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supposing they would receive it; but when his father had been driven to the extreme of poverty, he remained as a slave with his captors and was brought up in their customs. And when Antipater was murdered with poison by a certain Jew named Balichus, out of envy for his great good fortune, his sons, Herod and Phasael, succeeded to his rule. And one inherited the land of Idumaea and Jerusalem, and Herod Judea and Galilee. And having learned that Hyrcanus, the king before him, had opened the tomb of David and taken three thousand talents, he also opened it, and though he found no money, he took 1.294 golden ornaments and many treasures. And when he attempted to go further in, where the bodies of David and Solomon had been placed, a fire came out and destroyed two of his bodyguards. And having gone to Egypt, Julius strengthens the rule of Cleopatra, having put a stop to the plots of those who attacked her. And having administered all the affairs in the east, he returned to Rome, having become sole ruler. That the month Julius was called Quintilis, but it was renamed by Antony because Gaius Julius was born in it. And Sextilis from Augustus was called Augustus, which is venerable. That among the Romans verses are called *carmina* and prophecy is *carmentia*. That the Romans call the first of the month the Calends; but for January and February and April and June and August and September and October and November, they call the 5th of the month the Nones, and the 13th of the month the Ides, while for March and May and July and December, they call the 7th of the month the Nones, and the 15th of the month the Ides. Therefore, when you find the Calends of January, you will understand it to be the 1st of January. Furthermore, three days before is the third, and one day before the Nones of January is the 4th, because the 5th, as we said, is called the Nones. And after the 5th you would say eight days before the Ides of January, that is, on the 6th 1.295 of this month, and again seven days before on the 7th, and so on in the same way, because the 13th of January is called the Ides of January. And the 14th of this month you would say is nineteen days before the Calends of February, and the 15th is eighteen days before, and so on in this manner until the first of February; then you will say the Calends of February. And so also for the other months in the same way.

That the Romans called food *cibos*; from which Janus was called Cibullius on account of feasting and Janus Quirinus as if a champion, and Consaeus instead of *hodaion* and Patricius autochthon. Dio the Roman says that a certain ancient hero Janus, because he hosted Cronus, received knowledge of things to come and things that have been, and for this reason was fashioned by the Romans with two faces; from whom the month was called January, and the beginning of the year comes from the same month. The Romans received a certain goddess Februa, who purified things. But Anysius in his work *On the Months* says *februus* means the chthonic one in the Tuscan tongue. But Labeo says that February