Chapter XXII.—The True Gnostic Does Good, Not from Fear of Punishment or Hope of Reward, But Only for the Sake of Good Itself.

The man of understanding and perspicacity is, then, a Gnostic. And his business is not abstinence from what is evil (for this is a step to the highest perfection), or the doing of good out of fear. For it is written, “Whither shall I flee, and where shall I hide myself from Thy presence? If I ascend into heaven, Thou art there; if I go away to the uttermost parts of the sea, there is Thy right hand; if I go down into the depths, there is Thy Spirit.”1068    Ps. cxxxix. 7–10. Nor any more is he to do so from hope of promised recompense. For it is said, “Behold the Lord, and His reward is before His face, to give to every one according to his works; what eye hath not seen, and ear hath not heard, and hath not entered into the heart of man what God hath prepared for them that love Him.”1069    Isa. xl. 10; lxii. 11; Ps. lxii. 12; Rev. xxii. 12; Rom. ii. 6. But only the doing of good out of love, and for the sake of its own excellence, is to be the Gnostic’s choice. Now, in the person of God it is said to the Lord, “Ask of Me, and I will give the heathen for Thine inheritance;”1070    Ps. ii. 8. teaching Him to ask a truly regal request—that is, the salvation of men without price, that we may inherit and possess the Lord. For, on the contrary, to desire knowledge about God for any practical purpose, that this may be done, or that may not be done, is not proper to the Gnostic; but the knowledge itself suffices as the reason for contemplation. For I will dare aver that it is not because he wishes to be saved that he, who devotes himself to knowledge for the sake of the divine science itself, chooses knowledge. For the exertion of the intellect by exercise is prolonged to a perpetual exertion. And the perpetual exertion of the intellect is the essence of an intelligent being, which results from an uninterrupted process of admixture, and remains eternal contemplation, a living substance. Could we, then, suppose any one proposing to the Gnostic whether he would choose the knowledge of God or everlasting salvation; and if these, which are entirely identical, were separable, he would without the least hesitation choose the knowledge of God, deeming that property of faith, which from love ascends to knowledge, desirable, for its own sake. This, then, is the perfect man’s first form of doing good, when it is done not for any advantage in what pertains to him, but because he judges it right to do good; and the energy being vigorously exerted in all things, in the very act becomes good; not, good in some things, and not good in others; but consisting in the habit of doing good, neither for glory, nor, as the philosophers say, for reputation, nor from reward either from men or God; but so as to pass life after the image and likeness of the Lord.

And if, in doing good, he be met with anything adverse, he will let the recompense pass without resentment as if it were good, he being just and good “to the just and the unjust.” To such the Lord says, “Be ye, as your Father is perfect.”

To him the flesh is dead; but he himself lives alone, having consecrated the sepulchre into a holy temple to the Lord, having turned towards God the old sinful soul.

Such an one is no longer continent, but has reached a state of passionlessness, waiting to put on the divine image. “If thou doest alms,” it is said, “let no one know it; and if thou fastest, anoint thyself, that God alone may know,”1071    Matt. vi. 2, etc. and not a single human being. Not even he himself who shows mercy ought to know that he does show mercy; for in this way he will be sometimes merciful, sometimes not. And when he shall do good by habit, he will imitate the nature of good, and his disposition will be his nature and his practice. There is no necessity for removing those who are raised on high, but there is necessity for those who are walking to reach the requisite goal, by passing over the whole of the narrow way. For this is to be drawn by the Father, to become worthy to receive the power of grace from God, so as to run without hindrance. And if some hate the elect, such an one knows their ignorance, and pities their minds for its folly.

As is right, then, knowledge itself loves and teaches the ignorant, and instructs the whole creation to honour God Almighty. And if such an one teaches to love God, he will not hold virtue as a thing to be lost in any case, either awake or in a dream, or in any vision; since the habit never goes out of itself by falling from being a habit. Whether, then, knowledge be said to be habit or disposition; on account of diverse sentiments never obtaining access, the guiding faculty, remaining unaltered, admits no alteration of appearances by framing in dreams visionary conceptions out of its movements by day. Wherefore also the Lord enjoins “to watch,” so that our soul may never be perturbed with passion, even in dreams; but also to keep the life of the night pure and stainless, as if spent in the day. For assimilation to God, as far as we can, is preserving the mind in its relation to the same things. And this is the relation of mind as mind.

But the variety of disposition arises from inordinate affection to material things. And for this reason, as they appear to me, to have called night Euphrone; since then the soul, released from the perceptions of sense, turns in on itself, and has a truer hold of intelligence (φρόνησις).1072    Euphrone is plainly “kindly, cheerful.” Wherefore the mysteries are for the most part celebrated by night, indicating the withdrawal of the soul from the body, which takes place by night. “Let us not then sleep, as do others; but let us watch and be sober. For they that sleep, sleep in the night; and they that are drunken, are drunken in the night. But let us who are of the day be sober, putting on the breastplate of faith and love, and as an helmet the hope of salvation.”1073    1 Thess. v. 6–8. And as to what, again, they say of sleep, the very same things are to be understood of death. For each exhibits the departure of the soul, the one more, the other less; as we may also get this in Heraclitus: “Man touches night in himself, when dead and his light quenched; and alive, when he sleeps he touches the dead; and awake, when he shuts his eyes, he touches the sleeper.”1074    As it stands in the text the passage is unintelligable, and has been variously amended successfully. “For blessed are those that have seen the Lord,”1075    Clement seems to have read Κύριον for καιρόν in Rom. xiii. 11. according to the apostle; “for it is high time to awake out of sleep. For now is our salvation nearer than when we believed. The night is far spent, the day is at hand. Let us therefore cast off the works of darkness, and put on the armour of light.”1076   Rom. xiii. 11, 12. By day and light he designates figuratively the Son, and by the armour of light metaphorically the promises.

So it is said that we ought to go washed to sacrifices and prayers, clean and bright; and that this external adornment and purification are practiced for a sign. Now purity is to think holy thoughts. Further, there is the image of baptism, which also was handed down to the poets from Moses as follows:—

It is Penelope that is going to prayer:—

It was a custom of the Jews to wash frequently after being in bed. It was then well said,—

For sanctity, as I conceive it, is perfect pureness of mind, and deeds, and thoughts, and words too, and in its last degree sinlessness in dreams.

And sufficient purification to a man, I reckon, is thorough and sure repentance. If, condemning ourselves for our former actions, we go forward, after these things taking thought,1079    Explaining μετανοέω etymologically. and divesting our mind both of the things which please us through the senses, and of our former transgressions.

If, then, we are to give the etymology of ἐπιστήμη, knowledge, its signification is to be derived from στάσις, placing; for our soul, which was formerly borne, now in one way, now in another, it settles in objects. Similarly faith is to be explained etymologically, as the settling (στάσις) of our soul respecting that which is.

But we desire to learn about the man who is always and in all things righteous; who, neither dreading the penalty proceeding from the law, nor fearing to entertain hatred of evil in the case of those who live with him and who prosecute the injured, nor dreading danger at the hands of those who do wrong, remains righteous. For he who, on account of these considerations, abstains from anything wrong, is not voluntarily kind, but is good from fear. Even Epicurus says, that the man who in his estimation was wise, “would not do wrong to any one for the sake of gain; for he could not persuade himself that he would escape detection.” So that, if he knew he would not be detected, he would, according to him, do evil. And such are the doctrines of darkness. If, too, one shall abstain from doing wrong from hope of the recompense given by God on account of righteous deeds, he is not on this supposition spontaneously good. For as fear makes that man just, so reward makes this one; or rather, makes him appear to be just. But with the hope after death—a good hope to the good, to the bad the reverse—not only they who follow after Barbarian wisdom, but also the Pythagoreans, are acquainted. For the latter also proposed hope as an end to those who philosophize. Whereas Socrates1080    [Elucidation IV.] also, in the Phædo, says “that good souls depart hence with a good hope;” and again, denouncing the wicked, he sets against this the assertion, “For they live with an evil hope.” With him Heraclitus manifestly agrees in his dissertations concerning men: “There awaits man after death what they neither hope nor think.” Divinely, therefore, Paul writes expressly, “Tribulation worketh, patience, and patience experience, and experience hope; and hope maketh not ashamed.”1081    Rom. v. 3–5. For the patience is on account of the hope in the future. Now hope is synonymous with the recompense and restitution of hope; which maketh not ashamed, not being any more vilified.

