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for it is not able. What then, he says? Is this not a charge? And it is very much a charge indeed; for the evil man, as long as he is evil, cannot be subject; however, he can change and become good. 2. Let us therefore cast out the thoughts of the flesh. And what are the things of the flesh? Whatever makes the body flourish and be comfortable, but harms the soul; as for example; Wealth, luxury, glory; all these things are of the flesh; the love of bodies. Therefore, let us not love excess, but let us always pursue poverty; for this is a great good. But it makes one humble, he says, and of no account. For we have need of this; for this contributes much to us. Poverty, he says, humbles a man; and again Christ: Blessed are the poor in spirit. Are you then grieved for this, that you have a road leading to virtue? Do you not know that this gives us much boldness? But the wisdom, he says, of the poor man is despised; and again another says: Give me neither poverty nor riches; and: Deliver me from the furnace of poverty. But how again, if riches and poverty are from the Lord, is poverty evil, 63.137 or riches? For what reason then were these things said? These things were said in the Old Testament, where there was much talk of wealth, where there was much contempt for poverty, where the one was a curse, and the other a blessing. But now it is no longer so; but do you wish to hear the praises of poverty? Christ himself pursued it, and says: But the Son of man has nowhere to lay his head. And again he said to the disciples: Possess neither gold, nor silver, nor two tunics. And Paul writing said: As having nothing, and yet possessing all things. And Peter said to the man lame from his birth: Silver and gold have I none. And in the Old Testament itself, where wealth was admired, who, tell me, were the admirable ones? Was it not Elijah, who had nothing but his sheepskin? Was it not Elisha, not John? Therefore, let no one be humbled by poverty; it is not poverty that makes one humble, but wealth which compels one to need many things, and forces one to be grateful to many. And what was poorer than Jacob, tell me, who said: If the Lord will give me bread to eat, and a garment to put on? Were those around Elijah and John without boldness? Did not the one rebuke Ahab, and the other Herod? That one said: It is not lawful for you to have the wife of your brother Philip; and Elijah said to Ahab with boldness: I am not the one troubling Israel, but you and your father’s house. Do you see that poverty rather produces boldness? For the rich man is a slave, being liable to loss, and affording an opportunity to anyone