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may say that Phemonoe was the first to prophesy to Acrisius, but let him know at least that twenty-seven years after Phemonoe came Orpheus and Musaeus and Linus, the teacher of Heracles. 10.12.29 But Homer and Hesiod are much younger than the Trojan war, after whom, much younger, are the lawgivers among the Greeks, both Lycurgus and Solon, and the seven sages, and those around Pherecydes the Syrian and Pythagoras the great, 10.12.30 who lived somewhere down around the time of the Olympiads, as we have shown. And so Moses has been shown by us to be older than most of the gods among the Greeks, not only than the so-called sages and poets.” 10.12.31 Clement also says these things. But since the present treatise was also studied by the children of the Hebrews before our own time, it would be well also to consider their views. And I shall use, in place of all others, the words of Flavius Josephus:

10.13.1 13. FROM THE FIRST BOOK OF FLAVIUS JOSEPHUS ON THE ANTIQUITY OF THE JEWS

“I shall begin first with the Egyptian records. It is not possible, of course, to quote their actual texts. But Manetho, an Egyptian by race who had partaken of Greek culture, as is evident—for he wrote his native history in the Greek language, translating it from the sacred books, as he himself says—and who also convicts Herodotus on many points of having written falsely about Egyptian affairs through ignorance; this Manetho, then, in the second book of his *Egyptian History*, writes these things about us. I will set down his own words, as if bringing him forward as a witness: 10.13.2 ... "whose name was Timaeus. Under him, I know not how, God was adverse to us, and, unexpectedly, from the regions of the East, men of obscure race, growing bold, made an expedition into our country, and easily and without a battle took it by force."" And he adds after a little: 10.13.3 "Their whole nation was called Hyksos; which is, 'shepherd kings.' For *Hyk* in the sacred language means king, and *sos* is shepherd and shepherds in the common dialect; and so, when compounded, 10.13.4 it becomes Hyksos. Some say they were Arabs, but in another copy it is said that 'kings' is not signified by the designation *Hyk*, but, on the contrary, that 'captive' shepherds is indicated. For *Hyk* again in Egyptian, and 10.13.5 *Hak* with an aspirate, expressly signifies captives. And this seems to me more probable and consistent with ancient history. "These aforementioned kings, he says, both those of the so-called shepherds and their descendants, ruled Egypt for five hundred and eleven years. 10.13.6 After these things, he says, a revolt against the shepherds occurred on the part of the kings of the Thebaid and the rest of Egypt, 10.13.6 and a great and long-protracted war broke out. And under a king whose name was Misphragmouthosis, he says that the shepherds, being defeated, were driven out of the rest of Egypt, and were shut up in a place which had a circumference of ten thousand arourae; the name of the place was Avaris. 10.13.7 This place, Manetho says, the shepherds enclosed with a great and strong wall, so that they might have all their possessions and their plunder in a stronghold. 10.13.8 And Thmosis, the son of Misphragmouthosis, attempted to take them by siege by force, besieging the walls with an army of four hundred and eighty thousand men. But when he despaired of the siege, he made a treaty, that they should all depart from Egypt wherever they wished, unharmed. 10.13.9 And they, upon these agreements, with all their households and possessions, being not fewer than two hundred and forty thousand, from Egypt through the 10.13.10 wilderness

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λέγῃ Φημονόην πρώτην χρησμῳδῆσαι Ἀκρισίῳ, ἀλλ' ἴστω γε ὅτι μετὰ Φημονόην ἔτεσιν ὕστερον εἴκοσιν ἑπτὰ οἱ περὶ Ὀρφέα καὶ Μουσαῖον καὶ Λίνον τὸν Ἡρακλέους 10.12.29 διδάσκαλον. Ὅμηρος δὲ καὶ Ἡσίοδος πολλῷ νεώτεροι τῶν Ἰλιακῶν, μεθ'οὓς μακρῷ νεώτεροι οἱ παρ' Ἕλλησι νομοθέται, Λυκοῦργός τε καὶ Σόλων, καὶ οἱ ἑπτὰ σοφοὶ οἵ τε ἀμφὶ τὸν Σύριον Φερεκύδην καὶ Πυθαγόραν τὸν μέγαν 10.12.30 κάτω που περὶ τὰς Ὀλυμπιάδας γενόμενοι, ὡς παρεστήσαμεν. καὶ θεῶν ἄρα τῶν πλείστων παρ' Ἕλλησιν, οὐ μόνον τῶν λεγομένων σοφῶν τε καὶ ποιητῶν, ὁ Μωσῆς ἡμῖν ἀποδέδεικται πρεσβύτερος.» 10.12.31 Ταῦτα καὶ ὁ Κλήμης. ἀλλ' ἐπεὶ πρὸ τῶν ἡμετέρων ἐσπουδάσθη καὶ αὐτοῖς Ἑβραίων παισὶν ἡ προκειμένη πραγματεία, καλῶς ἂν ἔχοι καὶ τὰ τούτων συνιδεῖν. χρήσομαι δὲ ἀντὶ πάντων ταῖς Φλαυίου Ἰωσήπου φωναῖς·