But he who obeys the mere call, as he is called, neither for fear, nor for enjoyments, is on his way to knowledge (γνῶσις). For he does not consider whether any extrinsic lucrative gain or enjoyment follows to him; but drawn by the love of Him who is the true object of love, and led to what is requisite, practices piety. So that not even were we to suppose him to receive from God leave to do things forbidden with impunity; not even if he were to get the promise that he would receive as a reward the good things of the blessed; but besides, not even if he could persuade himself that God would be hoodwinked with reference to what he does (which is impossible), would he ever wish to do aught contrary to right reason, having once made choice of what is truly good and worthy of choice on its own account, and therefore to be loved. For it is not in the food of the belly, that we have heard good to be situated. But he has heard that “meat will not commend us,”1082    1 Cor. viii. 8. nor marriage, nor abstinence from marriage in ignorance; but virtuous gnostic conduct. For the dog, which is an irrational animal, may be said to be continent, dreading as it does the uplifted stick, and therefore keeping away from the meat. But let the predicted promise be taken away, and the threatened dread cancelled, and the impending danger removed, and the disposition of such people will be revealed.

Ὁ δὴ συνίων καὶ διορατικὸς οὗτός ἐστιν ὁ γνωστικός. ἔργον δὲ αὐτοῦ οὐχ ἡ ἀποχὴ τῶν κακῶν (ἐπιβάθρα γὰρ αὕτη προκοπῆς μεγίστης), οὐδὲ μὴν ποιεῖν τι ἀγαθὸν ἤτοι διὰ φόβον (γέγραπται γάρ· ποῦ φύγω καὶ ποῦ κρυβήσομαι ἀπὸ προσώπου σου; ἐὰν ἀναβῶ εἰς τὸν οὐρανόν, σὺ ἐκεῖ εἶ· ἐὰν ἀπέλθω εἰς τὰ ἔσχατα τῆς θαλάσσης, ἐκεῖ ἡ δεξιά σου· ἐὰν καταβῶ εἰς ἀβύσσους, ἐκεῖ τὸ πνεῦμά σου), ἀλλ' οὐδὲ δι' ἐλπίδα τιμῆς ἐπηγγελμένης (εἴρηται γάρ· ἰδοὺ κύριος καὶ ὁ μισθὸς αὐτοῦ ἀπὸ προσώπου αὐτοῦ, ἀποδοῦναι ἑκάστῳ κατὰ τὰ ἔργα αὐτοῦ ἃ ὀφθαλμὸς οὐκ εἶδε καὶ οὖς οὐκ ἤκουσεν καὶ ἐπὶ καρδίαν ἀνθρώπου. οὐκ ἀνέβη, ἃ ἡτοίμασεν ὁ θεὸς τοῖς ἀγαπῶσιν αὐτόν), μόνη δ' ἡ δι' ἀγάπην εὐποιία ἡ δι' αὐτὸ τὸ καλὸν αἱρετὴ τῷ γνωστικῷ. αὐτίκα ἐκ προσώπου τοῦ θεοῦ τῷ κυρίῳ λέλεκται· αἴτησαι παρ' ἐμοῦ καὶ δώσω σοι ἔθνη τὴν κληρονομίαν σου, αἴτημα τὸ βασιλικώτατον διδάσκων αἰτεῖσθαι τὴν τῶν ἀνθρώπων σωτηρίαν ἀμισθί, ἵνα δὴ ἡμεῖς κληρονομήσωμεν καὶ κτησώμεθα τὸν κύριον. ἔμπαλιν γὰρ χρείας τινὸς ἕνεκεν, ἵνα μοι τόδε γένηται καὶ τόδε μὴ γένηται, τῆς ἐπιστήμης ἐφίεσθαι τῆς περὶ τὸν θεὸν οὐκ ἴδιον γνωστικοῦ, ἀπόχρη δ' αὐτῷ αἰτία τῆς θεωρίας ἡ γνῶσις αὐτή. τολμήσας γὰρ εἴποιμ' ἄν, οὐ διὰ τὸ σῴζεσθαι βούλεσθαι τὴν γνῶσιν αἱρήσεται ὁ δι' αὐτὴν τὴν θείαν ἐπιστήμην μεθέπων τὴν γνῶσιν· τὸ μὲν γὰρ νοεῖν ἐκ συνασκήσεως εἰς τὸ ἀεὶ νοεῖν ἐκτείνεται, τὸ δὲ ἀεὶ νοεῖν, οὐσία τοῦ γινώσκοντος κατὰ ἀνάκρασιν ἀδιάστατον γενομένη καὶ ἀίδιος θεωρία, ζῶσα ὑπόστασις μένει. εἰ γοῦν τις καθ' ὑπόθεσιν προθείη τῷ γνωστικῷ, πότερον ἑλέσθαι βούλοιτο, τὴν γνῶσιν τοῦ θεοῦ ἢ τὴν σωτηρίαν τὴν αἰώνιον, εἴη δὲ ταῦτα κεχωρισμένα (παντὸς μᾶλλον ἐν ταὐτότητι ὄντα), οὐδὲ καθ' ὁτιοῦν διστάσας ἕλοιτ' ἂν τὴν γνῶσιν τοῦ θεοῦ, δι' αὑτὴν αἱρετὴν κρίνας εἶναι τὴν ἐπαναβεβηκυῖαν τῆς πίστεως δι' ἀγάπην εἰς γνῶσιν ἰδιότητα. αὕτη τοίνυν ἡ πρώτη ἀγαθοποιία τοῦ τελείου, ὅταν μὴ διά τι χρειῶδες τῶν εἰς αὐτὸν συντεινόντων γίνηται, κρί ναντος δ' ὅτι καλὸν τὸ ἀγαθὸν ποιεῖν, ἐκτενῶς ἡ ἐνέργεια φερομένη ἐν πάσῃ πράξει ἀγαθύνηται, οὐκ ἐφ' ὧν μέν, ἐφ' ὧν δ' οὔ, ἀλλ' ἐν ἕξει εὐποιίας καταστᾶσα μήτε διὰ δόξαν ἔτι ἤ, ὥς φασιν οἱ φιλόσοφοι, τὴν εὔκλειαν μήτε διὰ μισθὸν εἴτε παρὰ ἀνθρώπων εἴτε καὶ ἐκ θεοῦ· * * κατ' εἰκόνα καὶ καθ' ὁμοίωσιν τοῦ κυρίου τὸν βίον ἐκτελοίη. κἄν πως ἀγαθοεργοῦντι αὐτῷ ἐναντίον τι ἀπαντήσῃ. ὡς ἀπαθὴς τὴν ἀντιμισθίαν ἀμνησικάκως προήσεται, ἐπὶ δικαίους καὶ ἀδίκους δίκαιος καὶ ἀγαθὸς γινόμενος. τοιούτοις τισὶν ὁ κύριος λέγει· γίνεσθε ὡς ὁ πατὴρ ὑμῶν τέλειος. τούτῳ τέθνηκεν ἡ σάρξ. ζῇ δὲ αὐτὸς μόνος ἀφιερώσας τὸν τάφον εἰς ναὸν ἅγιον κυρίῳ, τὴν παλαιὰν ἁμαρτητικὴν ψυχὴν ἐπιστρέψας πρὸς θεόν. οὐκ ἐγκρατὴς οὗτος ἔτι, ἀλλ' ἐν ἕξει γέγονεν ἀπαθείας, σχῆμα θεῖον ἐπενδύσασθαι ἀναμένων. ἐὰν ποιήσῃς, φησίν, ἐλεημοσύνην, μηδεὶς γινωσκέτω. καὶ ἐὰν νηστεύσῃς, ἄλειψαι, ἵνα ὁ θεὸς μόνος γινώσκῃ, ἀνθρώπων δὲ οὐδὲ εἷς, ἀλλ' οὐδὲ αὐτὸς ὁ ἐλεῶν ὅτι ἐλεεῖ, γινώσκειν ὀφείλει· ἔσται γὰρ οὕτω ποτὲ μὲν οἰκτίρμων, ἄλλοτε δὲ οὔ. ἐπὰν δὲ ἐν ἕξει ποιήσῃ τὸ εὐεργετητικόν, φύσιν ἀγαθοῦ μιμήσεται· ἡ δὲ διάθεσις καὶ φύσις ἔσται καὶ συνάσκησις. οὐ δεῖ δὲ ἀρθέντας μετατεθῆναι, ἀλλὰ βαδίζοντας ἀφικέσθαι οἷ δεῖ, διὰ πάσης τῆς στενῆς διελθόντας ὁδοῦ· τοῦτο γάρ ἐστι τὸ ἑλκυσθῆναι ὑπὸ τοῦ πατρός, τὸ ἄξιον γενέσθαι τὴν δύναμιν τῆς χάριτος παρὰ τοῦ θεοῦ λαβεῖν [καὶ] ἀκωλύτως ἀναδραμεῖν· κἂν μισῶσι τὸν ἐκλεκτόν τινες, οἶδεν οὗτος τὴν ἄγνοιαν αὐτῶν, οἰκτείρων τῆς ἀμαθίας τὴν γνώμην αὐτῶν. εἰκότως οὖν ἡ γνῶσις αὕτη ἀγαπᾷ καὶ τοὺς ἀγνοοῦντας διδάσκει τε καὶ παιδεύει τὴν πᾶσαν κτίσιν τοῦ παντοκράτορος θεοῦ τιμᾶν. εἰ δὲ ἀγαπᾶν μεμάθηκε τὸν θεόν, οὐχ ἕξει τὴν ἀρετὴν ἀπόβλητον οὗτος οὐδαμῶς οὔτε ὕπαρ οὔτε ὄναρ οὐδὲ κατὰ φαντασίαν τινά· ἐπεὶ μηδ' ἐξίσταταί ποθ' ἑαυτῆς ἡ ἕξις ἀποπεσοῦσα τοῦ ἕξις εἶναι, εἴτ' οὖν ἕξις ἡ γνῶσις εἴτε διάθεσις εἶναι λέγοιτο. τῷ γὰρ μὴ παρεισιέναι ποτὲ ἐννοίας διαφόρους ἀναλλοίωτον τὸ ἡγεμονικὸν μένον οὐ προσλαμβάνει τινὰ ἑτεροίωσιν φαντασιῶν, τὰς ἐκ τῶν μεθημερινῶν κινήσεων ἀνειδωλοποιίας ὀνειρῶττον. διὰ τοῦτό τοι καὶ ὁ κύριος ἐγρηγορέναι παραγγέλλει, ὥστε μηδὲ ὄναρ ἡμῶν παθαίνεσθαί ποτε τὴν