Clement of Alexandria, The Stromata, or Miscellanies

But since they will believe neither in what is good justly nor in knowledge unto salvation, we ourselves reckoning what they claim as belonging to us, because all things are God’s; and especially since what is good proceeded from us to the Greeks, let us handle those things as they are capable of hearing. For intelligence or rectitude this great crowd estimates not by truth, but by what they are delighted with. And they will be pleased not more with other things than with what is like themselves. For he who is still blind and dumb, not having understanding, or the undazzled and keen vision of the contemplative soul, which the Saviour confers, like the uninitiated at the mysteries, or the unmusical at dances, not being yet pure and worthy of the pure truth, but still discordant and disordered and material, must stand outside of the divine choir. “For we compare spiritual things with spiritual.”1178 1 Cor. ii. 13. We have the same statement made, Stromata, i. 19, p. 322, ante, Potter p. 372; also v. 14, p. 465, ante, Potter p. 730,—in all of which Lowth adopts περίφρασιν as the true reading, instead of περίφασιν. In the first of these passages, Clement instances as one of the circumlocutions or roundabout expressions by which God was known to the Greek poets and philosophers, “The Unknown God.” Joannes Clericus proposes to read παράφασιν (palpitatio), touching, feeling after. [See Strom., p. 321, and p. 464, note 1.] Wherefore, in accordance with the method of concealment, the truly sacred Word, truly divine and most necessary for us, deposited in the shrine of truth, was by the Egyptians indicated by what were called among them adyta, and by the Hebrews by the veil. Only the consecrated—that is, those devoted to God, circumcised in the desire of the passions for the sake of love to that which is alone divine—were allowed access to them. For Plato also thought it not lawful for “the impure to touch the pure.”

Thence the prophecies and oracles are spoken in enigmas, and the mysteries are not exhibited incontinently to all and sundry, but only after certain purifications and previous instructions.

“For the Muse was not then

Greedy of gain or mercenary;

Nor were Terpsichore’s sweet,

Honey-toned, silvery soft-voiced

Strains made merchandise of.”

Now those instructed among the Egyptians learned first of all that style of the Egyptian letters which is called Epistolographic; and second, the Hieratic, which the sacred scribes practice; and finally, and last of all, the Hieroglyphic, of which one kind which is by the first elements is literal (Kyriologic), and the other Symbolic. Of the Symbolic, one kind speaks literally by imitation, and another writes as it were figuratively; and another is quite allegorical, using certain enigmas.

Wishing to express Sun in writing, they makea circle; and Moon, a figure like the Moon, like its proper shape. But in using the figurative style, by transposing and transferring, by changing and by transforming in many ways as suits them, they draw characters. In relating the praises of the kings in theological myths, they write in anaglyphs.1179 Bas relief. i.e., “The Word of God’s power is His Son.” Let the following stand as a specimen of the third species—the Enigmatic. For the rest of the stars, on account of their oblique course, they have figured like the bodies of serpents; but the sun, like that of a beetle, because it makes a round figure of ox-dung,1180 [Elucidation II.] Instead of ἡν … ἐξουσίας , as in the text, we read ὦν εξουσίαν . and rolls it before its face. And they say that this creature lives six months under ground, and the other division of the year above ground, and emits its seed into the ball, and brings forth; and that there is not a female beetle. All then, in a word, who have spoken of divine things, both Barbarians and Greeks, have veiled the first principles of things, and delivered the truth in enigmas, and symbols, and allegories, and metaphors, and such like tropes.1181 [Prov. i. 6.] None of the attempts to amend this passage are entirely successful. The translation adopts the best suggestions made. Such also are the oracles among the Greeks. And the Pythian Apollo is called Loxias. Also the maxims of those among the Greeks called wise men, in a few sayings indicate the unfolding of matter of considerable importance. Such certainly is that maxim, “Spare Time:” either because life is short, and we ought not to expend this time in vain; or, on the other hand, it bids you spare your personal expenses; so that, though you live many years, necessaries may not fail you. Similarly also the maxim “Know thyself” shows many things; both that thou art mortal, and that thou wast born a human being; and also that, in comparison with the other excellences of life, thou art of no account, because thou sayest that thou art rich or renowned; or, on the other hand, that, being rich or renowned, you are not honoured on account of your advantages alone. And it says, Know for what thou wert born, and whose image thou art; and what is thy essence, and what thy creation, and what thy relation to God, and the like. And the Spirit says by Isaiah the prophet, “I will give thee treasures, hidden, dark.”1182 Isa. xlv. 3. [A strange passage; but its “darkness visible” seems to lend some help to the understanding of the puzzle about the second-first Sabbath of Luke vi. 1.] Now wisdom, hard to hunt, is the treasures of God and unfailing riches. But those, taught in theology by those prophets, the poets, philosophize much by way of a hidden sense. I mean Orpheus, Linus, Musæus, Homer, and Hesiod, and those in this fashion wise. The persuasive style of poetry is for them a veil for the many. Dreams and signs are all more or less obscure to men, not from jealousy (for it were wrong to conceive of God as subject to passions), but in order that research, introducing to the understanding of enigmas, may haste to the discovery of truth. Thus Sophocles the tragic poet somewhere says:—

