Letter CCIX.

(a.d. 423.)

To Cælestine,1474    The successor of Boniface as Bishop of Rome. See note to Letter CXCII. For a summary of the arguments which may be used on both sides in regard to the genuineness of this letter, which is found in only one Ms., see Dupin’s remarks upon it in his Ecclesiastical History, 5th century.My Lord Most Blessed, and Holy Father Venerated with All Due Affection, Augustin Sends Greeting in The Lord.

1. First of all I congratulate you that our Lord God has, as we have heard, established you in the illustrious chair which you occupy without any division among His people. In the next place, I lay before your Holiness the state of affairs with us, that not only by your prayers, but with your council and aid you may help us. For I write to you at this time under deep affliction, because, while wishing to benefit certain members of Christ in our neighbourhood, I brought on them a great calamity by my want of prudence and caution.

2. Bordering on the district of Hippo, there is a small town,1475    Castellum. named Fussala: formerly there was no bishop there, but, along with the contiguous district, it was included in the parish of Hippo. That part of the country had few Catholics; the error of the Donatists held under its miserable influence all the other congregations located in the midst of a large population, so that in the town of Fussala itself there was not one Catholic. In the mercy of God, all these places were brought to attach themselves to the unity of the Church; with how much toil, and how many dangers it would take long to tell,—how the presbyters originally appointed by us to gather these people into the fold were robbed, beaten, maimed, deprived of their eyesight, and even put to death; whose sufferings, however, were not useless and unfruitful, seeing that by them the re-establishment of unity was achieved. But as Fussala is forty miles distant from Hippo, and I saw that in governing its people, and gathering together the remnant, however small, of persons of both sexes, who, not threatening others, but fleeing for their own safety, were scattered here and there, my work would be extended farther than it ought, and that I could not give the attention which I clearly perceived to be necessary, I arranged that a bishop should be ordained and appointed there.

3. With a view to the carrying out of this, I sought for a person who might be suitable to the locality and people, and at the same time acquainted with the Punic language; and I had in my mind a presbyter fitted for the office. Having applied by letter to the holy senior bishop who was then Primate of Numidia, I obtained his consent to come from a great distance to ordain this presbyter. After his coming, when all our minds were intent on an affair of so great consequence, at the last moment, the person whom I believed to be ready to be ordained disappointed us by absolutely refusing to accept the office. Then I myself, who, as the event showed, ought rather to have postponed than precipitated a matter so perilous, being unwilling that the very venerable and holy old man, who had come with so much fatigue to us, should return home without accomplishing the business for which he had journeyed so far, offered to the people, without their seeking him, a young man, Antonius, who was then with me. He had been from childhood brought up in a monastery by us, but, beyond officiating as a reader, he had no experience of the labours pertaining to the various degrees of rank in the clerical office. The unhappy people, not knowing what was to follow, submissively trusting me, accepted him on my suggestion. What need I say more? The deed was done; he entered on his office as their bishop.

4. What shall I do? I am unwilling to accuse before your venerable Dignity one whom I brought into the fold, and nourished with care; and I am unwilling to forsake those in seeking whose ingathering to the Church I have travailed, amid fears and anxieties; and how to do justice to both I cannot discover. The matter has come to such a painful crisis, that those who, in compliance with my wishes, had, in the belief that they were consulting their own interests, chosen him for their bishop, are now bringing charges against him before me. When the most serious of these, namely, charges of gross immorality, which were brought forward not by those whose bishop he was, but by certain other individuals, were found to be utterly unsupported by evidence, and he seemed to us fully acquitted of the crimes laid most ungenerously to his charge, he was on this account regarded, both by ourselves and by others, with such sympathy that the things complained of by the people of Fussala and the surrounding district,—such as intolerable tyranny and spoliation, and extortion, and oppression of various kinds,—by no means seemed so grievous that for one, or for all of them taken together, we should deem it necessary to deprive him of the office of bishop; it seemed to us enough to insist that he should restore what might be proved to have been taken away unjustly.

