Chapter VII.—The Egyptian Symbols and Enigmas of Sacred Things.

Whence also the Egyptians did not entrust the mysteries they possessed to all and sundry, and did not divulge the knowledge of divine things to the profane; but only to those destined to ascend the throne, and those of the priests that were judged the worthiest, from their nurture, culture, and birth. Similar, then, to the Hebrew enigmas in respect to concealment, are those of the Egyptians also. Of the Egyptians, some show the sun on a ship, others on a crocodile. And they signify hereby, that the sun, making a passage through the delicious and moist air, generates time; which is symbolized by the crocodile in some other sacerdotal account. Further, at Diospolis in Egypt, on the temple called Pylon, there was figured a boy as the symbol of production, and an old man as that of decay. A hawk, on the other hand, was the symbol of God, as a fish of hate; and, according to a different symbolism, the crocodile of impudence. The whole symbol, then, when put together, appears to teach this: “Oh ye who are born and die, God hates impudence.”

And there are those who fashion ears and eyes of costly material, and consecrate them, dedicating them in the temples to the gods—by this plainly indicating that God sees and hears all things. Besides, the lion is with them the symbol of strength and prowess, as the ox clearly is of the earth itself, and husbandry and food, and the horse of fortitude and confidence; while, on the other hand, the sphinx, of strength combined with intelligence—as it had a body entirely that of a lion, and the face of a man. Similarly to these, to indicate intelligence, and memory, and power, and art, a man is sculptured in the temples. And in what is called among them the Komasiæ of the gods, they carry about golden images—two dogs, one hawk, and one ibis; and the four figures of the images they call four letters. For the dogs are symbols of the two hemispheres, which, as it were, go round and keep watch; the hawk, of the sun, for it is fiery and destructive (so they attribute pestilential diseases to the sun); the ibis, of the moon, likening the shady parts to that which is dark in plumage, and the luminous to the light. And some will have it that by the dogs are meant the tropics, which guard and watch the sun’s passage to the south and north. The hawk signifies the equinoctial line, which is high and parched with heat, as the ibis the ecliptic. For the ibis seems, above other animals, to have furnished to the Egyptians the first rudiments of the invention of number and measure, as the oblique line did of circles.

Ὅθεν καὶ Αἰγύπτιοι οὐ τοῖς ἐπιτυχοῦσι τὰ παρὰ σφίσιν ἀνετίθεντο μυστήρια οὐδὲ μὴν βεβήλοις τὴν τῶν θείων εἴδησιν ἐξέφερον, ἀλλ' ἢ μόνοις γε τοῖς μέλλουσιν ἐπὶ βασιλείαν προϊέναι καὶ τῶν ἱερέων τοῖς κριθεῖσιν εἶναι δοκιμωτάτοις ἀπό τε τῆς τροφῆς καὶ τῆς παιδείας καὶ τοῦ γένους. Ὅμοια γοῦν τοῖς Ἑβραϊκοῖς κατά γε τὴν ἐπίκρυψιν καὶ τὰ τῶν Αἰγυπτίων αἰνίγματα. Αἰγυπτίων οἳ μὲν ἐπὶ πλοίου, οἳ δὲ ἐπὶ κροκοδείλου τὸν ἥλιον δεικνύουσι. σημαίνουσι δὲ ὅτι ὁ ἥλιος, δι' ἀέρος γλυκεροῦ καὶ ὑγροῦ τὴν πορείαν ποιούμενος, γεννᾷ τὸν χρόνον, ὃν αἰνίσσεται ὁ κροκόδειλος διά τινα ἄλλην ἱερατικὴν ἱστορίαν. ναὶ μὴν καὶ ἐν ∆ιοσπόλει τῆς Αἰγύπτου ἐπὶ τοῦ ἱεροῦ καλουμένου πυλῶνος διατετύπωται παιδίον μὲν γενέσεως σύμβολον, φθορᾶς δὲ ὁ γέρων, θεοῦ τε αὖ ὁ ἱέραξ, ὡς ὁ ἰχθὺς μίσους, καὶ κατ' ἄλλο πάλιν σημαινόμενον ὁ κροκόδειλος ἀναιδείας. φαίνεται τοίνυν συντιθέμενον τὸ πᾶν σύμβολον δηλωτικὸν εἶναι τοῦδε· ὦ γινόμενοι καὶ ἀπογινόμενοι, θεὸς μισεῖ ἀναίδειαν. τά τε ὦτα καὶ τοὺς ὀφθαλμοὺς οἱ δημιουργοῦντες ἐξ ὕλης τιμίας καθιεροῦσιν τοῖς θεοῖς ἀνατιθέντες εἰς τοὺς νεώς, τοῦτο δήπου αἰνισσόμενοι ὡς πάντα θεὸς ὁρᾷ καὶ ἀκούει. πρὸς τοῖσδε ἀλκῆς μὲν καὶ ῥώμης σύμβολον αὐτοῖς ὁ λέων· ὥσπερ ἀμέλει γῆς τε αὐτῆς καὶ γεωργίας καὶ τροφῆς ὁ βοῦς, ἀνδρείας τε καὶ παρρησίας ὁ ἵππος, ἀλκῆς τε αὖ μετὰ συνέσεως ἡ σφίγξ, τὸ μὲν σῶμα πᾶν λέοντος, τὸ πρόσωπον δὲ ἀνθρώπου ἔχουσα. ὁμοίως τε τούτοις σύνεσιν καὶ μνήμην καὶ κράτος καὶ τέχνην ὁ ἄνθρωπος αἰνισσόμενος τοῖς ἱεροῖς πρὸς αὐτῶν ἐγγλύφεται. ἤδη δὲ κἀν ταῖς καλουμέναις παρ' αὐτοῖς κωμασίαις τῶν θεῶν χρυσᾶ ἀγάλματα, δύο μὲν κύνας, ἕνα δὲ ἱέρακα καὶ ἶβιν μίαν περιφέρουσι καὶ καλοῦσι τὰ τέσσαρα τῶν ἀγαλμάτων εἴδωλα τέσσαρα γράμματα. εἰσὶ γοῦν οἱ μὲν κύνες σύμβολα τῶν δυεῖν ἡμισφαιρίων, οἷον περιπολούντων καὶ φυλασσόντων· ὁ δὲ ἱέραξ ἡλίου· πυρώδης γὰρ καὶ ἀναιρετικός· αὐτίκα τὰς λοιμικὰς νόσους ἡλίῳ ἀνατιθέασιν· ἡ δὲ ἶβις σελήνης, τὰ μὲν σκιερὰ τῷ μέλανι, τὰ δὲ φωτεινὰ τῷ λευκῷ τῶν πτίλων εἰκαζόντων. εἰσὶν δ' οἳ τοὺς μὲν τροπικοὺς πρὸς τῶν κυνῶν μηνύεσθαι βούλονται, οἳ δὴ διαφυλάσσουσι καὶ πυλωροῦσι τὴν ἐπὶ νότον καὶ ἄρκτον πάροδον τοῦ ἡλίου· τὸν δ' ἰσημερινόν, ὑψηλὸν ὄντα καὶ διακεκαυμένον, ὁ ἱέραξ δηλοῖ, καθάπερ ἡ ἶβις τὸν λοξόν· ἀριθμοῦ γὰρ ἐπινοίας καὶ μέτρου μάλιστα τῶν ζῴων ἡ ἶβις ἀρχὴν παρεσχῆσθαι τοῖς Αἰγυπτίοις δοκεῖ, ὡς τῶν κύκλων ὁ λοξός.