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by very many years, and much more ancient than the founding of Ilium 10.11.7 and of Tros and Dardanus. And for the sake of proof I will use as witnesses Chaldeans, Phoenicians, Egyptians. And why should I say more? For he who professes to persuade ought to make his narratives about the mat10.11.8ters more concise for his listeners. Berossus, a Babylonian man, a priest of their Bel, who lived in the time of Alexander, having compiled the history of the Chaldeans in three books for Antiochus, the third after Seleucus, and setting forth the accounts of the kings, relates the name of one of them, Nebuchadnezzar, who campaigned against the Phoenicians and the Jews, which things we know were proclaimed through our prophets, having happened indeed much later than the age of Moses, but seventy years before the Persian supremacy 10.11.9. And Berossus is a most competent man; and a proof of this is Juba, who, writing *On the Assyrians*, says he learned the history from Berossus; and he has two books *On the Assyrians*. 10.11.10 And after the Chaldeans, the matters of the Phoenicians are as follows: there were among them three men, Theodotus, Hypsicrates, and Mochus. Laetus, who also with exactness treat10.11.11ed the lives of the philosophers, arranged their books into the Greek language. Now, in the histories of the aforementioned, it is declared in whose reign the abduction of Europa happened, and the arrival of Menelaus in Phoenicia, and the accounts concerning Hiram, who gave his own daughter in marriage to Solomon, the king of the Jews, and donated timber of all kinds for the construc10.11.12tion of the temple. And Menander of Pergamum also made a record concerning the same things. And the time of Hiram is now somewhere near the Trojan times; but Solomon, who lived at the time of Hiram, is much later than the age of Moses. 10.11.13 And there are accurate records of the times of the Egyptians. And an interpreter of their writings, Ptolemy, not the king, but a priest of Mendes, this man, setting forth the deeds of the kings, says that the journey of the Jews out of Egypt to the places they wished happened in the time of Amosis, king of Egypt, with Mo10.11.14ses as their leader. And he speaks thus: “And Amosis lived in the time of king Inachus.” And after him, Apion the grammarian, a most esteemed man, in the fourth of his *Egyptian Histories*—and he has five books—says many other things, but also that “Amosis destroyed Auaris, living at the time of the Argive 10.11.15 Inachus, as Ptolemy of Mendes recorded in his *Chronicles*.” And the time from Inachus until the capture of Ilium fills twenty generations. And the matters of the proof are in this manner. 