5. In fine, we so mixed clemency with severity in our sentence, that while reserving to him his office of bishop, we did not leave altogether unpunished offences which behoved neither to be repeated again by himself, nor held forth to the imitation of others. We therefore, in correcting him, reserved to the young man the rank of his office unimpaired, but at the same time, as a punishment, we took away his power, appointing that he should not any longer rule over those with whom he had dealt in such a manner that with just resentment they could not submit to his authority, and might perhaps manifest their impatient indignation by breaking forth into some deeds of violence fraught with danger both to themselves and to him. That this was the state of feeling evidently appeared when the bishops dealt with them concerning Antonius, although at present that conspicuous man Celer, of whose powerful interference against him he complained, possesses no power, either in Africa or elsewhere.

6. But why should I detain you with further particulars? I beseech you to assist us in this laborious matter, blessed lord and holy father, venerated for your piety, and revered with due affection; and command all the documents which have been forwarded to be read aloud to you. Observe in what manner Antonius discharged his duties as bishop; how, when debarred from communion until full restitution should be made to the men of Fussala, he submitted to our sentence, and has now set apart a sum out of which to pay what may after inquiry be deemed just for compensation, in order that the privilege of communion might be restored to him; with what crafty reasoning he prevailed on our aged primate, a most venerable man, to believe all his statements, and to recommend him as altogether blameless to the venerable Pope Boniface. But why should I rehearse all the rest, seeing that the venerable old man, aforesaid must have reported the entire matter to your Holiness?

7. In the numerous minutes of procedure in which our judgment regarding him is recorded, I should have feared that we might appear to you to have passed a sentence less severe than we ought to have done, did I not know that you are so prone to mercy that you will deem it your duty to spare not us only, because we spared him, but also the man himself. But what we did, whether in kindness or laxity, he attempts to turn to account, and use as a legal objection to our sentence. He boldly protests: “Either I ought to sit in my own episcopal chair, or ought not to be a bishop at all,” as if he were now sitting in any seat but his own. For, on this very account, those places were set apart and assigned to him in which he had previously been bishop, that he might not be said to be unlawfully translated to another see, contrary to the statutes of the Fathers;1476    Translations from one see to another, now permitted, had been forbidden by the Councils of Nice, Sardis, and Antioch. or is it to be maintained that one ought to be so rigid an advocate, either for severity or for lenity, as to insist, either that no punishment be inflicted on those who seem not to deserve deposition from the office of bishop, or that the sentence of deposition be pronounced on all who seem to deserve any punishment?

8. There are cases on record, in which the Apostolic See, either pronouncing judgment or confirming the judgment of others, sanctioned decisions by which persons, for certain offences, were neither deposed from their episcopal office nor left altogether unpunished. I shall not bring forward those which occurred at a period very remote from our own time; I shall mention recent instances. Let Priscus, a bishop of the province of Cæsarea, protest boldly: “Either the office of primate should be open to me, as to other bishops, or I ought not to remain a bishop.” Let Victor, another bishop of the same province, with whom, when involved in the same sentence as Priscus, no bishop beyond his own diocese holds communion, let him, I say, protest with similar confidence: “Either I ought to have communion everywhere, or I ought not to have it in my own district.” Let Laurentius, a third bishop of the same province, speak, and in the precise words of this man he may exclaim: “Either I ought to sit in the chair to which I have been ordained, or I ought not to be a bishop.” But who can find fault with these judgments, except one who does not consider that, neither on the one hand ought all offences to be left unpunished, nor on the other ought all to be punished in one way.

9. Since, then, the most blessed Pope Boniface, speaking of Bishop Antonius, has in his epistle, with the vigilant caution becoming a pastor, inserted in his judgment the additional clause, “if he has faithfully narrated the facts of the case to us,” receive now the facts of the case, which in his statement to you he passed over in silence, and also the transactions which took place after the letter of that man of blessed memory had been read in Africa, and in the mercy of Christ extend your aid to men imploring it more earnestly than he does from whose turbulence they desire to be freed. For either from himself, or at least from very frequent rumors, threats are held out that the courts of justiciary, and the public authorities, and the violence of the military, are to carry into force the decision of the Apostolic See; the effect of which is that these unhappy men, being now Catholic Christians, dread greater evils from a Catholic bishop than those which, when they were heretics, they dreaded from the laws of Catholic emperors. Do not permit these things to be done, I implore you, by the blood of Christ, by the memory of the Apostle Peter, who has warned those placed over Chistian people against violently “lording it over their brethren.”1477    1 Pet. v. 3. I commend to the gracious love of your Holiness the Catholics of Fussala, my children in Christ, and also Bishop Antonius, my son in Christ, for I love both, and I commend both to you. I do not blame the people of Fussala for bringing to your ears their just complaint against me for imposing on them a man whom I had not proved, and who was in age at least not yet established, by whom they have been so afflicted; nor do I wish any wrong done to Antonius, whose evil covetousness I oppose with a determination proportioned to my sincere affection for him. Let your compassion be extended to both,—to them, so that they may not suffer evil; to him, so that he may not do evil: to them, so that they may not hate the Catholic Church, if they find no aid in defence against a Catholic bishop extended to them by Catholic bishops, and especially by the Apostolic See itself; to him, on the other hand, so that he may not involve himself in such grievous wickedness as to alienate from Christ those whom against their will he endeavours to make his own.