was named from mourning; for mourning is called *februs* among the Romans. In this month they honored the dead, and *februare* means to purify. That the Romans called Mars *mortem*, as if death, or the mover of the arts, or the one honored by men alone, or from fighting, according to Philoxenus. And in Egyptian it is called Ertosi; and this signifies the life-giving of every kind 1.296 and of all substance and matter, a life-giving ordering according to nature and power. That an opportune gift is called *kerdos*, and *miliarisia* from *militia*, that is, military service; for Scipio, due to a lack of gold, had the *miliarisia* made and gave them to the soldiers, when Hannibal was pressing upon their affairs. That the Romans call slanderers and informers *delatores*. That *spatharios* is a bodyguard, *oratio* is an address, and *fabricisii* are the makers of arms. That the Romans called chaste women matrons, and the Greeks housewives. who took such care for their modesty as not even to the many

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κομιεῖσθαι ὑπει ληφότες· τοῦ δὲ πατρὸς αὐτοῦ εἰς ἔσχατον πενίας ἐληλακότος ἔμεινε παρὰ τοῖς ἁρπάσασιν δουλεύων καὶ τοῖς ἐκείνων ἔθεσι τρε φόμενος. Ἀναιρεθέντος δὲ τοῦ Ἀντιπάτρου φαρμάκῳ βασκανίᾳ τῆς πολλῆς εὐδαιμονίας ὑπὸ Βαλίχου τινὸς Ἰουδαίου, διαδέχονται οἱ παῖδες αὐτοῦ τὴν ἀρχήν, Ἡρώδης καὶ Φασάϊλος. καὶ ὁ μὲν τὴν Ἰδουμαίαν καὶ τὴν Ἱεροσολύμων ἐκληρώσατο γῆν, τὴν δὲ Ἰουδαίαν καὶ Γαλιλαίαν ὁ Ἡρώδης. γνοὺς δὲ ὡς Ὑρκανὸς ὁ πρὸ αὐτοῦ βασιλεὺς τὸν τοῦ ∆αβὶδ τάφον ἀνοίξας τρισχίλια ἔλαβε τάλαντα, ἤνοιξε καὶ αὐτός, καὶ χρήματα μὲν οὐχ εὗρε, κόσμον 1.294 δὲ χρύσειον καὶ κειμήλια πολλὰ ἀνείλετο. πειραθέντος δὲ αὐτοῦ ἐνδοτέρω χωρεῖν, οὗ τὰ σώματα ∆αβὶδ καὶ Σολομῶντος ἐτέθη σαν, πῦρ ἐξελθὸν δύο τῶν δορυφόρων κατέφθειρε. Γενόμενος δὲ εἰς τὴν Αἴγυπτον Ἰούλιος τῆς Κλεοπάτρας κρατύνει τὴν ἀρχήν, τῶν ἐπιτιθεμένων ἀναστείλας τὰς ἐπιβουλάς. καὶ τὰ ἐπὶ τῆς ἀνατολῆς ἅπαντα διοικησάμενος ἐπανῆλθεν εἰς τὴν Ῥώμην μοναρχήσας. Ὅτι ὁ Ἰούλιος μὴν Κυντίλιος ἐλέγετο, μετωνομάσθη δὲ παρὰ Ἀντωνίου διὰ τὸ γεννηθῆναι αὐτῷ Γάϊον Ἰούλιον. ὁ δὲ Σεξτίλιος ἀπὸ Αὐγούστου Αὔγουστος, ὅ ἐστι σεβαστός. Ὅτι κάρμινα παρὰ Ῥωμαίοις λέγεται τὰ ἔπη καὶ καρμεντία ἡ μαντεία. Ὅτι τὴν πρώτην τοῦ μηνὸς Ῥωμαῖοι καλάνδας καλοῦσι· νόννας δὲ καὶ εἰδοῦς ἐπὶ μὲν Ἰανουαρίου καὶ Φεβρουαρίου Ἀπριλλίου τε καὶ Ἰουνίου καὶ Αὐγούστου καὶ Σεπτεμβρίου καὶ Ὀκτωβρίου καὶ Νοεβρίου τὰς μὲν νόννας λέγουσι εʹ τοῦ μηνός, τὰς δὲ εἰδοῦς ιγʹ τοῦ μηνός, ἐπὶ δὲ Μαρτίου καὶ Μαΐου καὶ Ἰουλίου καὶ ∆εκεμβρίου τὰς μὲν νόννας τὴν ζʹ τοῦ μηνός, τὰς δὲ εἰδοῦς τὴν ιεʹ τοῦ μηνός. καλάνδας τοίνυν Ἰανουαρίου εὑρίσκων τὴν αʹ Ἰανουαρίου νομίσεις. ἔτι δὲ πρὸ τριῶν τὴν τρίτην καὶ πρὸ μιᾶς νοννῶν Ἰανουαρίων τὴν δʹ, διὰ τὸ τὴν εʹ, ὡς ἔφημεν, νόνναν καλεῖσθαι. μετὰ δὲ τὴν εʹ εἴποις ἂν πρὸ ηʹ εἰδῶν Ἰανουαρίων, ἤγουν τῇ ϛʹ 1.295 τούτου, καὶ πρὸ ἑπτὰ πάλιν τῇ ζʹ, καὶ ἑξῆς ὁμοίως, διὰ τὸ τὴν ιγʹ Ἰανουαρίου εἰδοῦς Ἰανουαρίου λέγεσθαι. τὴν δὲ ιδʹ τούτου εἴποις ἂν πρὸ ιθʹ καλανδῶν Φεβρουαρίου, τὴν δὲ ιεʹ πρὸ ιηʹ, καὶ ἑξῆς κατὰ τὸν τρόπον μέχρι τῆς πρώτης Φεβρουαρίου· εἶτα ἐρεῖς καλάνδας Φεβρουαρίου. ἔτι δὲ καὶ ἐπὶ τῶν ἄλλων μηνῶν ὁμοίως.

