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and that living creatures are produced by evaporation from the sun, and that winds are produced when the finest vapors are separated from the air and are set in motion when they have gathered, and rains from the vapor given off from things under the sun, and lightning, whenever wind falling upon the clouds parts them. And that man was at first born similar to a fish. Sixth, Anaximenes. He said that infinite air is the first principle, from which come the things that are, and that have been, and that will be, and gods and divine things. And that the earth is flat, riding upon the air. Similarly the sun and the moon and all the other stars, being fiery, ride upon the air because of their flatness. The stars came from the earth because moisture rises from it, which, when rarefied, becomes fire; and that there are also earthy bodies in the region of the stars, carried around with them. He flourished in the time of Alexander of Macedon, of whom he also became a teacher. 1.278 Seventh, Anaxagoras, who was called Nous (Mind), because he said that matter and mind are the principle and guardian of all things, with mind being the agent and matter being what is produced. For when all things were of a like nature, mind came upon them and brought them into order. He it is who said the sun is a fiery mass, that is, a fiery stone; for a *mydros* is unwrought iron made red-hot. The saying "the fiery sun was once a mass" and because of this Anaxagoras was about to die. Because he also said the sun was larger than the Peloponnese. This man, being from Clazomenae, left his property to flocks and camels. Concerning him Apollonius of Tyana said that he philosophized for sheep rather than for men. But Crates the Theban threw his property into the sea, making it useful neither for sheep nor for men. He flourished in the first year of the 88th Olympiad, at which time Plato is also said to have been born. Eighth, Archelaus. He spoke of the mixture of matter similarly to Anaxagoras, and likewise of the first principles. And concerning living creatures he says that when the earth was first warmed in its lower part, where the hot and the cold were mixed, both the animals and men appeared, and later generation from one another followed for them. He too flourished in the time of Anaxagoras, and also composed a natural philosophy. Ninth, Plato, a student of Socrates; and Socrates 1.279 was a student of Archelaus the physicist; and of all his students, he had the most capable in Plato. He said that the principles of the universe are God and matter and the paradigm, which he also calls the thought of God and idea, like a certain image, paying attention to which, he says, God created all things. And God is incorporeal and without form and incorruptible and comprehensible only to wise men, calling God the one who made and ordered this universe and provides for it, and matter that which underlies all things, which he calls a nurse, from which, when ordered, the four elements came to be, from which the cosmos is composed, as he says in the *Laws*, "God, then, as the ancient story has it, holding the beginning and the end and the middle of all things that are, proceeds in a straight line as he travels according to nature. With him ever follows Justice, the avenger of those who fall short of the divine law. He who is to be happy cleaves to her and follows her humbly and in good order; but if anyone is puffed up with pride or exalted by riches and proceeds with insolence, this one is left deserted by God." He says that matter is co-eternal with God and that the cosmos is uncreated; for he says it is composed of matter. And with the uncreated follows necessarily also the incorruptible. The same man declares also other, indefinite gods, when he says "Gods of gods, of whom I am craftsman and father." And sometimes also definite ones, saying "The great Zeus in heaven, driving a winged chariot," and when he gives the genealogy of the children of Heaven and Earth. And having established 1.280 the one God, he introduces also created gods, and because they have been created, they must of necessity also perish, but through the will of God they are immortal again. The same man also points out the craftsman of the universe

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τὰ δὲ ζώδια γίνεσθαι ἐξατμιζόμενα ὑπὸ τοῦ ἡλίου, ἀνέμους δὲ γίνεσθαι τῶν λεπτοτάτων ἀτμῶν ἐκ τοῦ ἀέρος ἀποκρι νομένων καὶ ὅταν ἀθροισθῶσι κινουμένων, ὑετοὺς δὲ ἐκ τῆς ἀτμί δος τῆς ἐκ τῶν ὑφ' ἥλιον ἀναδιδουμένης, ἀστραπὰς δέ, ὅταν ἄνε μος ἐκπίπτων διίστησι τὰς νεφέλας. τὸν δὲ ἄνθρωπον κατ' ἀρχὰς ἰχθύϊ παραπλήσιον γενέσθαι. Ἕκτος Ἀναξιμένης. οὗτος ἀέρα ἄπειρον τὴν ἀρχὴν ἔφη εἶναι, ἐξ οὗ τὰ γινόμενα καὶ τὰ γεγονότα καὶ τὰ ἐσόμενα καὶ θεοὺς καὶ θεῖα γίνεσθαι. τὴν δὲ γῆν πλατεῖαν ἐπ' ἀέρα ὀχουμέ νην. ὁμοίως δὲ ἥλιον καὶ σελήνην καὶ τὰ ἄλλα ἄστρα πάντα πύ ρινα ὄντα ἐποχεῖσθαι τῷ ἀέρι διὰ τὸ πλάτος. γέγονε δὲ τὰ ἄστρα ἐκ γῆς διὰ τὸ τὴν ἰκμάδα ἐκ ταύτης ἀνίστασθαι, ἧς ἀραιουμένης τὸ πῦρ γίνεσθαι· εἶναι δὲ καὶ γεώδεις φύσεις ἐν τῷ τόπῳ τῶν ἀστέρων, συμπεριφερομένας ἐκείνοις. οὗτος ἤκμασε κατὰ τοὺς χρόνους Ἀλεξάνδρου τοῦ Μακεδόνος, οὗ τινὸς καὶ διδάσκαλος γέγονεν. 