10. As for myself, I must acknowledge to your Holiness, that in the danger which threatens both, I am so racked with anxiety and grief that I think of retiring from the responsibilities of the episcopal office, and abandoning myself to demonstrations of sorrow corresponding to the greatness of my error, if I shall see (through the conduct of him in favour of whose election to the bishopric I imprudently gave my vote) the Church of God laid waste, and (which may God forbid) even perish, involving in its destruction the man by whom it was laid waste. Recollecting what the apostle says: “If we would judge ourselves, we should not be judged.”1478    1 Cor. xi. 31. I will judge myself, that He may spare me who is hereafter to judge the quick and the dead. If, however, you succeed in restoring the members of Christ in that district from their deadly fear and grief, and in comforting my old age by the administration of justice tempered with mercy, He who brings deliverance to us through you in this tribulation, and who has established you in the seat which you occupy, shall recompense unto you good for good, both in this life and in that which is to come.

EPISTOLA CCIX . Augustinus Coelestino Romano Pontifici, de ipsius electione pacifice facta (quae ad finem anni 422 referri potest) gratulatur: tum exponit causam Antonii episcopi Fussalensis, qui administratione Ecclesiae suae ob scelera privatus appellaverat ad apostolicam Sedem; atque obtestatur ut latam in ipsum sententiam vigere sinat.

Domino beatissimo, et debita charitate venerando sancto papae COELESTINO, AUGUSTINUS, in Domino salutem.

1. Primum gratulationem reddo meritis tuis, quod te in illa Sede Dominus Deus noster sine ulla, sicut audivimus, plebis suae discissione constituit. Deinde insinuo Sanctitati tuae, quae sint circa nos, ut non solum orando pro nobis, verum etiam consulendo et opitulando subvenias. In magna quippe tribulatione positus, haec ad tuam Beatitudinem scripta direxi: quoniam volens prodesse quibusdam in nostra vicinitate membris Christi, magnam illis cladem improvidus et incautus ingessi.

2. Fussala dicitur Hipponensi territorio confine castellum: antea ibi nunquam episcopus fuit, sed simul cum contigua sibi regione ad paroeciam Hipponensis Ecclesiae pertinebat. Paucos habebat illa terra catholicos; caeteras plebes illic in magna multitudine hominum constitutas Donatistarum error miserabiliter obtinebat, ita ut in eodem castello nullus esset omnino catholicus. Actum est in Dei misericordia ut omnia ipsa loca unitati Ecclesiae cohaererent; per quantos labores et pericula nostra, longum est explicare, ita ut ibi presbyteri qui eis congregandis a nobis primitus constituti sunt, exspoliarentur, caederentur, debilitarentur, excaecarentur, occiderentur: quorum tamen passiones inutiles ac steriles non fuerunt, unitatis illic securitate perfecta. Sed quod ab Hippone memoratum castellum millibus quadraginta sejungitur, cum in eis regendis, et eorum reliquiis licet exiguis colligendis, quae in utroque sexu aberrabant non minaces ulterius, sed fugaces, me viderem latius quam oportebat extendi, nec adhibendae sufficere diligentiae quam certissima ratione adhiberi debere cernebam, episcopum ibi ordinandum constituendumque curavi.