“And God I know to be such an one,

Ever the revealer of enigmas to the wise,

But to the perverse bad, although a teacher in few words,”—

putting bad instead of simple. Expressly then respecting all our Scripture, as if spoken in a parable, it is written in the Psalms, “Hear, O My people, My law: incline your ear to the words of My mouth. I will open My mouth in parables, I will utter My problems from the beginning.”1183 Ps. lxxviii. 1, 2. i.e., of atonement. Similarly speaks the noble apostle to the following effect: “Howbeit we speak wisdom among those that are perfect; yet not the wisdom of this world, nor of the princes of this world, that come to nought. But we speak the wisdom of God hidden in a mystery; which none of the princes of this world knew. For had they known it, they would not have crucified the Lord of glory.”1184 1 Cor. ii. 6–8. Jer. xxxi. 31, 32; Heb. viii. 8–10.

The philosophers did not exert themselves in contemning the appearance of the Lord. It therefore follows that it is the opinion of the wise among the Jews which the apostle inveighs against. Wherefore he adds, “But we preach, as it is written, what eye hath not seen, and ear hath not heard, and hath not entered into the heart of man, what God hath prepared for them that love Him. For God hath revealed it to us by the Spirit. For the Spirit searcheth all things, even the deep things of God.”1185 1 Cor. ii. 9, 10. Most likely taken from some apocryphal book bearing the name of Paul. For he recognises the spiritual man and the Gnostic as the disciple of the Holy Spirit dispensed by God, which is the mind of Christ. “But the natural man receiveth not the things of the Spirit, for they are foolishness to him.”1186 1 Cor. ii. 14. Now the apostle, in contradistinction to gnostic perfection, calls the common faith1187 [See cap. i. p. 444, note 6, supra.]the foundation, and sometimes milk, writing on this wise: “Brethren, I could not speak to you as to spiritual, but as to carnal, to babes in Christ. I have fed you with milk, not with meat: for ye were not able. Neither yet are ye now able. For ye are yet carnal: for whereas there is among you envy and strife, are ye not carnal, and walk as men?”1188 1 Cor. iii. 1–3. Which things are the choice of those men who are sinners. But those who abstain from these things give their thoughts to divine things, and partake of gnostic food. “According to the grace,” it is said, “given to me as a wise master builder, I have laid the foundation. And another buildeth on it gold and silver, precious stones.”1189 1 Cor. iii. 10–13. Such is the gnostic superstructure on the foundation of faith in Christ Jesus. But “the stubble, and the wood, and the hay,” are the additions of heresies. “But the fire shall try every man’s work, of what sort it is.” In allusion to the gnostic edifice also in the Epistle to the Romans, he says, “For I desire to see you, that I may impart unto you a spiritual gift, that ye may be established.”1190 Rom. i. 11. It was impossible that gifts of this sort could be written without disguise.