1.278 Ἕβδομος Ἀναξαγόρας, ὃς ἐκαλεῖτο Νοῦς, ἐπειδὴ ὕλην καὶ νοῦν πάντων ἀρχὴν καὶ φρουρὸν εἶπε, καὶ τὸν μὲν νοῦν ποιοῦντα, τὴν δὲ ὕλην γινομένην. ὄντων γὰρ πάντων ὁμοφυῶν ὁ νοῦς ἐπελ θὼν διεκόσμησεν. οὗτός ἐστιν ὃς τὸν ἥλιον εἶπε μύδρον διάπυ ρον, τουτέστι πύρινον λίθον· μύδρος δ' ἐστὶ σίδηρος ἀργὸς πε πυρακτωμένος. τὸ δ' ἔπος ἠέλιον πυρόεντα μύδρον ποτὲ φάσκεν ὑπάρχειν καὶ διὰ τοῦτο θανεῖν μέλλεν Ἀναξαγόρας. ὅτι καὶ μείζω τῆς Πελοποννήσου τὸν ἥλιον ἔλεγεν. οὗτος Κλαζο μένιος ὢν ἀγέλαις τε καὶ καμήλοις τὰ ἑαυτοῦ ἀνῆκε. περὶ τούτου ἔφη Ἀπολλώνιος ὁ Τυανεὺς προβάτοις μᾶλλον ἢ ἀνθρώποις φιλο σοφῆσαι. ὁ δὲ Θηβαῖος Κράτης κατεπόντωσε τὴν οὐσίαν, οὔτε προβάτοις ποιήσας ἐπιτήδεια οὔτε ἀνθρώποις. οὗτος ἤκμασε κατὰ τὸ πρῶτον ἔτος τῆς πηʹ Ὀλυμπιάδος· καθ' ὃν καὶ Πλάτων λέγεται γεγενῆσθαι. Ὄγδοος Ἀρχέλαος. οὗτος ἔφη τὴν μῖξιν τῆς ὕλης ὁμοίως Ἀναξαγόρᾳ, καὶ τὰς ἀρχὰς ὡσαύτως. φησὶ δὲ καὶ περὶ τῶν ζῴων ὅτι θερμαινομένης τῆς γῆς τὸ πρῶτον ἐν τῷ κάτω μέρει, ὅπου τὸ θερμὸν καὶ τὸ ψυχρὸν ἐμίσγετο, ἀναφανῆναι τά τε ζῷα καὶ οἱ ἄνθρωποι, ὕστερον δὲ αὐτοῖς ἡ ἐξ ἀλλήλων γένεσις ἐπη κολούθησεν. ἤκμαζε δὲ καὶ αὐτὸς κατὰ τοὺς χρόνους Ἀναξαγόρα, συνέταξε δὲ καὶ φυσιολογίαν. Ἔννατος Πλάτων, μαθητὴς Σωκράτους· ὁ δὲ Σωκράτης 1.279 μαθητὴς Ἀρχελάου τοῦ φυσικοῦ· ἔσχε δὲ πάντων τῶν μαθητῶν ἱκανώτερον τὸν Πλάτωνα. οὗτος ἀρχὰς εἶναι τοῦ παντὸς θεὸν καὶ ὕλην καὶ παράδειγμα, ὃ καὶ ἔννοιαν τοῦ θεοῦ καὶ ἰδέαν καλεῖ, οἷον εἰκόνισμά τι, ᾧ προσέχων, φησίν, ὁ θεὸς τὰ πάντα ἐδη μιούργησε. καὶ τὸν μὲν θεὸν ἀσώματον καὶ ἀνείδεον καὶ ἄφθαρ τον καὶ μόνοις σοφοῖς ἀνδράσι καταληπτόν, θεὸν μὲν λέγων τὸν ποιήσαντα καὶ διακοσμήσαντα τόδε τὸ πᾶν καὶ προνοούμενον αὐ τοῦ, ὕλην δὲ τὴν πᾶσιν ὑποκειμένην, ἣν τιθήνην καλεῖ, ἐξ ἧς διακοσμηθείσης γενέσθαι τὰ τέσσαρα στοιχεῖα ἐξ ὧν συνέστηκεν ὁ κόσμος, ὡς ἐν τοῖς Νόμοις λέγει "ὁ μὲν δὴ θεός, ὥσπερ καὶ ὁ παλαιὸς λόγος, ἀρχήν τε καὶ τελευτὴν καὶ μέσα τῶν ὄντων ἁπάντων ἔχων, εὐθεῖαν περαίνει κατὰ φύσιν περιπορευόμενος. τῷ δὲ ἀεὶ ξυνέπεται ∆ίκη, τῶν ἀπολειπομένων τοῦ θείου νόμου τιμωρός. ἧς ὁ μὲν εὐδαιμονήσειν μέλλων ἐχόμενος ξυνέπεται ταπεινῶς καὶ κεκοσμημένως· εἰ δέ τις ἐξαρθεὶς ὑπὸ μεγαλαυχίας ἢ χρήμασιν ἐπαιρόμενος μεθ' ὕβρεως πορεύεται, ἔρημος οὗτος θεῷ καταλείπεται." τὴν δὲ ὕλην σύγχρονον τῷ θεῷ καὶ τὸν κόσμον ἀγέννητον λέγει· ἐκ γὰρ τῆς ὕλης συνεστάναι φησὶν αὐτόν. τῷ δὲ ἀγεννήτῳ ἀκολουθεῖ πάντως καὶ τὸ ἄφθαρτον. ὁ αὐτὸς ἀποφαίνεται καὶ ἄλλους ἀορίστους θεούς, ὅταν λέγει "θεοὶ θεῶν, ὧν ἐγὼ δημιουργός τε καὶ πατήρ." ἐνίοτε δὲ καὶ ὡρισμένους, φάσκων "ὁ μὲν δὴ μέγας ἐν οὐρανῷ Ζεὺς πτηνὸν ἅρμα ἐλαύνων," καὶ ὅταν γενεαλογῇ τοὺς οὐρανοῦ παῖδας καὶ γῆς. συστήσας δὲ 1.280 τὸν ἕνα θεὸν εἰσάγει καὶ θεοὺς γεννητούς, καὶ διὰ μὲν τοῦ γεγενῆ σθαι αὐτοὺς πάντως ἀνάγκην ἔχειν καὶ φθαρῆναι, διὰ δὲ τὴν βούλησιν τοῦ θεοῦ ἀθανάτους πάλιν εἶναι. ὁ αὐτὸς καὶ τὸν τοῦ παντὸς δημιουργὸν δείκνυσι