3. Quod ut fieret, aptum loco illi congruumque requirebam, qui et Punica lingua esset instructus; et habebam de quo cogitabam paratum presbyterum, propter quem ordinandum, sanctum senem qui tunc primatum Numidiae gerebat de longinquo ut veniret 0954 rogans litteris impetravi. Quo jam praesente, omniumque in re tanta suspensis animis, ad horam nos ille, qui mihi paratus videbatur, omnimodo resistendo destituit. Ego autem qui utique, sicut exitus docuit, differre potius debui, quam periculosum praecipitare negotium, dum nolo gravissimum et sanctissimum senem ad nos usque fatigatum sine effectu propter quem venerat tam longe, ad propria remeare, obtuli non petentibus quemdam adolescentem Antonium qui mecum tunc erat; in monasterio quidem a nobis a parvula aetate nutritum, sed praeter lectionis officium nullis clericatus gradibus et laboribus notum. At illi miseri, quod futurum fuerat ignorantes, offerenti eum mihi obedientissime crediderunt. Quid plura? factum est; esse illis episcopus coepit.

4. Quid faciam? Nolo apud tuam Venerationem gravare quem nutriendum collegi; nolo deserere quos colligendos timoribus et doloribus parturivi; et quomodo utrumque agam reperire non possum. Res quippe ad tantum scandalum venit, ut in eum hic apud nos causas dicerent, qui de illius episcopatu suscipiendo, tanquam bene sibi consulentibus, obtemperaverant nobis. In quibus causis cum stuprorum crimina capitalia, quae non ab ipsis quibus episcopus erat, sed ab aliis quibusdam objecta fuerant, probari minime potuissent, atque ab iis quae invidiosissime jactabantur, videretur esse purgatus; tam miserandus factus est et nobis et aliis, ut quidquid a castellanis et illius regionis hominibus de intolerabili dominatione, de rapinis et diversis oppressionibus et contritionibus objiciebatur, nequaquam nobis tale videretur, ut propter hoc vel propter simul cuncta congesta, episcopatu eum putaremus esse privandum, sed restituenda quae probarentur ablata.

5. Denique sententias nostras sic temperavimus, ut salvo episcopatu, non tamen omnino impunita relinquerentur quae non deberent vel eidem ipsi deinceps iterumque facienda, vel caeteris imitanda proponi. Honorem itaque integrum servavimus juveni corrigendo; sed corripiendo minuimus potestatem, ne scilicet eis praeesset ulterius, cum quibus sic egerat, ut dolore justo eum sibi praeesse ferre omnino non possent, et cum suo illiusque periculo in aliquod scelus forsitan erupturam impatientiam sui doloris ostenderent. Quorum talis animus etiam tunc, quando cum eis de illo episcopi egerunt, evidenter apparuit; cum jam vir spectabilis Celer, de cujus adversum se praepotenti administratione conquestus est, nullam gerat, vel in Africa, vel uspiam potestatem.

6. Sed quid multis morer? Collabora, obsecro, nobiscum, pietate venerabilis domine beatissime, et debita charitate venerande sancte Papa, et jube tibi quae directa sunt omnia recitari. Vide episcopatum qualiter gesserit; quemadmodum judicio nostro usque adeo 0955 consenserit, communione privatus, nisi prius Fussalensibus omnia redderentur, jam postea ut re acta aestimatis rebus solidos seposuerit, ut ei communio redderetur; quam versuta suasione sanctum senem primatem nostrum gravissimum virum, ut ei cuncta crederet, quem velut omni modo inculpatum venerando Papae Bonifacio commendaret, induxerit; et caetera quae a me quid opus est recoli, cum memoratus venerabilis senex ad tuam Sanctimoniam universa retulerit?

7. In illis autem multiplicibus Gestis, quibus de illo nostrum judicium continetur, magis deberem vereri ne tibi minus severe, quam oporteret, judicasse videamur, nisi scirem vos tam propensos ad misericordiam, ut non solum nobis quia illi pepercimus, verum etiam ipsi existimetis esse parcendum. Sed ille quod a nobis aut benigne aut remisse factum est, in praescriptionem vertere atque usurpare conatur. Clamat, Aut in mea cathedra sedere debui, aut episcopus esse non debui; quasi nunc sedeat nisi in sua. Propter hoc enim loca illa eidem dimissa atque permissa sunt, in quibus et prius episcopus erat, ne in alienam cathedram contra statuta patrum translatus illicite diceretur. Aut vero quisquam ita esse debet, sive severitatis, sive lenitatis exactor, ut qui non visi fuerint episcopatus honore privandi, nullo modo in eis aliquid vindicetur; aut in quibus aliquid visum fuerit vindicandum, episcopatus honore priventur?