10.11.16 The kings of the Argives were these: Inachus, Phoroneus, Apis, Argus, Criasus, Phorbas, Triopas, Crotopus, Sthenelus, Danaus, Lynceus, Abas, Proetus, Acrisius, Perseus, Sthenelus, Eurystheus, Atreus, Thyestes, Agamemnon, in the eighteenth year of whose reign Ilium was taken. 10.11.17 And the intelligent man must understand with all accuracy that according to the tradition of the Greeks, there was not even any record of history among them. For Cadmus, who handed down the letters to the aforementioned, after many generations arrived in Boeotia 10.11.18. And after Inachus, under Phoroneus, the beastly and nomadic life was with difficulty circumscribed, and men were brought to an ordered state. Therefore, if Moses has appeared as having lived in the time of Inachus, he is older than the Trojan events by four hundred years 10.11.19. And this is proved to be so from the succession of the Attic kings, and the Macedonian, and the Ptolemaic, and also the Antiochian; whence if after Inachus the most famous deeds among the Greeks were written 10.11.20 and became known, it is clear that they were also after Moses. For in the time of Phoroneus, who was after Inachus, Ogygus is mentioned among the Athenians, in whose time the first flood occurred; and in the time of Phorbas, Actaeus, from whom Actaia the

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πάνυ πολλοῖς ἔτεσι, τῆς δὲ γεγονυίας Ἰλίου κτίσεως 10.11.7 καὶ τοῦ Τρωὸς καὶ ∆αρδάνου λίαν ἀρχαιότερος. ἀποδείξεως δὲ ἕνεκεν μάρτυσι χρήσομαι Χαλδαίοις, Φοίνιξιν, Αἰγυπτίοις. καὶ τί μοι λέγειν πλείονα; χρὴ γὰρ τὸν πείθειν ἐπαγγελλόμενον συντομωτέρας ποιεῖσθαι τὰς περὶ τῶν πραγμά10.11.8 των πρὸς τοὺς ἀκούοντας διηγήσεις. Βηρωσσὸς ἀνὴρ Βαβυλώνιος, ἱερεὺς τοῦ παρ' αὐτοῖς Βήλου κατ' Ἀλέξανδρον γενόμενος, Ἀντιόχῳ τῷ μετὰ Σέλευκον τρίτῳ τὴν Χαλδαίων ἱστορίαν ἐν τρισὶ βιβλίοις κατατάξας καὶ τὰ περὶ τῶν βασιλέων ἐκτιθέμενος ἀφηγεῖταί τινος αὐτῶν ὄνομα Ναβουχοδονόσορ, τοῦ συστρατεύσαντος ἐπὶ Φοίνικας καὶ Ἰουδαίους, ἅτινα διὰ τῶν καθ' ἡμᾶς προφητῶν ἴσμεν κεκηρυγμένα, γεγονότα μὲν πολὺ τῆς Μωσέως ἡλικίας κατώτερα, πρὸ δὲ τῆς 10.11.9 Περσῶν ἡγεμονίας ἔτεσιν ἑβδομήκοντα. Βηρωσσὸς δέ ἐστιν ἀνὴρ ἱκανώτατος· καὶ τούτου τεκμήριον Ἰόβας, ὃς Περὶ Ἀσσυρίων γράφων παρὰ Βηρωσσοῦ φησι μεμαθηκέναι τὴν ἱστορίαν· εἰσὶ δ' αὐτῷ βίβλοι Περὶ Ἀσσυρίων δύο. 10.11.10 Μετὰ δὲ τοὺς Χαλδαίους τὰ Φοινίκων οὕτως ἔχει· γεγόνασι