Ἀλλ' ἐπεὶ μήτε τῷ ἀγαθῷ δικαίως μήτε τῇ γνώσει εἰς σωτηρίαν πιστεύειν ἐθέλουσιν, ἡμεῖς αὐτοὶ τὰ ἐκείνων ἴδια ἡγούμενοι ὅτι πάντα τοῦ θεοῦ, καὶ μάλιστα ἐπειδὴ τὰ καλὰ παρ' ἡμῶν ὥρμηται τοῖς Ἕλλησιν, ἐγχειρῶμεν αὐτοῖς, ὡς ἀκούειν πεφύκασι· τὸ γὰρ συνετὸν ἤτοι τὸ δίκαιον ὁ πολὺς οὗτος ὄχλος οὐκ ἐκ τῆς ἀληθείας, ἀλλ' ἐξ ὧν ἂν ἡσθῇ, δοκιμάζει. ἥδοιτο δ' ἂν οὐχ ἑτέροις μᾶλλον ἢ τοῖς ὁμοίοις αὐτοῦ· ὅσον γὰρ τυφλὸν ἔτι καὶ κωφόν, οὐ ξύνεσιν ἔχον οὐδὲ φιλοθεάμονος ψυχῆς ὄψιν ἀθαμβῆ τε καὶ ὀξυδερκῆ, ἣν ὁ σωτὴρ ἐντίθησι μόνος, ὥσπερ ἐν τελεταῖς ἀμύητον ἢ ἐν χορείαις ἄμουσον, οὔπω καθαρὸν [ὂν] οὐδὲ ἄξιον ἁγνῆς ἀληθείας, ἐκμελὲς δὲ καὶ ἄτακτον καὶ ὑλικόν, ἔτι ἔξω θείου χοροῦ ἵστασθαι δεῖ· πνευματικοῖς τε γὰρ πνευματικὰ συγκρίνομεν. διὰ τοῦτό τοι τῆς ἐπικρύψεως τὸν τρόπον, θεῖον ὄντα ὡς ἀληθῶς καὶ ἀναγκαιότατον ἡμῖν [διὰ τὸν] ἐν τῷ ἀδύτῳ τῆς ἀληθείας ἀποκείμενον, ἱερὸν ἀτεχνῶς λόγον, Αἰγύπτιοι μὲν διὰ τῶν παρ' αὐτοῖς ἀδύτων καλουμένων, Ἑβραῖοι δὲ διὰ τοῦ παραπε τάσματος ᾐνίξαντο, [δι' οὗ] μόνοις ἐξῆν ἐπιβαίνειν αὐτῶν τοῖς ἱερωμένοις, τουτέστι τοῖς ἀνακειμένοις τῷ θεῷ, τοῖς περιτετμημένοις τὰς τῶν παθῶν ἐπιθυμίας διὰ τὴν πρὸς μόνον τὸ θεῖον ἀγάπην· οὐ καθαρῷ γὰρ καθαροῦ ἐφάπτεσθαι οὐ θεμιτὸν εἶναι συνεδόκει καὶ Πλάτωνι. ἐντεῦθεν αἱ προφητεῖαι οἵ τε χρησμοὶ λέγονται δι' αἰνιγμάτων καὶ αἱ τελεταὶ τοῖς ἐντυγχάνουσιν ἀνέδην οὐ δείκνυνται, ἀλλὰ μετά τινων καθαρμῶν καὶ προρρήσεων· ἁ Μοῦσα γὰρ οὐ φιλοκερδής πω τότ' ἦν οὐδ' ἐργάτις· οὐδ' ἐπέρναντο γλυκεῖαι μελίφθογγοι ποτὶ Τερψιχόρας ἀργυρωθεῖσαι πρόσωπα μαλθακόφωνοι ἀοιδαί. Αὐτίκα οἱ παρ' Αἰγυπτίοις παιδευόμενοι πρῶτον μὲν πάντων τὴν Αἰγυπτίων γραμμάτων μέθοδον ἐκμανθάνουσι, τὴν ἐπιστολογραφικὴν καλουμένην· δευτέραν δὲ τὴν ἱερατικήν, ᾗ χρῶνται οἱ ἱερογραμματεῖς· ὑστάτην δὲ καὶ τελευταίαν τὴν ἱερογλυφικήν, ἧς ἣ μέν ἐστι διὰ τῶν πρώτων στοιχείων κυριολογική, ἣ δὲ συμβολική. τῆς δὲ συμβολικῆς ἣ μὲν κυριολογεῖται κατὰ μίμησιν, ἣ δ' ὥσπερ τροπικῶς γράφεται, ἣ δὲ ἄντικρυς ἀλληγορεῖται κατά τινας αἰνιγμούς. Ἥλιον γοῦν γράψαι βουλόμενοι κύκλον ποιοῦσι, σελήνην δὲ σχῆμα μηνοειδὲς κατὰ τὸ κυριολογούμενον εἶδος. Τροπικῶς δὲ κατ' οἰκειότητα μετάγοντες καὶ μετατιθέντες, τὰ δ' ἐξαλλάττοντες, τὰ δὲ πολλαχῶς μετασχηματίζοντες χαράττουσιν. τοὺς γοῦν τῶν βασιλέων ἐπαίνους, θεολογουμένοις μύθοις παραδιδόντες, ἀναγράφουσι διὰ τῶν ἀναγλύφων. Τοῦ δὲ κατὰ τοὺς αἰνιγμοὺς τρίτου εἴδους δεῖγμα ἔστω τόδε· τὰ μὲν γὰρ τῶν ἄλλων ἄστρων διὰ τὴν πορείαν τὴν λοξὴν ὄφεων σώμασιν ἀπείκαζον, τὸν δὲ ἥλιον τῷ τοῦ κανθάρου, ἐπειδὴ κυκλοτερὲς ἐκ τῆς βοείας ὄνθου σχῆμα πλασάμενος ἀντιπρόσωπος κυλίνδει. φασὶ δὲ καὶ ἑξάμηνον μὲν ὑπὸ γῆς, θάτερον δὲ τοῦ ἔτους τμῆμα τὸ ζῷον τοῦτο ὑπὲρ γῆς διαιτᾶσθαι σπερμαίνειν τε εἰς τὴν σφαῖραν καὶ γεννᾶν καὶ θῆλυν κάνθαρον μὴ γίνεσθαι. Πάντες οὖν, ὡς ἔπος εἰπεῖν, οἱ θεολογήσαντες βάρβαροί τε καὶ Ἕλληνες τὰς μὲν ἀρχὰς τῶν πραγμάτων ἀπεκρύψαντο, τὴν δὲ ἀλήθειαν αἰνίγμασι καὶ συμβόλοις ἀλληγορίαις τε αὖ καὶ μεταφοραῖς καὶ τοιούτοις τισὶ τρόποις παραδεδώκασιν, ὁποῖα καὶ παρ' Ἕλλησι τὰ μαντεῖα, καὶ ὅ γε Ἀπόλλων ὁ Πύθιος Λοξίας λέγεται. Ναὶ μὴν καὶ τῶν παρ' Ἕλλησι σοφῶν καλουμένων τὰ ἀποφθέγματα ὀλίγαις λέξεσι μείζονος πράγματος δήλωσιν ἐμφαίνει, οἷον ἀμέλει τὸ χρόνου φείδου ἤτοι ἐπεὶ ὁ βίος βραχύς, καὶ οὐ δεῖ τὸν χρόνον τοῦτον εἰς μάτην καταναλῶσαι, ἢ κατ' ἐναντιότητα φείσασθαι τῶν ἀναλωμάτων τῶν ἰδιωτικῶν, ἵνα κἂν πολλὰ ἔτη ζήσῃς, φησί, μὴ ἐπιλείπῃ σοι τὰ ἐπιτήδεια. ὡσαύτως καὶ τὸ γνῶθι σαυτὸν πολλὰ ἐνδείκνυται, καὶ ὅτι θνητὸς εἶ καὶ ὅτι ἄνθρωπος ἐγένου, καὶ ἤδη πρὸς τὰς ἄλλας τοῦ βίου ὑπεροχὰς κατὰ σύγκρισιν ὅτι οὐδενὸς λόγου ὑπάρχεις, ἔνδοξον λέγων ἢ πλούσιον, ἢ τοὐναντίον, ὅτι πλούσιος ὢν καὶ ἔνδοξος οὐ παραμόνῳ σεμνύνῃ πλεονεκτήματι· καὶ εἰς τί γέγονας, γνῶθι, φησί, καὶ τίνος εἰκὼν ὑπάρχεις, τίς τέ σου ἡ οὐσία καὶ τίς ἡ δημιουργία καὶ ἡ πρὸς τὸ θεῖον οἰκείωσις τίς, καὶ τὰ τούτοις ὅμοια. λέγει δὲ καὶ διὰ Ἡσαΐου τοῦ προφήτου τὸ πνεῦμα· δώσω σοι θησαυροὺς σκοτεινοὺς ἀποκρύφους. θησαυροὶ δὲ τοῦ θεοῦ καὶ πλοῦτος ἀνεκλιπὴς ἡ δυσθήρατός ἐστι σοφία. Ἀλλὰ καὶ οἱ παρὰ τούτων τῶν προφητῶν τὴν θεολογίαν δεδιδαγμένοι ποιηταὶ δι' ὑπονοίας πολλὰ φιλοσοφοῦσι, τὸν Ὀρφέα λέγω, τὸν Λίνον, τὸν Μουσαῖον, τὸν Ὅμηρον καὶ Ἡσίοδον καὶ τοὺς ταύτῃ σοφούς. παραπέτασμα δὲ αὐτοῖς πρὸς τοὺς πολλοὺς ἡ ποιητικὴ ψυχαγωγία· ὄνειροί τε καὶ σύμβολα ἀφανέστερα πάντα τοῖς ἀνθρώποις οὐ φθόνῳ (οὐ γὰρ θέμις ἐμπαθῆ νοεῖν τὸν θεόν), ἀλλ' ὅπως εἰς τὴν τῶν αἰνιγμάτων ἔννοιαν ἡ ζήτησις παρεισδύουσα ἐπὶ τὴν εὕρεσιν τῆς ἀληθείας ἀναδράμῃ. ταύτῃ τοι Σοφοκλῆς, ὁ τῆς τραγῳδίας ποιητής, φησί που· καὶ τὸν θεὸν τοιοῦτον ἐξεπίσταμαι· σοφοῖς μὲν αἰνικτῆρα θεσφάτων ἀεί, σκαιοῖς δὲ φαῦλον κἀν βραχεῖ διδάσκαλον, τὸ φαῦλον ἐπὶ τοῦ ἁπλοῦ τάσσων. ἄντικρυς γοῦν περὶ πάσης γραφῆς τῆς καθ' ἡμᾶς ἐν τοῖς ψαλμοῖς γέγραπται ὡς ἐν παραβολῇ εἰρημένης· ἀκούσατε, λαός μου, τὸν νόμον μου, κλίνατε τὸ οὖς ὑμῶν εἰς τὰ ῥήματα τοῦ στόματός μου· ἀνοίξω ἐν παραβολαῖς τὸ στόμα μου, φθέγξομαι προβλήματα ἀπ' ἀρχῆς. καὶ ὁ γενναῖος ἀπόστολος τὰ ὅμοια ὧδέ πως λέγει· σοφίαν δὲ λαλοῦμεν ἐν τοῖς τελείοις, σοφίαν δὲ οὐ τοῦ αἰῶνος τούτου οὐδὲ τῶν ἀρχόντων τοῦ αἰῶνος τούτου τῶν καταργουμένων· ἀλλὰ λαλοῦμεν θεοῦ σοφίαν ἐν μυστηρίῳ, τὴν ἀποκεκρυμμένην, ἣν προώρισεν ὁ θεὸς πρὸ τῶν αἰώνων εἰς δόξαν ἡμῶν· ἣν οὐδεὶς τῶν ἀρχόντων τοῦ αἰῶνος τούτου ἔγνωκεν· εἰ γὰρ ἔγνωσαν, οὐκ ἂν τὸν κύριον τῆς δόξης ἐσταύρωσαν. οἱ φιλόσοφοι δὲ οὐκ ἐνηργήθησαν ἐνυβρίσαι τὴν παρουσίαν τοῦ κυρίου· ἀπόκειται τοίνυν τὴν οἴησιν τῶν ἐν Ἰουδαίοις σοφῶν ἐπιρραπίζειν τὸν ἀπόστολον· διὸ καὶ ἐπιφέρει· ἀλλὰ κηρύσσομεν καθὼς γέγραπται, φησίν, ἃ ὀφθαλμὸς οὐκ εἶδεν καὶ οὖς οὐκ ἤκουσεν καὶ ἐπὶ καρδίαν ἀνθρώπου οὐκ ἀνέβη, ἃ ἡτοίμασεν ὁ θεὸς τοῖς ἀγαπῶσιν αὐτόν. ἡμῖν γὰρ ἀπεκάλυψεν ὁ θεὸς διὰ τοῦ πνεύματος· τὸ γὰρ πνεῦμα πάντα ἐρευνᾷ, καὶ τὰ βάθη τοῦ θεοῦ. πνευματικὸν γὰρ καὶ γνωστικὸν οἶδεν τὸν τοῦ ἁγίου πνεύματος μαθητὴν τοῦ ἐκ θεοῦ χορηγουμένου, ὅ ἐστι νοῦς Χριστοῦ. ψυχικὸς δὲ ἄνθρωπος οὐ δέχεται τὰ τοῦ πνεύματος· μωρία γὰρ αὐτῷ ἐστιν. αὐτίκα ὁ ἀπόστολος πρὸς ἀντιδιαστολὴν γνωστικῆς τελειότητος τὴν κοινὴν πίστιν πῇ μὲν θεμέλιον λέγει, πῇ δὲ γάλα, γράφων τὸν τρόπον τοῦτον· ἀδελφοί, οὐκ ἠδυνήθην λαλῆσαι ὑμῖν ὡς πνευματικοῖς, ἀλλ' ὡς σαρκικοῖς, ὡς νηπίοις ἐν Χριστῷ. γάλα ὑμᾶς ἐπότισα, οὐ βρῶμα· οὔπω γὰρ ἐδύνασθε. ἀλλ' οὐδὲ ἔτι νῦν δύνασθε, ἔτι γὰρ σαρκικοί ἐστε. ὅπου γὰρ ἐν ὑμῖν ζῆλος καὶ ἔρις, οὐχὶ σαρκικοί ἐστε καὶ κατὰ ἄνθρωπον περιπατεῖτε; τὰ αἱρετὰ τοῖς ἁμαρτωλοῖς τῶν ἀνθρώπων, οἱ δὲ τούτων ἀπεσχημένοι τὰ θεῖα φρονοῦσι καὶ βρώματος γνωστικοῦ μεταλαμβάνουσιν. κατὰ τὴν χάριν, φησί, τὴν δοθεῖσάν μοι ὡς σοφὸς ἀρχιτέκτων θεμέλιον τέθεικα, ἄλλος δὲ ἐποικοδομεῖ χρυσίον καὶ ἀργύριον, λίθους τιμίους. ταῦτα γνωστικὰ ἐποικοδομήματα τῇ κρηπῖδι τῆς πίστεως τῆς εἰς Ἰησοῦν Χριστόν, καλάμη δὲ τὰ τῶν αἱρέσεων ἐπαναθήματα καὶ ξύλα καὶ χόρτος. ὁποῖον δὲ ἑκάστου τὸ ἔργον, τὸ πῦρ δοκιμάσει. τὴν γνωστικὴν οἰκοδομὴν κἀν τῇ πρὸς Ῥωμαίους ἐπιστολῇ αἰνισσόμενός φησιν· ἐπιποθῶ γὰρ ἰδεῖν ὑμᾶς, ἵνα τι μεταδῶ χάρισμα ὑμῖν πνευματικὸν εἰς τὸ στηριχθῆναι ὑμᾶς. ἀποκεκαλυμμένως δὲ οὐχ οἷόν τε ἦν τὰ τοιαῦτα τῶν χαρισμάτων ἐπιστέλλειν.