8. Existunt exempla, ipsa Sede apostolica judicante, vel aliorum judicata firmante, quosdam pro culpis quibusdam, nec episcopali spoliatos honore, nec relictos omnimodis impunitos. Quae ut a nostris temporibus remotissima non requiram, recentia memorabo . Clamet Priscus provinciae Caesareensis episcopus: Aut ad primatum locus sicut caeteris et mihi patere debuit, aut episcopatus mihi remanere non debuit. Clamet alius ejusdem provinciae Victor episcopus, cui relicto in eadem poena in qua et Priscus fuit, nusquam nisi in dioecesi ejus ab aliquo communicatur episcopo; clamet, inquam: Aut ubique communicare debui, aut etiam in meis locis communicare non debui. Clamet tertius ejusdem provinciae Laurentius episcopus, et prorsus hujus vocibus clamet: Aut in cathedra cui ordinatus sum, sedere debui, aut episcopus esse non debui. Sed quis ista vituperet, nisi qui parum attendit nec inulta omnia relinquenda, nec uno modo omnia vindicanda?

9. Quia ergo pastorali vigilique cautela beatissimus Papa Bonifacius in epistola sua posuit, de Antonio loquens episcopo, et ait, Si ordinem rerum nobis fideliter indicavit; accipe nunc ordinem rerum quem ille in suo libello reticuit, ac deinde quae post ejus 0956 sanctae memoriae viri in Africa lectas litteras gesta sunt; et subveni hominibus opem tuam in Christi misericordia multo avidius quam ille poscentibus, a cujus inquietudine desiderant liberari. Judicia quippe illis, et publicas potestates, et militares impetus tanquam exsecuturos apostolicae Sedis sententiam, sive ipse, sive rumores creberrimi comminantur , ut miseri homines christiani catholici graviora formident a catholico episcopo, quam, cum essent haeretici, a catholicorum imperatorum legibus formidabant. Non sinas ista fieri, obsecro te per Christi sanguinem, per apostoli Petri memoriam, qui christianorum praepositos populorum monuit ne violenter dominentur in fratres (I Petr. V, 3). Ego Fussalenses catholicos filios in Christo meos, et Antonium episcopum filium in Christo meum, benignitati charitatis Sanctitatis tuae, quia utrosque diligo, utrosque commendo. Neque Fussalensibus succenseo, quia justam de me querimoniam ingerunt auribus tuis, quod eis hominem nondum mihi probatum, nondum saltem aetate firmatum, a quo sic affligerentur, inflixi: neque huic noceri volo, cui quanto magis sinceram habeo charitatem, tanto magis pravae ejus cupiditati obsisto. Utrique misericordiam mereantur tuam; illi ne mala patiantur, iste ne faciat: illi, ne oderint Catholicam, si a catholicis episcopis, maximeque ab ipsa Sede apostolica, contra catholicum non eis subvenitur episcopum; iste autem, ne se tanto scelere obstringat, ut quos molitur invitos facere suos, a Christo faciat alienos.

10. Me sane, quod confitendum est Beatitudini tuae, in isto utrorumque periculo tantus timor et moeror excruciat, ut ab officio cogitem gerendi episcopatus abscedere, et me lamentis errori meo convenientibus dedere, si per eum cujus episcopatui per imprudentiam suffragatus sum, vastari Ecclesiam Dei, et, quod ipse Deus avertat, etiam cum vastantis perditione perire conspexero. Recolens enim quod ait Apostolus, Si nosmetipsos judicaremus, a Domino non judicaremur (I Cor. XI, 31), judicabo meipsum, ut parcat mihi, qui judicaturus est vivos et mortuos. Si autem et 0957 membra Christi, quae in illa regione sunt, ab exitiabili timore ac tristitia recreaveris, et meam senectutem hac misericordi justitia fueris consolatus, retribuet tibi, et in praesenti et in futura vita, bona pro bonis, qui per te nobis in ista tribulatione succurrit, et qui te in illa Sede constituit.