς ἐφεστῶσι τῇ ἀνόδῳ ἀγγέλοις, τὸ χρῖσμα τῆς εὐαρεστήσεως λέγω, τὴν ποιότητα τῆς διαθέσεως τὴν ἐπικειμένην τῇ ψυχῇ κατ' ἐπιχώρησιν τοῦ ἁγίου πνεύματος γεγανωμένῃ. ταύτην τὴν δόξαν τὴν ἐκλάμψασαν ἐπὶ τοῦ προσώπου Μωυσέως ὁ λαὸς οὐχ οἷός τε ἦν προσβλέπειν, διὸ καὶ κάλυμμα ἐλάμβανε τῆς δόξης πρὸς τοὺς σαρκικῶς θεωμένους. τοὺς μὲν γὰρ ἐπαγομένους τινὰ τῶν κοσμικῶν κατέχουσιν οἱ τὸ τέλος ἀπαιτοῦντες τοῖς σφετέροις βαρουμένους πάθεσι, τὸν δὲ γυμνὸν μὲν τῶν ὑποπιπτόντων τῷ τέλει, πλήρη δὲ γνώσεως καὶ τῆς ἐξ ἔργων δικαιοσύνης συνευχόμενοι παραπέμπουσι, τὸν ἄνδρα σὺν καὶ τῷ ἔργῳ μακαρίσαντες· καὶ τὸ φύλλον αὐτοῦ οὐκ ἀπορρυήσεται, τοῦ ζωτικοῦ ξύλου, τοῦ κατὰ τὰς διεξόδους τῶν ὑδάτων τεθραμμένου· καρποφόροις δὲ ὁ δίκαιος ἀπεικάζεται δένδροις, οὐ μόνον τοῖς κατὰ τὴν τῶν μεταρσίων ** θυσίαν· ἦσαν δὲ κἀν ταῖς τῶν θυσιῶν προσαγωγαῖς παρὰ τῷ νόμῳ οἱ τῶν ἱερείων μωμοσκόποι. ὄρεξιν οὖν ἐπιθυμίας διακρίνουσιν οἱ περὶ ταῦτα δεινοί, καὶ τὴν μὲν ἐπὶ ἡδοναῖς καὶ ἀκολασίᾳ τάττουσιν ἄλογον οὖσαν, τὴν δὲ ὄρεξιν ἐπὶ τῶν κατὰ φύσιν ἀναγκαίων λογικὴν ὑπάρχουσαν κίνησιν.