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of a captive and slave considered so by misfortune, who, having been brought to Rome pregnant, gave birth a short time later, and named the child Servius, as if we should say servile. He further added to the size of the city, and drove a very great ditch around the wall. And being the first of all to count the multitude of the Romans, he found that there were eighty-three thousand citizens, in addition to those living in the country. Dividing these into companies, and imposing on each man's property assessments according to the proportion of his means, he introduced the most just and most beneficial constitution of all. For by this arrangement he made the enrollments of soldiers and the assessments of taxes and the valuations of lives; for he invented four instruments of punishment. And having held power for forty years, he was destroyed, treacherously murdered by Tarquinius Superbus. Tarquinius Superbus. This man immediately moved everyone toward greater willfulness, and made the government more oppressive, changing the laws and appointing magistrates, and through them tormenting the people with all kinds of great bonds and punishments and exiles 1.262; for he himself invented bonds, scourges, stocks, prisons, jails, collars, fetters, chains, exiles, mines, and any other evil thing. and he was as warlike as anyone who has ever lived, and arrogant and boastful. whence also he acquired this surname; for the Romans call the arrogant "superbi". This man was hated by the Romans both for other reasons and on account of his namesake Tarquinius, who, journeying by night from the camp, violated by force a Latin woman named Lucretia, a noble among the Romans. And she reported the crime against her to her husband who returned a short time later, and to her father and the rest of her relatives; and having laid many curses on her blood-relatives, if they should leave her misfortune unavenged, she drew a sword which she carried hidden under her robes, and killed herself in the sight of those present. This incited the whole city to anger, but also Brutus, who was related to her by birth, a man of the people and a tyrant-hater, who especially stirred up the populace to revolt from the king. And Tarquinius was deprived of all authority; for at the same time as the uprising in the city, the Roman army that was at Ardea also deserted the tyrant and departed, paying no heed to his calling them back or begging them to stay. And Tarquinius, at a loss in his present circumstances, rode toward Rome, intending to stop the disturbance by his arrival and to recover his power with persuasion; but being thrust out by the citizens, 1.263 he withdrew with his family, having reigned for 24 years. at which time the city was freed from tyranny. And a democracy governed Rome for forty-three years with two generals holding office annually, whom they named consuls, as being generals and counselors and leaders; but the Greeks call these men "hypatoi". Under this democracy the Gauls, exercising tyranny, came against the Romans. And the Romans sent Manlius as general against them, who, having routed them, returned. And there was a certain senator descended from the party of the Gauls, named Februarius. When this Manlius, also called Capitolinus, once entered the Comentum and gave good counsel, Februarius bitterly reproached Manlius as one meditating sedition. Therefore Manlius was rejected and stripped of his property. After this, when the Gauls overran Rome by night in winter and killed the guards and were slaying everyone in the middle of the city, and while those who were able fled to the Capitol, Manlius, also called Capitolinus, having perceived this, did not hold a grudge against those who had aggrieved him, but gathering as many of the citizens and countrymen as he could, and falling unexpectedly upon the Gauls, all of them with their king