παρ' αὐτοῖς ἄνδρες τρεῖς, Θεόδοτος, Ὑψικράτης, Μῶχος. τούτων τὰς βίβλους εἰς Ἑλληνίδα κατέταξε φωνὴν Λαῖτος, ὁ καὶ τοὺς βίους τῶν φιλοσόφων ἐπ' ἀκριβὲς πραγμα10.11.11 τευσάμενος. ἐν δὴ ταῖς τῶν προειρημένων ἱστορίαις δηλοῦται, κατὰ τίνα τῶν βασιλέων Εὐρώπης ἁρπαγὴ γέγονεναι, Μενελάου τε εἰς τὴν Φοινίκην ἄφιξις καὶ τὰ περὶ Εἴραμον, ὅστις Σολομῶνι τῷ Ἰουδαίων βασιλεῖ πρὸς γάμον δοὺς τὴν ἑαυτοῦ θυγατέρα καὶ ξύλων παντοδαπῶν ὕλην εἰς τὴν τοῦ νεὼ κατα10.11.12 σκευὴν ἐδωρήσατο. καὶ Μένανδρος δὲ ὁ Περγαμηνὸς περὶ τῶν αὐτῶν τὴν ἀναγραφὴν ἐποιήσατο. τοῦ δὲ Εἰράμου ὁ χρόνος ἤδη που τοῖς Ἰλιακοῖς ἐγγίζει· Σολομῶν δὲ ὁ κατ' Εἴραμον πολὺ κατώτερός ἐστι τῆς Μωσέως ἡλικίας. 10.11.13 Αἰγυπτίων δέ εἰσιν ἀκριβεῖς χρόνων ἀναγραφαί. καὶ τῶν κατ' αὐτοὺς γραμμάτων ἑρμηνεὺς Πτολεμαῖος οὐχ ὁ βασιλεύς, ἱερεὺς δὲ Μένδητος, οὗτος τὰς τῶν βασιλέων πράξεις ἐκτιθέμενος κατὰ Ἄμωσιν Αἰγύπτου βασιλέα γεγονέναι Ἰουδαίοις φησὶ τὴν ἐξ Αἰγύπτου πορείαν εἰς ἅπερ ἤθελον χωρία, Μω10.11.14 σέως ἡγουμένου. λέγει δὲ οὕτως· «Ὁ δὲ Ἄμωσις ἐγένετο κατὰ Ἴναχοντὸν βασιλέα». μετὰ δὲ τοῦτον Ἀπίων ὁ γραμματικός, ἀνὴρ δοκιμώτατος, ἐν τῇ τετάρτῃ τῶν Αἰγυπτιακῶν πέντε δέ εἰσιν αὐτῷ γραφαί πολλὰ μὲν καὶ ἄλλα, φησὶ δ' ὅτι «κατέσκαψε τὴν Αὔαριν Ἄμωσις, κατὰ τὸν Ἀργεῖον γενόμενος 10.11.15 Ἴναχον, ὡς ἐν τοῖς Χρόνοις ἀνέγραψεν ὁ Μενδήσιος Πτολεμαῖος.» ὁ δὲ ἀπὸ Ἰνάχου χρόνος ἄχρι τῆς Ἰλίου ἁλώσεως ἀποπληροῖ γενεὰς εἴκοσι. καὶ τὰ τῆς ἀποδείξεως τοῦτον ἔχει τὸν τρόπον. 10.11.16 Γεγόνασιν Ἀργείων βασιλεῖς οἵδε· Ἴναχος, Φορωνεύς, Ἆπις, Ἀργεῖος Κρίασος, Φόρβας, Τριόπας, Κροτωπός, Σθενέλαος, ∆αναός, Λυγκεύς, Ἄβας, Προῖτος, Ἀκρίσιος, Περσεύς, Σθενέλαος, Εὐρυσθεύς, Ἀτρεύς, Θυέστης,Ἀγαμέμνων, οὗ κατὰ τὸ ὀκτωκαιδέκατον ἔτος τῆς βασιλείας Ἴλιον ἑάλω. 10.11.17 καὶ χρὴ τὸν νουνεχῆ συνεῖναι μετὰ πάσης ἀκριβείας ὅτι κατὰ τὴν Ἑλλήνων παράδοσιν οὐδ' ἱστορίας τις ἦν παρ' αὐτοῖς ἀναγραφή. Κάδμος γὰρ ὁ τὰ στοιχεῖα τοῖς προειρημένοις παραδοὺς μετὰ πολλὰς γενεὰς τῆς Βοιωτίας 10.11.18 ἐπέβη. μετὰ δὲ Ἴναχον ὑπὸ Φορωνέως μόλις τοῦ θηριώδους βίου καὶ νομάδος περιγραφὴ γέγονε μετεκοσμήθησάν τε οἱ ἄνθρωποι. διόπερ εἰ κατὰ Ἴναχον πέφηνεν ὁ Μωσῆς γεγονώς, πρεσβύτερός ἐστι τῶν Ἰλιακῶν ἔτεσι 10.11.19 τετρακοσίοις. ἀποδείκνυται δὲ τοῦθ' οὕτως ἔχον ἀπό τε τῆς τῶν Ἀττικῶν βασιλέων διαδοχῆς Μακεδονικῶν τε καὶ Πτολεμαϊκῶν, ἔτι δὲ καὶ Ἀντιοχικῶν· ὅθεν εἰ μετὰ τὸν Ἴναχον αἱ διαφανέστατοι πράξεις παρ' Ἕλλησιν ἐγράφησάν 10.11.20 τε καὶ γινώσκονται, δῆλον ὡς καὶ μετὰ Μωσέα. κατὰ μὲν γὰρ Φορωνέα τὸν μετ' Ἴναχον μνημονεύεται παρ' Ἀθηναίοις Ὤγυγος, ἐφ' οὗ κατακλυσμὸςὁ πρῶτος, κατὰ δὲ Φόρβαντα Ἀκταῖος, ἀφ' οὗ Ἀκταία ἡ