ψυχήν, ἀλλὰ καὶ τῆς νυκτὸς τὴν πολιτείαν ὡς ἐν ἡμέρᾳ ἐνεργουμένην καθαρὰν καὶ ἀκηλίδωτον διαφυλάττειν προστάττει. αὕτη γὰρ ἡ κατὰ δύναμιν ἐξομοίωσις πρὸς θεὸν τὸ φυλάττειν τὸν νοῦν ἐν τῇ κατὰ τὰ αὐτὰ σχέσει· αὕτη δὲ νοῦ σχέσις ὡς νοῦ, ἡ δὲ ποικίλη διάθεσις γίνεται τῇ πρὸς τὰ ὑλικὰ προσπαθείᾳ. ᾗ μοι δοκοῦσιν εὐφρόνην κεκληκέναι τὴν νύκτα, ἐπειδὴ τηνικάδε ἡ ψυχὴ πεπαυμένη τῶν αἰσθήσεων συννεύει πρὸς αὑτὴν καὶ μᾶλλον μετέχει τῆς φρονήσεως. διὰ ταῦτ' οὖν καὶ αἱ τελεταὶ γίνονται νυκτὸς μάλιστα, σημαίνουσαι τὴν ἐν νυκτὶ τῆς ψυχῆς συστολὴν ἀπὸ τοῦ σώματος. ἄρ' οὖν μὴ καθεύδωμεν ὡς οἱ λοιποί, ἀλλὰ γρηγορῶμεν καὶ νήφωμεν. οἱ γὰρ καθεύδοντες νυκτὸς καθεύδουσι καὶ οἱ μεθυσκόμενοι νυκτὸς μεθύουσιν· ἡμεῖς δὲ ἡμέρας ὄντες νήφωμεν, ἐνδυσάμενοι θώρακα πίστεως καὶ ἀγάπης καὶ περικεφαλαίαν ἐλπίδα σωτηρίου. ὅσα δ' αὖ περὶ ὕπνου λέγουσι, τὰ αὐτὰ χρὴ καὶ περὶ θανάτου ἐξακούειν. ἑκάτερος γὰρ δηλοῖ τὴν ἀπόστασιν τῆς ψυχῆς, ὃ μὲν μᾶλλον, ὃ δὲ ἧττον, ὅπερ ἐστὶ καὶ παρὰ Ἡρακλείτου λαβεῖν· ἄνθρωπος ἐν εὐφρόνῃ φάος· ἅπτεται ἑαυτῷ ἀποθανών, ἀποσβεσθεὶς ὄψεις, ζῶν δέ· ἅπτεται τεθνεῶτος εὕδων, ἀποσβεσθεὶς ὄψεις· ἐγρηγορὼς ἅπτεται εὕδοντος. μακάριοι γὰρ οἱ εἰδότες τὸν καιρὸν κατὰ τὸν ἀπόστολον, ὅτι ὥρα ὑμᾶς ἤδη ἐξ ὕπνου ἐγερθῆναι· νῦν γὰρ ἐγγύτερον ἡμῶν ἡ σωτηρία ἢ ὅτε ἐπιστεύσαμεν. ἡ νὺξ προέκοψεν, ἡ δὲ ἡμέρα ἤγγικεν. ἀποθώμεθα οὖν τὰ ἔργα τοῦ σκότους, ἐνδυσώμεθα δὲ τὰ ὅπλα τοῦ φωτός. ἡμέραν δὲ τὸν υἱὸν ἀλληγορεῖ καὶ φῶς, τάς τε αὖ παραγγελίας ὅπλα φωτὸς μεταφορικῶς. ταύτῃ τοι λελουμένους φασὶ δεῖν ἐπὶ τὰς ἱεροποιίας καὶ τὰς εὐχὰς ἰέναι, καθαροὺς καὶ λαμπρούς· καὶ τοῦτο μὲν συμβόλου χάριν γίνεται τὸ ἔξωθεν κεκοσμῆσθαί τε καὶ ἡγνίσθαι, ἁγνεία δέ ἐστι φρονεῖν ὅσια, καὶ δὴ καὶ ἡ εἰκὼν τοῦ βαπτίσματος εἴη ἂν καὶ ἡ ἐκ Μωυσέως παραδεδομένη τοῖς ποιηταῖς ὧδέ πως· ἣ δ' ὑδρηναμένη, καθαρὰ χροῒ εἵματ' ἔχουσα, ἡ Πηνελόπη ἐπὶ τὴν εὐχὴν ἔρχεται· Τηλέμαχος δέ, χεῖρας νιψάμενος πολιῆς ἁλός, εὔχετ' Ἀθήνῃ. ἔθος τοῦτο Ἰουδαίων, ὡς καὶ τὸ πολλάκις ἐπὶ κοίτῃ βαπτίζεσθαι. εὖ γοῦν κἀκεῖνο εἴρηται· ἴσθι μὴ λουτρῷ, ἀλλὰ νόῳ καθαρός. ἁγνεία γάρ, οἶμαι, τελεία ἡ τοῦ νοῦ καὶ τῶν ἔργων καὶ τῶν διανοημάτων, πρὸς δὲ καὶ τῶν λόγων εἰλικρίνεια καὶ τελευταία ἡ κατὰ τὰ ἐνύπνια ἀναμαρτησία. Ἱκανὴ δέ, οἶμαι, ἀνθρώπῳ κάθαρσις μετάνοια ἀκριβὴς καὶ βεβαία, εἴ γε κατεγνωκότες ἑαυτῶν ἐπὶ ταῖς προγενομέναις πράξεσι προΐεμεν εἰς τὸ πρόσθεν, μετὰ ταῦτα νοήσαντες καὶ τὸν νοῦν ἐξαναδύντες τῶν τε κατ' αἴσθησιν τερπόντων καὶ τῶν πρόσθεν πλημμελημάτων. εἰ γοῦν τὴν ἐπιστήμην ἐτυμολογεῖν χρὴ καὶ ἀπὸ τῆς στάσεως τὴν ἐπιβολὴν αὐτῆς ληπτέον, ὅτι ἵστησιν ἡμῶν ἐν τοῖς πράγμασι τὴν ψυχήν, ἄλλοτε ἄλλως πρότερον φερομένην, ὡσαύτως καὶ τὴν πίστιν ἐτυμολογητέον τὴν περὶ τὸ ὂν στάσιν τῆς ψυχῆς ἡμῶν. ἡμεῖς δὲ τὸν ἀεὶ καὶ ἐν πᾶσι δίκαιον ποθοῦμεν μαθεῖν, ὃς μήτε τὴν ἐκ τοῦ νόμου δεδιὼς κόλασιν μήτε τὴν τῶν συνόντων καὶ ἐπεξιόντων τοῖς πλημμεληθεῖσι μισοπονηρίαν εὐλαβούμενος μήτε τὸν ἐξ αὐτῶν τῶν ἀδικουμένων κίνδυνον ὑφορώμενος διαμένει δίκαιος· ὁ γὰρ διὰ ταῦτα τοῦ πράττειν τι τῶν ἀδίκων ἀπεχόμενος οὐχ ἑκὼν χρηστός, φόβῳ δὲ ἀγαθός. καὶ ὅ γε Ἐπίκουρος ἀδικεῖν ἐπὶ κέρδει τινὶ βούλεσθαι [οὔ] φησι τὸν κατ' αὐτὸν σοφόν· πίστιν γὰρ λαβεῖν περὶ τοῦ λαθεῖν οὐ δύνασθαι. ὥστε εἰ πεισθήσεται λήσειν, ἀδικήσει κατ' αὐτόν. καὶ τοιαῦτα μὲν τὰ σκοτεινὰ δόγματα· εἰ δὲ καὶ ἐλπίδι τῆς ἐπὶ δικαίοις παρὰ τοῦ θεοῦ ἀμοιβῆς ἀφέξεταί τις τοῦ ἀδικεῖν, οὐδ' οὗτος ἑκὼν χρηστεύσεται· ὡς γὰρ ἐκεῖνον ὁ φόβος, οὕτω τοῦτον ὁ μισθὸς δικαιοῖ, μᾶλλον δὲ δίκαιον εἶναι δοκεῖν δείκνυσι. τὴν δὲ ἐλπίδα τὴν μετὰ θάνατον οὐ μόνον οἱ τὴν βάρβαρον σοφίαν μετιόντες ἴσασι τοῖς μὲν ἀγαθοῖς καλήν, τοῖς δὲ φαύλοις ἔμπαλιν, ἀλλὰ καὶ οἱ Πυθαγόρειοι· τέλος