who wishes to do him harm; but he who has nothing fears neither confiscation nor condemnation. Therefore, if poverty made men without boldness, Christ would not have sent the disciples with poverty on a matter requiring much boldness. For the poor man is exceedingly strong, and has no means by which he may be wronged or suffer harm. The rich man, however, becomes easy to handle from every side; and the same thing happens as if someone could easily seize one who is dragging many long ropes, but would not be able to easily restrain a naked man. So also it happens here in the case of the rich man; slaves, gold, fields, countless affairs, countless cares, circumstances, necessities make him easy to handle for all. 3. Therefore, let no one henceforth think poverty to be the cause of dishonor. For if virtue is present, all the wealth of the world is not even clay or a speck of dust compared to it. Let us therefore pursue this, if we wish to enter into the kingdom of heaven. For, Sell your possessions, he says, and give to the poor, and you will have treasure in heaven; and again: It is difficult for a rich man to enter into the kingdom of heaven. Do you see that one must draw it to oneself even when it is not present? So great a good is poverty; for it is a sort of guide on the road that leads to heaven, an athletic anointing, a great and wonderful exercise, a calm harbor. But I have need of many things, he says, and I do not wish to receive a favor from anyone; but in this also the rich man is inferior to you. For you perhaps on behalf of

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οὐδὲ γὰρ δύναται. Τί οὖν, φησίν; οὐκ ἔστιν ἔγκλημα τοῦτο; Καὶ σφόδρα μὲν οὖν ἔγκλημα· ὁ γὰρ κακὸς, ἕως ἂν ᾖ κακὸς, οὐ δύναται ὑποτάττεσθαι· μεταβαλέσθαι μέντοι καὶ γενέσθαι ἀγαθὸς δύναται. βʹ. Ἐκβάλωμεν τοίνυν τὰ φρονήματα τὰ σαρκικά. Ποῖα δέ ἐστι τὰ σαρκικά; Ὅσα τὸ μὲν σῶμα ἀνθεῖν ποιεῖ καὶ εὐπαθεῖν, κακοῖ δὲ τὴν ψυχήν· οἷόν τι λέγω· Ὁ πλοῦτος, ἡ τρυφὴ, ἡ δόξα· πάντα ταῦτα τῆς σαρκός ἐστιν· ὁ ἔρως τῶν σωμάτων. Μὴ τοίνυν τοῦ πλείονος ἐρῶμεν, ἀλλὰ τὴν πενίαν ἀεὶ διώκωμεν· αὕτη γὰρ μέγα ἀγαθόν. Ἀλλὰ ταπεινὸν, φησὶ, καὶ εὐτελῆ ποιεῖ. Τούτου γὰρ ἡμῖν χρεία· πολὺ γὰρ ἡμῖν τοῦτο συμβάλλεται. Πενία, φησὶν, ἄνδρα ταπεινοῖ· καὶ πάλιν ὁ Χριστός· Μακάριοι οἱ πτωχοὶ τῷ πνεύματι. ∆ιὰ τοῦτο οὖν ἀλγεῖς, ὅτι ἔχεις ὁδὸν εἰς ἀρετὴν χειραγωγοῦσαν; οὐκ οἶδας ὅτι αὕτη πολλὴν παῤῥησίαν ἡμῖν δίδωσιν; Ἀλλ' ἡ σοφία, φησὶ, τοῦ πένητός ἐστιν ἐξουθενημένη· καὶ πάλιν ἕτερός τίς φησι· Πλοῦτον καὶ πενίαν, μή μοι δῷς· καί· Ἐκ καμίνου πενίας ῥῦσαί με. Πῶς δὲ πάλιν, εἰ πλοῦτος καὶ πενία παρὰ Κυρίου, κακὸν ἡ πενία, 63.137 ἢ ὁ πλοῦτος; Τίνος οὖν ἕνεκεν ταῦτα εἴρηται; Ταῦτα ἐλέγετο ἐν τῇ Παλαιᾷ, ἔνθα