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αἰχμαλώτου δὲ καὶ δούλης κατὰ τὴν συμφο ρὰν νενομισμένης, ἥτις εἰς Ῥώμην ἀχθεῖσα ἔγκυος, μικρὸν ὕστερον τεκοῦσα, Σέρβιον τὸ τεχθὲν ἐπωνόμασεν, ὡς ἂν εἰ εἴποιμεν δού λειον. οὗτος ἔτι προσέθηκε τῷ μεγέθει τῆς πόλεως, καὶ τάφρον ὅτι μεγίστην περὶ τὸ τεῖχος ἤλασε. καὶ πρῶτος ἁπάντων τὸ τῶν Ῥωμαίων πλῆθος ἀριθμηθεὶς εὗρεν ὀκτὼ μυριάδας πολιτῶν οὔσας σὺν τρισχιλίοις ἀνδράσι, πρὸς τοῖς ἐπὶ τῶν ἀγρῶν διαιτωμένοις. οὓς εἰς λόχους κατανείμας, καὶ ταῖς οὐσίαις ἑκάστου τιμήματα πρὸς λόγον τῆς δυνάμεως ἐπιθείς, δικαιότατον ἁπάντων πολίτευμα καὶ πολυωφελέστατον εἰσηγάγετο. ταύτῃ γὰρ τῇ διακοσμήσει τάς τε τῶν στρατιωτῶν καταγραφὰς καὶ τὰς τῶν εἰσφορῶν συν τάξεις καὶ τὰ τιμήματα τῶν βίων ἐποιεῖτο· τέσσαρα γὰρ οὗτος τὰ τιμωρημάτων ἐφεῦρεν ὄργανα. καὶ τεσσαράκοντα ἔτη τῆς ἀρχῆς κρατήσας διαφθείρεται, δολοφονηθεὶς ὑπὸ Ταρκυνίου Σουπέρβου. Ταρκύνιος Σούπερβος. οὗτος εὐθὺς πάντας ἐκίνησεν ἐπὶ τὸ αὐθαδέστερον, καὶ βαρυτέραν τὴν πολιτείαν ἀπέφηνε, τούς τε νόμους μεταθεὶς καὶ ἄρχοντας προβαλλόμενος, καὶ δι' αὐτῶν τὸν δῆμον δεσμοῖς παντοίοις καὶ μεγάλοις καὶ κολάσεσι καὶ ἐξορίαις 1.262 αἰκιζόμενος· αὐτὸς γὰρ ἐξεῦρε δεσμά, μάστιγας, ξύλα, εἰρκτάς, φυλακάς, κλοιούς, πέδας, ἁλύσεις, ἐξορίας, μέταλλα καὶ εἴ τι ἄλλο κακόν. φιλοπόλεμός τε εἰ καί τις ἄλλος πώποτε γέγονεν, ὑπερόπτης τε καὶ ἀλαζών. ὅθεν καὶ τὴν ἐπωνυμίαν ταύτην ἀπη νέγκατο· σουπέρβους γὰρ τοὺς ὑπερηφάνους Ῥωμαῖοι ὀνομάζου σιν. οὗτος παρὰ Ῥωμαίοις μισηθεὶς διά τε τἆλλα καὶ διὰ τὸν ὁμώνυμον αὐτῷ Ταρκύνιον, ὃς καὶ γυναῖκα Λατίνου Λουκρητίαν λεγομένην εὐγενῆ παρὰ Ῥωμαίοις νυκτὸς ἀπὸ τοῦ στρατοπέδου πορευθεὶς πρὸς βίαν ᾔσχυνεν. ἡ δὲ τὸ περὶ αὐτὴν ἀδίκημα τῷ τε ἀνδρὶ μικρὸν ὕστερον ἐπανελθόντι καὶ τῷ πατρὶ καὶ τῇ λοιπῇ κατε μήνυσε συγγενείᾳ· καὶ ἐπαρασαμένη πολλὰ τοῖς ἐφ' αἵματος, εἰ τὴν συμφορὰν αὐτῆς καταλίποιεν ἀτιμώρητον, ξίφος σπασαμένη ὅπερ ὑπὸ τοῖς κόλποις ἀφανῶς ἔφερεν, ἑαυτὴν ἐν ὄψει τῶν παρόν των κατειργάσατο. τοῦτο πᾶσαν τὴν πόλιν εἰς ὀργὴν ἀνῆψεν, ἀλλὰ καὶ Βροῦτον προσήκοντα μὲν κατὰ γένος ἐκείνῃ, ἄνδρα δὲ δημοτικόν τε καὶ μισοτύραννον, ὃς μάλιστα τὸ πλῆθος εἰς τὴν τοῦ βασιλέως ἤγειρεν ἀποστασίαν. ἀφείλετό τε τῆς ἐξουσίας πά σης Ταρκύνιος· ἅμα γὰρ τῇ κατὰ τὴν πόλιν ἐπαναστάσει, καὶ ἡ πρὸς Ἀρδέαν οὖσα στρατιὰ Ῥωμαίων ἀπολιποῦσα τὸν τύραννον ᾤχετο, οὐδὲν οὔτε ἀνακαλοῦντος οὐδὲ μένειν δεομένου πεφροντι κυῖα. Ταρκύνιος δὲ τοῖς παροῦσιν ἀμηχανῶν ἤλαυνεν ἐπὶ τὴν Ῥώμην ὡς παύσων τῇ παρόδῳ τὴν ταραχὴν καὶ τὴν δυναστείαν μετὰ πειθοῦς ἀναληψόμενος· ἀπεωσθεὶς δὲ ὑπὸ τῶν πολιτῶν 1.263 ἀπεχώρει σὺν τοῖς οἰκείοις, βασιλεύσας ἔτη κδʹ. καθ' ὃν δὴ χρόνον ἡ πόλις ἀπελύθη τῆς τυραννίδος. ∆ημοκρατία δὲ τὴν Ῥώμην ἐπὶ χρόνους τεσσαράκοντα τρεῖς δυσὶ στρατηγοῖς ἐναυσιαίαν ἔχουσι τὴν ἀρχὴν ἐφύλαττεν, οὓς κον σούλους οἷα δὴ στρατηγοὺς καὶ προβούλους καὶ προηγόρους ὠνό μαζον· ὑπάτους δὲ τούτους οἱ Ἕλληνες λέγουσιν. ἐπὶ ταύτης τῆς δημοκρατίας οἱ Γάλλοι τυραννήσαντες κατὰ Ῥωμαίων ἔρχονται. καὶ Μάλιον στρατηγὸν οἱ Ῥωμαῖοι κατ' αὐτῶν στέλλουσιν, ὃς καὶ τροπωσάμενος αὐτοὺς ὑπέστρεψεν. ἦν δέ τις ἐκ τοῦ μέρους τῶν Γάλλων καταγόμενος συγκλητικός, Φεβρουάριος ὀνομαζόμενος. οὗτος Μαλίου τοῦ καὶ Καπιτωλίνου ἐν Κομέντῳ ποτὲ εἰσελθόντος καὶ ἀγαθὰ συμβουλεύσαντος, ὁ Φεβρουάριος πικρῶς ὠνείδισε Μάλιον ὡς ἀνταρσίαν μελετῶντος. διὸ καὶ ἀποδοκιμάζεται Μάλιος καὶ τῆς ὑπάρξεως διῄρηται. μετὰ ταῦτα τῶν Γάλλων νυκτὸς τὴν Ῥώμην καταδραμόντων ἐν χειμῶνι καὶ τοὺς φύλακας ἀποκτει νάντων καὶ ἐν τῷ μέσῳ τῆς πόλεως πάντας ἀναιρούντων, τῶν δὲ δυναμένων εἰς τὸ Καπιτώλιον φυγόντων, Μάλιος ὁ καὶ Καπιτω λῖνος τοῦτο διεγνωκὼς οὐ τοῖς λελυπηκόσιν ἐνεκότησεν, ἀλλ' ὅσους ἠδυνήθη τῶν πολιτῶν καὶ ἐγχωρίων συλλέξας, καὶ ἀπροόπτως τοῖς Γάλλοις ἐπιπεσών, πάντας μετὰ τοῦ ῥηγὸς