γὰρ κἀκεῖνοι τὴν ἐλπίδα ὑπηγόρευον τοῖς φιλοσοφοῦσιν, ὅπου γε καὶ ὁ Σωκράτης ἐν Φαίδωνι μετὰ ἀγαθῆς ἐλπίδος φησὶ τὰς καλὰς ψυχὰς ἐνθένδε ἀπιέναι, καὶ πάλιν τοὺς πονηροὺς κακίζων ἀντιτίθησι ζῶσι γὰρ μετὰ κακῆς ἐλπίδος λέγων. συνᾴδειν τούτῳ καὶ ὁ Ἡράκλειτος φαίνεται δι' ὧν φησι περὶ τῶν ἀνθρώπων διαλεγόμενος· ἀνθρώπους μένει ἀποθανόντας ἅσσα οὐκ ἔλπονται οὐδὲ δοκέουσιν. Θείως οὖν ὁ Παῦλος Ῥωμαίοις ἄντικρυς ἐπιστέλλει· ἡ θλῖψις ὑπομονὴν κατεργάζεται, ἡ δὲ ὑπομονὴ δοκιμήν, ἡ δὲ δοκιμὴ ἐλπίδα, ἡ δὲ ἐλπὶς οὐ καταισχύνει. δι' ἐλπίδα μὲν γὰρ τὴν μέλλουσαν ἡ ὑπομονή· ἐλπὶς δὲ ὁμωνύμως καὶ ἡ τῆς ἐλπίδος ἀπόδοσίς τε καὶ ἀποκατάστασις, ἣ καὶ οὐ καταισχύνει μὴ ὀνειδιζομένη ἔτι. ὁ δὲ ψιλῇ κλήσει καθὸ κέκληται ὑπακούων οὔτε διὰ φόβον οὔτε διὰ ἡδονὰς ἐπὶ τὴν γνῶσιν ἵεται· οὐ γὰρ περισκέπτεται εἴ τι λυσιτελὲς ἔξωθεν ἕπεται κέρδος ἢ ἀπόλαυσις αὐτῷ, ἀγάπῃ δὲ τοῦ ὄντως ὄντος ἐραστοῦ ἑλκόμενος καὶ πρὸς τὸ δέον ἀγόμενος θεοσεβεῖ. ὅθεν οὐδ' εἰ καθ' ὑπόθεσιν ἐξουσίαν λάβοι παρὰ τοῦ θεοῦ πράττειν τὰ ἀπηγορευμένα ἀτιμώρητος τε ὤν, οὐδ' εἰ καὶ μισθὸν τὰ μακάρων ἀγαθὰ λήψεσθαι ἐπὶ τοῖσδε ἐπαγγελίαν προσλάβοι, ἀλλ' εἰ καὶ λήσεσθαι τὸν θεὸν ἐφ' οἷς πράττει πεισθείη, ὅπερ ἀδύνατον, πρᾶξαί τι παρὰ τὸν λόγον τὸν ὀρθὸν ἐθελήσαι ποτ' ἄν, τὸ ὄντως καλὸν καὶ αἱρετὸν ἐξ ἑαυτοῦ καὶ ταύτῃ ἀγαπητὸν εἶναι ἅπαξ ἑλόμενος· οὐ γὰρ ἐν γαστρὸς βορᾷ τὸ χρηστὸν εἶναι διειλήφαμεν. ἀκήκοεν δ' ἐκεῖνος ὡς βρῶμα ἡμᾶς οὐ παραστήσει οὐδὲ μὴν γάμος, ἀλλ' οὐδὲ ἀποχὴ γάμου ἐν ἀγνωσίᾳ, ἀλλὰ τὸ κατ' ἀρετὴν ἔργον τὸ γνωστικόν, ἐπεὶ καὶ ὁ κύων τὸ ζῷον τὸ ἄλογον ἐγκρατὲς λεγέσθω τὸν ἐπαιρόμενον τὴν βακτηρίαν δεδιὸς καὶ διὰ τοῦτο τοῦ ὄψου ἀπεχόμενον. τῶν τοιούτων εὖ ἴσθι ὅτι περιαιρεθεῖσα ἡ ὑπόσχεσις ἡ προεπηγγελμένη καὶ ὁ φόβος περιγραφεὶς ὁ ἐπηπειλημένος καὶ χωρισθεὶς ὁ κίνδυνος ὁ ἐπηρτημένος τὴν πρόθεσιν ἐλέγχει.