πολὺς ὁ λόγος τοῦ πλούτου, ἔνθα τῆς πενίας πολλὴ ἦν ἡ ὑπεροψία, ἔνθα τὸ μὲν κατάρα ἦν, τὸ δὲ εὐλογία. Ἀλλὰ νῦν οὐκέτι· ἀλλὰ θέλεις ἀκοῦσαι τῆς πενίας ἐγκώμια; αὐτὴν μετῆλθεν ὁ Χριστὸς, καί φησιν· Ὁ δὲ Υἱὸς τοῦ ἀνθρώπου οὐκ ἔχει ποῦ τὴν κεφαλὴν κλίνῃ. Καὶ πάλιν τοῖς μαθηταῖς ἔλεγε· Μὴ κτήσησθε χρυσὸν, μήτε ἄργυρον, μήτε δύο χιτῶνας. Καὶ ὁ Παῦλος γράφων ἔλεγεν· Ὡς μηδὲν ἔχοντες, καὶ πάντα κατέχοντες. Καὶ Πέτρος ἔλεγε τῷ ἐκ γενετῆς χωλῷ· Ἀργύριον καὶ χρυσίον οὐχ ὑπάρχει μοι. Καὶ ἐν αὐτῇ δὲ τῇ Παλαιᾷ, ἔνθα ἐθαυμάζετο ὁ πλοῦτος, τίνες, εἰπέ μοι, ἦσαν οἱ θαυμαστοί; οὐχὶ Ἠλίας ὁ πλὴν τῆς μηλωτῆς μηδὲν ἔχων; οὐχὶ Ἑλισσαῖος, οὐχὶ Ἰωάννης; Μηδεὶς τοίνυν ἔστω ταπεινὸς διὰ πενίαν· οὐκ ἔστι πενία ἡ ποιοῦσα ταπεινὸν, ἀλλὰ πλοῦτος ὁ πολλῶν δεῖσθαι καταναγκάζων, καὶ πολλοῖς εἰδέναι χάριτας βιαζόμενος. Τί δὲ τοῦ Ἰακὼβ πενέστερον ἦν, εἰπέ μοι, ὃς ἔλεγεν· Ἐὰν δῷ μοι Κύριος ἄρτον φαγεῖν, καὶ ἱμάτιον περιβαλέσθαι; Ἆρα ἀπαῤῥησίαστοι ἦσαν οἱ περὶ Ἠλίαν καὶ Ἰωάννην; οὐχ ὁ μὲν τὸν Ἀχαὰβ ἤλεγχεν, ὁ δὲ τὸν Ἡρώδην; Ἐκεῖνος ἔλεγεν· Οὐκ ἔξεστί σοι ἔχειν τὴν γυναῖκα Φιλίππου τοῦ ἀδελφοῦ σου· ὁ δὲ Ἠλίας πρὸς τὸν Ἀχαὰβ μετὰ παῤῥησίας ἔλεγεν· Οὐκ ἐγὼ διαστρέφω τὸν Ἰσραὴλ, ἀλλὰ σὺ καὶ ὁ οἶκος τοῦ πατρός σου. Ὁρᾷς ὅτι τοῦτο μᾶλλον ποιεῖ τὴν παῤῥησίαν, ἡ πενία; Ὁ μὲν γὰρ πλούσιος δοῦλός ἐστιν, ὑπεύθυνος ὢν ζημίᾳ, καὶ παρέχων παντὶ τῷ βουλομένῳ κακῶς αὐτὸν ποιεῖν· ὁ δὲ μηδὲν ἔχων, δήμευσιν οὐ δέδοικεν οὐδὲ καταδίκην. Οὐκ ἂν οὖν, εἰ ἡ πενία ἐποίει ἀπαῤῥησιάστους, ὁ Χριστὸς μετὰ πενίας ἔπεμπε τοὺς μαθητὰς εἰς πρᾶγμα παῤῥησίας πολλῆς δεόμενον. Σφόδρα γὰρ ἰσχυρὸς ὁ πένης ἐστὶ, καὶ οὐκ ἔχει ὅθεν ἀδικηθῇ, ἢ πάθῃ κακῶς. Ὁ μέντοι πλούσιος πανταχόθεν εὐχείρωτος καθίσταται· καὶ ταὐτὸν γίνεται, οἷον ἄν τις τὸν πολλὰ σχοινία ἐπισυρόμενον καὶ μακρὰ, ῥᾳδίως ἕλοι, τὸν μέντοι γυμνὸν οὐκ εὐκόλως κατασχεῖν δυνήσεται. Οὕτω καὶ ἐνταῦθα ἐπὶ τοῦ πλουσίου συμβαίνει· ἀνδράποδα, χρυσίον, ἀγροὶ, μυρία πράγματα, μυρίαι φροντίδες, περιστάσεις, ἀνάγκαι πᾶσιν αὐτὸν εὐχείρωτον ἐργάζονται. γʹ. Μηδεὶς τοίνυν λοιπὸν τὴν πενίαν τῆς ἀτιμίας αἰτίαν εἶναι νομιζέτω. Ἐὰν γὰρ ἀρετὴ παρῇ, ἅπας ὁ τῆς οἰκουμένης πλοῦτος οὐδὲ πηλὸς, οὐδὲ κάρφος ἐστὶ πρὸς αὐτήν. Ταύτην τοίνυν διώκωμεν, εἰ βουλοίμεθα εἰσελθεῖν εἰς τὴν βασιλείαν τῶν οὐρανῶν. Πώλησον γάρ σου, φησὶ, τὰ ὑπάρχοντα, καὶ δὸς πτωχοῖς, καὶ ἕξεις θησαυρὸν ἐν οὐρανῷ· καὶ πάλιν· ∆ύσκολον πλούσιον εἰσελθεῖν εἰς τὴν βασιλείαν τῶν οὐρανῶν. Ὁρᾷς ὅτι καὶ μὴ παροῦσαν αὐτὴν ἐπισπάσασθαι δεῖ; Τοσοῦτόν ἐστιν ἀγαθὸν ἡ πενία· χειραγωγία γάρ τίς ἐστι τῆς πρὸς τὸν οὐρανὸν φερούσης ὁδοῦ, ἄλειμμα ἀθλητικὸν, γυμνασία τις μεγάλη καὶ θαυμαστὴ, λιμὴν εὐδιεινός. Ἀλλὰ χρείαν ἔχω πολλῶν, φησὶ, καὶ οὐ βούλομαί τινος χάριν λαβεῖν· ἀλλὰ καὶ ἐν τούτῳ σου ὁ πλούσιος ἠλάττωται. Σὺ μὲν γὰρ ἴσως ὑπὲρ