Ὅτι Ῥωμαῖοι κίβους τὴν τροφὴν ἐκάλουν· ἐξ οὗ καὶ Ἰανὸν Κιβούλλιον διὰ τὸ εὐωχιαστικὸν καὶ Ἰανὸν Κυρῖνον ὡσανεὶ πρόμαχον, καὶ Κονσαῖον ἀντὶ τοῦ ὁδαῖον καὶ πατρίκιον αὐτόχθονα. ∆ίων ὁ Ῥωμαῖος ἀρχαῖόν τινα ἥρωα Ἰανὸν λέγει, διὰ τὴν τοῦ Κρόνου ξένισιν λαβόντα τὴν γνῶσιν τῶν μελλόντων καὶ τῶν προϋπ αρχόντων, καὶ διὰ τοῦτο διπρόσωπον ὑπὸ Ῥωμαίων πλάττεσθαι· ἐξ οὗ τόν τε μῆνα κληθῆναι Ἰανουάριον, καὶ τὴν τοῦ ἔτους ἀρχὴν ἀπὸ τοῦ αὐτοῦ μηνὸς γίνεσθαι. Φέβρουαν θεάν τινα καθαρτικὴν τῶν πραγμάτων οἱ Ῥω μαῖοι παρέλαβον. Ἀνύσιος δὲ ἐν τῷ περὶ μηνῶν φεβροῦον τὸν καταχθόνιον τῇ Θούσκων φωνῇ λέγει. ὁ δὲ Λαβεὼν ἀπὸ τοῦ πένθους λέγει κληθῆναι τὸν Φεβρουάριον· φέβρους γὰρ παρὰ Ῥω μαίοις τὸ πένθος προσαγορεύεται. κατ' αὐτὸν δὲ τοὺς κατοιχο μένους ἐτίμων, καὶ φεβρουᾶραι τὸ καθᾶραι. Ὅτι τὸν Μάρτεμ οἱ Ῥωμαῖοι μόρτεμ ἐκάλουν οἱονεὶ θάνα τον, ἢ κινητὴν τῶν τεχνῶν, ἢ τὸν παρ' ἀρρένων καὶ μόνων τιμώ μενον, ἢ ἐκ τοῦ μάρνασθαι, κατὰ Φιλόξενον. καλεῖται δὲ Αἰ γυπτιαστὶ Ἐρτωσί· τοῦτο δὲ σημαίνει παντὸς γένους ζῳογονίαν 1.296 καὶ πάσης οὐσίας καὶ ὕλης, κατὰ φύσιν καὶ δύναμιν διατακτικὴν ζῳογονικήν. Ὅτι κέρδος ἡ ἐπίκαιρος δόσις λέγεται, μιλιαρίσια δὲ ἀπὸ τῆς μιλιτίας ἤγουν στρατείας· ὁ γὰρ Σκιπίων δι' ἔνδειαν χρυ σίου τοῖς στρατιώταις τὰ μιλιαρίσια κατασκευάσας ἐπιδέδωκεν, Ἀννίβου τοῖς πράγμασιν ἐπικειμένου. Ὅτι δηλάτορας τοὺς διαβόλους καὶ συκοφάντας καλοῦσι Ῥωμαῖοι. Ὅτι σπαθάριος ὁ σωματοφύλαξ ἐστίν, ὀρατίων ἡ προσφώ νησις, καὶ φαυρικίσιοι οἱ τῶν ὅπλων δημιουργοί. Ὅτι Ῥωμαῖοι τὰς σώφρονας γυναῖκας ματρώνας ἐκάλουν, οἱ δὲ Ἕλληνες οἰκοδεσποίνας. αἳ τοσοῦτον τῆς αἰδοῦς ἐφρόντιζον ὡς μηδὲ ταῖς πολλαῖς