10.13.1 ιγʹ. ΑΠΟ ΤΟΥ ΠΡΩΤΟΥ ΦΛΑΥΙΟΥ ΙΩΣΗΠΟΥ ΠΕΡΙ ΤΗΣ ΙΟΥ∆ΑΙΩΝ ΑΡΧΑΙΟΤΗΤΟΣ

«Ἄρξομαι δὲ πρῶτον ἀπὸ τῶν παρ' Αἰγυπτίοις γραμμάτων. αὐτὰ μὲν οὖν οὐχ οἷόν τε παρατίθεσθαι τἀκείνων. Μάνεθως δή, τὸ γένος ἀνὴρ Αἰγύπτιος τῆς Ἑλληνικῆς μετεσχηκὼς παιδείας, ὡς δῆλός ἐστι γέγραφε γὰρ Ἑλλάδι φωνῇ τὴν πάτριον ἱστορίαν ἔκ τε τῶν ἱερῶν, ὥς φησιν αὐτός, μεταφράσας, ὃς καὶ πολλὰ τὸν Ἡρόδοτον ἐλέγχει τῶν Αἰγυπτιακῶν ὑπ' ἀγνοίας ἐψευσμένον· οὗτος δὴ τοίνυν ὁ Μάνεθως ἐν τῇ δευτέρᾳ τῶν Αἰγυπτιακῶν ταῦτα περὶ ἡμῶν γράφει· παραθήσομαι δὲ τὴν λέξιν αὐτοῦ, καθάπερ αὐτὸν ἐκεῖνον παραγαγὼν μάρτυρα· 10.13.2 ... «τοῦ Τίμαιος ὄνομα. ἐπὶ τούτου οὐκ οἶδ' ὅπως θεὸς ἀντέπνευσε, καὶ παραδόξως ἐκ τῶν πρὸς ἀνατολὴν μερῶν ἄνθρωποι τὸ γένος ἄσημοι καταθαρρήσαντες ἐπὶ τὴν χώραν ἐστράτευσαν καὶ ῥᾳδίως ἀμαχητὶ ταύτην κατὰ κράτος εἷλον.»« Καὶ ἐπιλέγει μετὰ βραχέα· 10.13.3 ««Ἐκαλεῖτο δὲ τὸ σύμπαν αὐτῶν ἔθνος Ὑκουσσώς· τοῦτο δέ ἐστι βασιλεῖς ποιμένες. τὸ γὰρ Ὓκ καθ' ἱερὰν γλῶσσαν βασιλέα σημαίνει, τὸ δὲ Οὐσσὼς ποιμήν ἐστι καὶ ποιμένες κατὰ τὴν κοινὴν διάλεκτον· καὶ οὕτω συντιθέ10.13.4 μενον γίνεται Ὑκουσσώς. τινὲς δὲ λέγουσιν αὐτοὺς Ἄραβας εἶναι, ἐν δ' ἄλλῳ ἀντιγράφῳ οὐ βασιλεῖς σημαίνεσθαι διὰ τῆς τοῦ Ὓκ προσηγορίας, ἀλλὰ τοὐναντίον αἰχμαλώτους δηλοῦσθαι ποιμένας. τὸ γὰρ Ὓκ πάλιν Αἰγυπτιστὶ καὶ 10.13.5 τὸ Ἃκ δασυνόμενον αἰχμαλώτους ῥητῶς μηνύει. καὶ τοῦτο μᾶλλον πιθανώτερόν μοι φαίνεται καὶ παλαιᾶς ἱστορίας ἐχόμενον. «Τούτους τοὺς προκατωνομασμένους βασιλέας καὶ τοὺς τῶν ποιμένων καλουμένων καὶ τοὺς ἐξ αὐτῶν γενομένους κρατῆσαι τῆς Αἰγύπτου φησὶν ἔτη πρὸς τοῖς πεντακοσίοις ἕνδεκα. 10.13.6 μετὰ ταῦτα δὲ τῶν ἐκ τῆς Θηβαΐδος καὶ τῆς ἄλλης Αἰγύπτου βασιλέων 10.13.6 γενέσθαι φησὶν ἐπὶ τοὺς ποιμένας ἐπανάστασιν, καὶ πόλεμον συρραγῆναι μέγαν καὶ πολυχρόνιον. ἐπὶ δὲ βασιλέως, ᾧ ὄνομα εἶναι Μισφραγμούθωσις, ἡττωμένους φησὶ τοὺς ποιμένας ἐκ μὲν τῆς ἄλλης Αἰγύπτου ἐκπεσεῖν, κατακλεισθῆναι δὲ εἰς τόπον ἀρουρῶν ἔχοντα μυρίων τὴν περίμετρον· Αὔαρις ὄνομα τῷ τόπῳ. 10.13.7 τοῦτόν φησιν ὁ Μάνεθως ἅπαντα τείχει τε μεγάλῳ καὶ ἰσχυρῷ περιλαβεῖν τοὺς ποιμένας, ὅπως τήν τε κτῆσιν ἅπασαν ἔχωσιν ἐν ὀχυρῷ καὶ τὴν λείαν τὴν 10.13.8 ἑαυτῶν. τὸν δὲ Μισφραγμουθώσεως υἱὸν Θμούθωσιν ἐπιχειρῆσαι μὲν αὐτοὺς διὰ πολιορκίας ἑλεῖν κατὰ κράτος, ὀκτὼ καὶ τεσσαράκοντα μυριάσι στρατοῦ προσεδρεύσαντα τοῖς τείχεσιν· ἐπεὶ δὲ τὴν πολιορκίαν ἀπέγνω, ποιήσασθαι συμβάσεις, ἵνα τὴν Αἴγυπτον ἐκλιπόντες ὅποι βούλονται πάντες ἀβλα10.13.9 βεῖς ἀπέλθωσι. τοὺς δὲ ἐπὶ ταῖς ὁμολογίαις πανοικεσίᾳ μετὰ τῶν κτήσεων, οὐκ ἐλάσσους μυριάδων ὄντας εἰκοσιτεσσάρων, ἀπὸ τῆς Αἰγύπτου τὴν 10.13.10 ἔρημον