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calamity. And I will relate this for the benefit of my readers; for it contains not only a charge against the admirable emperor, but also praise most worthy of remembrance. Thessalonica is a very great and populous city, belonging to the nation of the Macedonians, but ruling also over Thessaly and Achaia 307 and indeed over very many other nations which have the prefect of Illyricum as their ruler. in it a certain sedition occurred and some of the magistrates were stoned and dragged away. And the emperor, enraged by the reports, did not bear the impulse of his anger, nor did he check its rush with the bridle of reason, but permitted it to pronounce the sentence of punishment. And having received this authority, it [his anger], like an autocrat and tyrant, breaking its bond and escaping the yoke of reason, unsheathed unjust swords against everyone and killed the innocent with the guilty. For seven, as they say, thousand men were slain, not after a trial had been held and those who had dared those terrible deeds had been condemned, but as if at a harvest, all alike were cut down like ears of corn. When that Ambrose, whom I have often mentioned, learned of this disaster, full of lamentations, he met the emperor as he arrived in Milan 308 and wished, as was his custom, to enter the divine temple, and prevented him outside the porch from stepping on the sacred 309 threshold, saying such things as these: "You do not know, it seems, O Emperor, the magnitude of the slaughter you have wrought, nor after your anger ceased has your reason recognized what has been dared; for perhaps the power of your imperial rule does not permit you to recognize the sin, but your authority stands in the way of your reason. However, you must know nature, and its mortal and fleeting quality, and the ancestral dust from which we are made and to which we return, and not, beguiled by the splendor of the purple, be ignorant of the weakness of the body that it covers. You rule over men of the same nature, O Emperor, and indeed, your fellow servants; for there is one Lord and King of all, the Creator of the universe. With what eyes, then, will you look upon the temple of the common Lord? With what feet will you tread that holy ground? How will you stretch out your hands, still dripping with the blood of unjust slaughter? How will you receive with such hands the all-holy body of the Lord? How will you bring to your mouth the precious blood, you who have shed so much lawless blood by the words of your anger? Go away, then, and do not try to increase your former lawlessness with a second. And accept the bond, with which God, the Lord of all, agrees from above; for this is medicinal and a producer of health." Yielding to these words, the emperor (for having been brought up on the divine oracles, he knew clearly what belonged to priests and what belonged to emperors), groaning and weeping, returned to the palace. After a long time had passed (for eight months were spent), the festival of our Savior's birth arrived; and the emperor sat lamenting in the palace, 310 pouring out a stream of tears. Rufinus, seeing this (he was at that time Master of Offices and had great freedom of speech, since he was a rather close associate), approached and asked the reason for his tears. And he, groaning bitterly and shedding his tear more vehemently, said, "You indeed, O Rufinus, are jesting; for you are not aware of my evils. But I groan and lament my own misfortune, considering how for servants and for beggars the divine temple is open, and they enter without fear and beseech their own Lord, but for me this is inaccessible, and in addition to this, heaven has been closed to me. For I remember the Lord's voice which expressly says: "Whomever you bind on earth shall be bound in heaven". And he said: "I will run, if it seems good to you, and by entreating I will persuade the high priest to loose your bonds." "He will not be persuaded," said the emperor. "For I know the justice of Ambrose's sentence, nor will he, out of respect for the imperial power, transgress the divine law." But when Rufinus, using more words, promised to persuade Ambrose, the emperor bade him to go with

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πάθος. ἐρῶ δὲ καὶ τοῦτο τῆς τῶν ἐντευξομένων εἵνεκα ὠφελείας· οὐ γὰρ μόνον κατηγορίαν ἔχει τοῦ θαυμαστοῦ βασιλέως, ἀλλὰ καὶ εὐφημίαν μνήμης ἀξιωτάτην. Θεσσαλονίκη πόλις ἐστὶ μεγίστη καὶ πολυάνθρωπος, εἰς μὲν τὸ Μακεδόνων ἔθνος τελοῦσα, ἡγουμένη δὲ καὶ Θετταλίας καὶ Ἀχαΐας 307 καὶ μέντοι καὶ ἄλλων παμπόλλων ἐθνῶν ὅσα τῶν Ἰλλυρίων τὸν ὕπαρχον ἡγούμενον ἔχει. ἐν ταύτῃ στάσεως γενομένης τινὸς κατελεύ σθησάν τε καὶ κατεσύρησαν τῶν ἀρχόντων τινές. ὁ δὲ βασιλεὺς ἐξαφθεὶς ὑπὸ τῶν ἀγγελθέντων οὐκ ἤνεγκε τοῦ θυμοῦ τὴν ὁρμὴν οὐδὲ τῷ χαλινῷ τοῦ λογισμοῦ τὴν τούτου ῥύμην ἐκώλυσεν, ἀλλὰ τούτῳ τὴν ψῆφον ἐξενεγκεῖν τῆς τιμωρίας ἐπέτρεψε. ταύτην δὲ τὴν ἐξουσίαν ἐκεῖνος λαβών, οἷα δὴ αὐτόνομός τε καὶ τύραννος τὸν δεσμὸν ἀπορρήξας καὶ τοῦ λογισμοῦ διαφυγὼν τὸν ζυγόν, ἄδικα ξίφη κατὰ πάντων ἐγύμνωσε καὶ τοὺς ἀθώους μετὰ τῶν ὑπευθύνων κατέκτεινεν. ἑπτὰ γάρ, ὥς φασιν, ἀνθρώπων ἀνῃρέθησαν χιλιάδες, οὐ κρίσεως ἡγησαμένης καὶ τῶν τὰ δεινὰ ἐκεῖνα τετολμηκότων κατακριθέντων, ἀλλ' ὡς ἐν ἀμήτῳ πάντων ὁμοῦ δίκην ἀσταχύων κατατμηθέντων. Ταύτην μαθὼν τὴν ὀδυρμῶν γέμουσαν συμφορὰν Ἀμβρόσιος ἐκεῖνος, οὗ πολλάκις ἐμνήσθην, ἀφικόμενον εἰς τὴν Μεδιό 308 λανον τὸν βασιλέα καὶ συνήθως εἰς τὸν θεῖον εἰσελθεῖν βουλη θέντα νεὼν ὑπαντήσας ἔξω τῶν προθύρων, ἐπιβῆναι τῶν ἱερῶν 309 προπυλαίων τοιάδε λέγων ἐκώλυσεν· "οὐκ οἶσθα ὡς ἔοικεν, ὦ βα σιλεῦ, τῆς εἰργασμένης μιαιφονίας τὸ μέγεθος, οὐδὲ μετὰ τὴν τοῦ θυμοῦ παῦλαν ὁ λογισμὸς ἐπέγνω τὸ τολμηθέν· οὐκ ἐᾷ γὰρ ἴσως τῆς βασιλείας ἡ δυναστεία ἐπιγνῶναι τὴν ἁμαρτίαν, ἀλλ' ἐπι προσθεῖ ἡ ἐξουσία τῷ λογισμῷ. χρὴ μέντοι εἰδέναι τὴν φύσιν καὶ τὸ ταύτης θνητόν τε καὶ διαρρέον καὶ τὸν πρόγονον χοῦν ἐξ οὗ γεγόναμεν καὶ εἰς ὃν ἀπορρέομεν, καὶ μὴ τῷ ἄνθει τῆς ἁλουργίδος ἀποβουκολούμενον ἀγνοεῖν τοῦ καλυπτομένου σώματος τὴν ἀσθένειαν. ὁμοφυῶν ἄρχεις, ὦ βασιλεῦ, καὶ μὲν δὴ καὶ ὁμοδούλων· εἷς γὰρ ἁπάντων δεσπότης καὶ βασιλεὺς ὁ τῶν ὅλων δημιουργός. ποίοις τοίνυν ὀφθαλμοῖς ὄψει τὸν τοῦ κοινοῦ δεσπότου νεών; ποίοις δὲ ποσὶ τὸ δάπεδον ἐκεῖνο πατήσεις τὸ ἅγιον; πῶς δὲ τὰς χεῖρας ἐκτε νεῖς ἀποσταζούσας ἔτι τοῦ ἀδίκου φόνου τὸ αἷμα; πῶς δὲ τοιαύταις ὑποδέξῃ χερσὶ τοῦ δεσπότου τὸ πανάγιον σῶμα; πῶς δὲ τῷ στόματι προσοίσεις τὸ αἷμα τὸ τίμιον, τοσοῦτο διὰ τῶν τοῦ θυμοῦ λόγων ἐκχέαντι παράνομον αἷμα; ἄπιθι τοίνυν, καὶ μὴ πειρῶ τοῖς δευτέροις τὴν προτέραν αὔξειν παρανομίαν καὶ δέχου τὸν δεσμόν, ᾧ ὁ θεὸς ὁ τῶν ὅλων δεσπότης ἄνωθεν γίγνεται σύμψηφος· ἰατρικὸς δὲ οὗτος καὶ πρόξενος ὑγείας." Τούτοις εἴξας ὁ βασιλεὺς τοῖς λόγοις (τοῖς γὰρ θείοις λογίοις ἐντεθραμμένος ᾔδει σαφῶς τίνα μὲν τῶν ἱερέων, τίνα δὲ τῶν βασι λέων ἴδια), στένων καὶ δακρύων ἐπανῆλθεν εἰς τὰ βασίλεια. χρόνου δὲ συχνοῦ διελθόντος (ὀκτὼ γὰρ ἀναλώθησαν μῆνες), κατέλαβεν ἡ τοῦ σωτῆρος ἡμῶν γενέθλιος ἑορτή· ὁ δὲ βασιλεὺς ἐν τοῖς βασιλείοις 310 ὀλοφυρόμενος καθῆστο, τὴν τῶν δακρύων ἀναλίσκων λιβάδα. τοῦτο θεασάμενος Ῥουφῖνος (μάγιστρος δὲ τηνικαῦτα ἦν καὶ πολλῆς μετεῖχε παρρησίας ἅτε δὴ συνηθέστερος ὤν), προσελθὼν ἤρετο τῶν δακρύων τὸ αἴτιον. ὁ δὲ πικρὸν ἀνοιμώξας καὶ σφοδρότερον προχέας τὸ δάκρυον· "σὺ μέν", ἔφη, "ὦ Ῥουφῖνε, παίζεις· τῶν γὰρ ἐμῶν οὐκ ἐπαισθάνῃ κακῶν. ἐγὼ δὲ στένω καὶ ὀλοφύρομαι τὴν ἐμαυτοῦ συμ φοράν, λογιζόμενος ὡς τοῖς μὲν οἰκέταις καὶ τοῖς προσαίταις ἄνετος ὁ θεῖος νεὼς καὶ εἰσίασιν ἀδεῶς καὶ τὸν οἰκεῖον ἀντιβολοῦσι δεσπό την, ἐμοὶ δὲ καὶ οὗτος ἄβατος καὶ πρὸς τούτῳ μοι ὁ οὐρανὸς ἀπο κέκλεισται. μέμνημαι γὰρ τῆς δεσποτικῆς φωνῆς ἣ διαρρήδην φησίν· " ὃν ἂν δήσητε ἐπὶ τῆς γῆς ἔσται δεδεμένος ἐν τοῖς οὐρανοῖς ". ὁ δέ· "δραμοῦμαι", ἔφη, "εἴ σοι δοκεῖ, καὶ τὸν ἀρχιερέα πείσω λιπα ρήσας λῦσαί σοι τὰ δεσμά". "οὐ πείσεται", ἔφη ὁ βασιλεύς. "οἶδα γὰρ ἐγὼ τῆς Ἀμβροσίου ψήφου τὸ δίκαιον, οὐδὲ αἰδεσθεὶς τῆς βασι λείας τὴν ἐξουσίαν τὸν θεῖον παραβήσεται νόμον". Ἐπειδὴ δὲ πλείοσι χρησάμενος ὁ Ῥουφῖνος λόγοις πείθειν ὑπέ σχετο τὸν Ἀμβρόσιον, ἀπελθεῖν αὐτὸν ὁ βασιλεὺς κατὰ